Deck 11: Generalization, Discrimination, and Stimulus Control

Question 1

When six-month old Joey cries, his mother, Martha, can tell what he needs even before she goes to him. Martha's skill is an example of ______.

A) generalization
B) discrimination
C) semantic generalization
D) errorless discrimination training

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Jill trains her dog, Boozer, to come to her when she snaps her fingers. She snaps her fingers, then gives the dog a bit of food when it approaches. Finger snapping is a(n) _________. ?. SD
B) S?
C) transposed stimulus
D) concept

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Howard studied hard for his math test and found that what he learned helped him on his physics test. Howard benefited from _______.

A) generalization
B) discrimination
C) transposition
D) stimulus control

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A dog learns to salivate at the sound of a soft buzzer, but not at the sound of a loud buzzer. After training, the dog is presented with buzzers of various volumes. You predict that the dog will salivate
Most in response to a buzzer that is _______.

A) identical to the CS+
B) slightly softer than the CS+
C) slightly louder than the CS+
D) slightly louder than the CS-

Question 5

The figures below illustrate various generalization gradients. The greatest degree of generalization is depicted by Figure _______.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 6

Honig and Slivka trained pigeons to peck discs of various colors. After this they began shocking the birds when they pecked a disc of a particular color. This __________.

A) reduced pecking on that disc, but not discs of other colors
B) reduced pecking discs of all colors, but especially those that resembled the punished color
C) had no effect on the rate of pecking
D) reduced pecking on discs of the punished color, but increased pecking on other discs

Question 7

Generalization is sometimes called _________.

A) transposition
B) tropism
C) transfer
D) transliteration

Question 8

In a classic study, Guttman and Kalish trained pigeons to peck a disc of a particular color, and then gave them the opportunity to peck ________.

A) discs of various colors
B) discs of various shapes
C) discs of various sizes
D) objects other than discs

Question 9

An ________ is a stimulus that indicates that a particular behavior will be reinforced. ?. S?
B) S0
C) S-
D) SD

Question 10

You test Mary's drawing ability by having her draw fruit, animals, landscapes, and houses. Mary then takes a drawing class in which she learns to draw human figures. You decide to test Mary again to see if her drawing ability has improved. You predict that if she shows any improvement at all it will be at drawing _______.

A) fruit
B) animals
C) landscapes
D) houses

Question 11

In the Dweck and Repucci study, teachers asked students to work on unsolvable problems, and then on problems that could be solved. They failed to solve the second set of problems, but were able to solve similar problems when the problems were presented _______.

A) orally
B) by a different teacher
C) the next day
D) in a different room

Question 12

Robert Eisenberger found that rewarding a high level of effort on one task increases the level of effort on other tasks. This illustrates _______.

A) discrimination
B) generalization
C) motivational transfer
D) a motivational paradox

Question 13

Response maintenance can be considered generalization across _________.

A) time
B) situations
C) people
D) behaviors

Question 14

The findings of Eisenberger and others concerning increasing effort is called _______.

A) learned helplessness
B) motivational transfer
C) learned industriousness
D) increased potentiation

Question 15

Look again at figures in the previous item. The one that shows the greatest degree of discrimination is Figure ______.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 16

Dweck and Repucci had teachers give students unsolvable problems, and then problems that could be solved. The result was that the students __________.

A) solved the second set of problems more easily than expected
B) solved the second set of problems, but more slowly than expected
C) failed to solve the problems in the second set
D) decided to unionize

Question 17

In _______ d?sc??m?n?t??n t???n?ng, th? SD ?nd S? ??? p??s?nt?d ?t th? s?m? t?m?.

A) synchronized
B) randomized
C) simultaneous
D) identical

Question 18

The kind of generalization your text focuses on is ______.

A) response generalization
B) stimulus generalization
C) reciprocal generalization
D) discriminated generalization

Question 19

The tendency of changes in one behavior to spread to other behaviors is called __________ generalization.

A) incipient
B) response
C) transitional
D) active

Question 20

An SD is analogous to a ______.

A) S?
B) CS+
C) SP
D) Sp

Question 21

Robert Allan trained pigeons to peck pictures containing human figures. He found that birds ______.

A) refused to peck at a high rate
B) pecked open areas free of human figures
C) pecked the human figures
D) pecked the pictures at random points

Question 22

Steven, a drug abuser, is released from a clinic. He is free of drugs, and has sworn never to take drugs again. He returns to his old neighborhood. You predict that within six months, Steven will ______.

A) have moved to a new neighborhood
B) have new friends and be free of drugs
C) be abusing drugs again
D) have committed suicide

Question 23

Harriet gives a monkey a choice between two blocks of wood, one rough and the other smooth. If the animal selects