Deck 12: Psychedelic Drugs

Question 1

Annette ingests LSD. She finds that her sensory experiences are more refined and salient. How does LSD alter Annette's brain function to produce this effect?

A) LSD's activation of serotonin receptors in the hypothalamus increases the activity of both dopamine and norepinephrine neurons.
B) LSD's activation of serotonin receptors in the locus coeruleus increases the activity of both dopamine and norepinephrine neurons.
C) LSD's activation of serotonin receptors in the hypothalamus increases the activity of both glutamate and GABA neurons.
D) LSD's activation of serotonin receptors in the locus coeruleus increases the activity of both glutamate and GABA neurons.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Psychedelic drugs fall into three general categories: ____.

A) hallucinogens, mixed stimulant-psychedelics, and opioids
B) opioids,cannabinoids, and dissociative anesthetics
C) hallucinogens,cannabinoids, and dissociative anesthetics
D) hallucinogens, mixed stimulant-psychedelics, and dissociative anesthetics

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Drugs that induce a reality-altering experience consisting of hallucinations, sensory distortions, or delusions are referred to as ____.

A) stimulants
C) psychostimulants
B) depressants
D) psychedelic drugs

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Ashley ingests "shrooms" to experience a hallucination. The main psychoactive constituent in hallucinogenic mushrooms is ____.

A) psilocybin
C) mescaline
B) lysergic acid diethylamide
D) dimethyltryptamine

Question 5

The most representative hallucinogen is ____.

A) mescaline
C) psilocybin
B) lysergic acid diethylamide
D) dimethyltryptamine

Question 6

During the psychoanalysis era, psychiatrists used LSD to ____.

A) determine the neurophysiological origin of mood disorders
B) make patients feel more relaxed in a clinical setting
C) gain access to supposedly unconscious thoughts in their patients
D) gain the trust of their patients

Question 7

An LSD trip associated with disturbing true hallucinations, psychotic episodes, negative emotional states, altered perceptions of time, and out-of-body sensations is referred to as a ____ trip.

A) crazy
C) bad
B) paranoid
D) distorted

Question 8

Which hallucinogen is also produced endogenously by the body?

A) psilocybin
C) mescaline
B) lysergic acid diethylamide
D) dimethyltryptamine

Question 9

Who is credited with the accidental discovery of LSD's hallucinogenic effects at Sandoz Laboratories in 1943?

A) Warren Johnson
C) Albert Hofmann
B) Timothy Leary
D) Antony Busch

Question 10

The chemical structure of LSD resembles ____ chemical structure.

A) adenosine's
C) dopamine's
B) serotonin's
D) glutamate's

Question 11

Postdoctoral research fellow Jessica administers LSD directly into the prefrontal cortex of a rat via cannulization, leading to the activation of 5-HT2A receptors. What should happen in response to this LSD administration?

A) Increased glutamate release
C) Increased dopamine release
B) Decreased glutamate release
D) Decreased dopamine release

Question 12

Sandra uses a normal-range dose of LSD. What type of physiological changes can she expect?

A) No noticeable changes
C) Increased heart rate
B) Slight dizziness
D) Trembling in extremities

Question 13

An LSD trip characterized by having highly desirable sensory distortions and pseudo-hallucinations is referred to as a ____ trip.

A) good
C) happy
B) mellow
D) friendly

Question 14

Primitive cultures used hallucinogenic plants as psychic medicines to treat maladies, communicate with gods, and ____.

A) perform magic
C) promote social bonding
B) limit rebellion
D) act as a chemical weapon in warfare

Question 15

Kyle ingests peyote cactus to experience a hallucination. What active ingredient in the peyote cactus produces these hallucinations?

A) psilocybin
C) mescaline
B) lysergic acid diethylamide
D) dimethyltryptamine

Question 16

Which statement best reflects the role of serotonin-like hallucinogens in producing subjective and physiological effects in humans?

A) Hallucinogens typically produce both strong subjective and physiological effects.
B) Hallucinogens typically produce strong subjective effects but mild physiological effects.
C) Hallucinogens typically produce subtle subjective effects but strong physiological effects.
D) Hallucinogens typically produce very subtle subjective and physiological effects.

Question 17

After ingesting LSD, Margetta notices that every time her friend opens her mouth to speak, she sees a kaleidoscope of colors emitting from her mouth - instead of hearing sounds. The phenomenon that best describes this is ____.

A) a true hallucination
C) synesthesia
B) a pseudo-hallucination
D) kinesthesia

Question 18

The overall hallucinogenic experience is called a ____.

A) psychout
C) trip
B) buzzer
D) high

Question 19

What lead to the decline of therapeutic LSD use in psychoanalytical practices?

A) LSD quickly became an illegal substance.
B) Patients were sometimes experiencing"bad trips."
C) Prominent health risks were associated with LSD use.
D) LSD was not effective in promoting insight.

Question 20

Marco ingests LSD, leading to disruption of modal object completion. Based on disruption to his modal object completion, how would a square border of dots (spaced closely together) appear to Marco?

A) As a pattern of dots that form the shape of a square
B) As a three dimensional square
C) As a series of dots, but not recognized as a shape
D) As a pattern of dots, recognized as a distorted shape

Question 21

MDMA's physiological effects resemble those of ____.

A) low-dose LSD
C) low-dose amphetamine
B) high-dose LSD
D) high-dose amphetamine

Question 22

Morley and McGregor (2000) used a social interaction test to study the effects of low dose MDMA on social interaction. What did they find?

A) MDMA-treated rats exhibited fewer aggressive behaviors and greater social interactions.
B) MDMA-treated rats exhibited more aggressive behaviors and greater social interactions.
C) MDMA-treated rats exhibited fewer aggressive behaviors and less social interactions.
D) MDMA-treated rats exhibited more aggressive behaviors and less social interactions.

Question 23

Graduate student Michelle designs an experiment to study the reinforcing properties of MDMA and methamphetamine. According to a study by Fantegrossi and colleagues (2002), what results is Michelle most likely to obtain?

A) MDMA and methamphetamine have similar reinforcing effects.
B) Neither MDMA nor methamphetamine exhibit noticeable reinforcing effects.
C) MDMA has greater reinforcing effects than methamphetamine.
D) MDMA has weaker reinforcing effects than methamphetamine.

Question 24

How does MDMA influence serotonin neurotransmission?

A) Blocks enzymatic degradation of serotonin; binds to serotonin receptors
B) Blocks enzymatic degradation of serotonin; causes reversal of serotonin reuptake transporters
C) Inhibits serotonin transport into storage vesicles; binds to serotonin receptors
D) Inhibits serotonin transport into storage vesicles; causes reversal of serotonin reuptake transporters

Question 25

Chronic administration of MDMA can produce severe damage to ____ neurons.

A) glutamate
C) dopamine
B) serotonin
D) GABA

Question 26

MDMA users prefer to administer MDMA ____.

A) orally
C) via injection
B) via insufflation
D) via inhalation

Question 27

What is the evidence to support that MDMA use leads to increased death of serotonin receptors in humans?

A) Axons projecting from serotonergic neurons are greatly diminished in humans who chronically use MDMA.
B) Decreased serotonin levels have been found in the cerebrospinal fluid of heavy MDMA users.
C) MRI data show infarcted brain tissue in MDMA users in areas normally heavily innervated by serotonergic neurons.
D) PET imaging techniques reveal lower levels of serotonin membrane transporters in routine MDMA users.

Question 28

Sebastian takes a hit of acid. As birds chirp outside his window, Sebastian listens in astonishment at the beautiful orchestral-like symphony of sounds. The phenomenon that best describes this is ____.

A) a true hallucination
C) synesthesia
B) a pseudo-hallucination
D) kinesthesia

Question 29

A random, short, and nondistressing memory of a previous hallucinogenic experience is referred to as a(n) ____.

A) reality distortion syndrome
B) hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
C) flashback
D) acid dream episode

Question 30

Which is an example of a mixed stimulant-psychedelic drug?

A) MDMA
C) DMT
B) LSD
D) Psilocin

Question 31

Research associate Dr. Pohl studies the effects of MDMA on serotonin and dopamine neurotransmission. While composing a scientific abstract, Dr. Pohl states that MDMA ____.

A) has a strong effect on both serotonin and dopamine neurotransmission
B) has a weak effect on both serotonin and dopamine neurotransmission
C) has a stronger effect on serotonin neurotransmission than on dopamine neurotransmission
D) has a stronger effect on dopamine neurotransmission than on serotonin neurotransmission

Question 32

Karyn ingests a low dose of MDMA. What physiological effects should Karyn expect?

A) Very few physiological effects
B) Rapid changes in cardiovascular functioning
C) Digestive system depression
D) Increased rate of respiration

Question 33

Which statement provides the best historical account of the emergence of MDMA use?

A) A psychoanalyst, discouraged by bad trips associated with LSD, worked with a chemist friend to develop a safer alternative hallucinogenic, namely MDMA.
B) A chemist and club drug enthusiast developed an easier synthesis method for MDMA and shared this knowledge with other psychedelic drug enthusiasts.
C) Believing that MDMA could be used to decrease cravings for LSD, U.S. government officials distributed MDMA to LSD abusers.
D) Unimpressed with the antidepressant medications available at the time, a psychobiologist used MDMA in a subset of depressed patients.

Question 34

Thor takes a high dose of MDMA. What physiological changes can he expect?

A) Decrease in heart rate
C) Drop in blood pressure
B) Increase in breathing rate
D) Drop in body temperature

Question 35

Although MDMA is best known for its psychedelic and psychostimulant effects, it is also known as an entactogen, meaning "____."

A) ecstatic sensation
C) electric empathy
B) touching within
D) eternal bliss

Question 36

A recurring, lengthy, and unpleasant memory from a previous hallucinogenic experience is referred to as a(n) ____.

A) reality distortion syndrome
B) hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
C) flashback
D) acid dream episode

Question 37

Karyn ingests a low dose of MDMA. What subjective effects should Karyn expect?

A) anxiety
C) apathy
B) calmness
D) racing thoughts

Question 38

Stephanie has been taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to treat her depression. While clubbing one night, her friend convinces her to try MDMA. What type of interaction will the SSRIs and the MDMA have in the body?

A) The SSRIs will block the effects of MDMA, causing Stephanie to use higher levels of MDMA.
B) The SSRIs will enhance the effects of MDMA by increasing levels of the serotonin.
C) The SSRIs will prolong the effects of MDMA by decreasing its enzymatic degradation.
D) The SSRIs will negate the effects of MDMA by competing with the same binding targets, likely causing Stephanie to not try the drug again.

Question 39

Zeik is tripping on acid. In the corner of his dorm room he perceives an entanglement of grotesque figures. The phenomenon that best describes this is ____.

A) a true hallucination
C) synesthesia
B) a pseudo-hallucination
D) kinesthesia

Question 40

After taking Ecstasy, Sheila experiences an empathogen effect. What is this effect?

A) a feeling of invincibility
C) a super-energized high
B) enhanced empathy
D) heightened tactile sensations

Question 41

Phencyclidine and related dissociative anesthetics elicit ____-like cognitive impairments, making them useful tools for scientific research.

A) Alzheimer's
C) stroke
B) schizophrenia
D) traumatic brain injury

Question 42

Graduate student Maury administers phencyclidine to a rat and measures neurotransmitters levels in the brain. Which neurotransmitter is least likely to change in response to phencyclidine treatment?

A) GABA
C) acetylcholine
B) dopamine
D) glutamate

Question 43

Some psychedelic drug users experience a phenomenon called synesthesia. Describe what is meant by the term synesthesia and the neurobiological basis of this phenomenon, as supported by studies discussed in the text.

Question 44

Typically, regular MDMA users do poorly on complex ____ memory tasks.

A) sensory
C) spatial
B) long-term
D) verbal

Question 45

A muscarinic receptor antagonist that produces true visual hallucinations, delusional thinking, and disorientation about time and place is ____.

A) salvinorin A
C) dextromethorphan
B) scopolamine
D) phencyclidine

Question 46

The most abused drug among the dissociative anesthetics is ____.

A) dizocilpine
C) ketamine
B) MK-801
D) phencyclidine

Question 47

What behavior is most likely to increase the risk of multiple organ failure from MDMA use?

A) Forgetting to eat
C) Dancing in crowded conditions
B) Having poor hygiene
D) Remaining out in the cold too long

Question 48

Sedative, pain-relieving drugs that produce feelings of disconnectedness from the body along with depressant and stimulant effects are referred to as ____.

A) analgesic psychedelics
C) dissociative anesthetics
B) disruptive hallucinogens
D) psychostimulant depressants

Question 49

What is the scientific prevailing notion regarding MDMA's role in producing withdrawal symptoms?

A) The evidence strongly supports a role for MDMA in producing psychological but not physiological withdrawal symptoms.
B) Many researchers have observed MDMA withdrawal symptoms, indicating physical and psychological dependence.
C) Because no biological changes occur after MDMA use, true withdrawal symptoms are unlikely.
D) MDMA-induced rebound fails to meet the classical view of withdrawal symptoms.

Question 50

What lead to the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia?

A) Phencyclidine-like drugs, which enhance glutamate neurotransmission, cause schizophrenia-like symptoms.
B) Phencyclidine-like drugs, which disrupt glutamate neurotransmission, cause schizophrenia-like symptoms.
C) Research indicates that schizophrenic patients often abuse phencyclidine-like drugs because it leads to increased glutamate levels.
D) Research indicates that schizophrenic patients often abuse phencyclidine-like drugs because it leads to decreased glutamate levels.

Question 51

What characteristics of MDMA did Mithoefer and colleagues (2011) attribute to its effectiveness in treating PTSD?

A) empathogenic effects
C) physiological effects
B) entactogen effects
D) psychostimulant effects

Question 52

The first clinical trial reporting the effects of MDMA in humans, conducted by Mithoefer and colleagues (2011), assessed low-dose MDMA treatment in conjunction with psychotherapy in patients with ____.

A) depression
C) generalized anxiety disorder
B) PTSD
D) schizophrenia

Question 53

Describe the biological basis of long-term potentiation. Include a discussion of the role of phencyclidine in affecting long-term potentiation.

Question 54

How do the effects of phencyclidine differ from those of LSD and MDMA?

A) Phencyclidine causes feelings of disconnectedness from the body.
B) Phencyclidine causes true hallucinations.
C) Phencyclidine does not impair memory.
D) Phencyclidine does not affect serotonin neurotransmission.

Question 55

What is the biological basis of the rebound effect that occurs following normal MDMA use?

A) Increased levels of receptors for serotonin and dopamine
B) Decreased levels of receptors for serotonin and dopamine
C) Increased levels of the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine
D) Depleted stores of the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine

Question 56

Postdoctoral research fellow Rini administers high dose phencyclidine to a rat. What effect will this have on the rat's movement?

A) Increase movement
B) Lead to cataleptic-like effects on movement
C) Cause the loss of coordination
D) Induces trembling and shaking movements

Question 57

As stated in the text, MDMA doses may cause adverse psychological conditions, including ____.

A) aggression
C) delirium
B) pseudo-hallucinations
D) insecurity

Question 58

A form of synaptic plasticity important for learning and memory is termed ____.

A) durable amplification model
C) adapted synaptic modulation
B) long-term potentiation
D) synapse-strength amplification

Question 59

An opioid cough suppressant found in many over-the-counter cold medications that also blocks glutamate receptors at high doses is ____.

A) salvinorin A
C) dextromethorphan
B) scopolamine
D) phencyclidine

Question 60

Which drug differs from LSD by also functioning as an agonist for kappa opioid receptors?

A) salvinorin A
C) dextromethorphan
B) scopolamine
D) phencyclidine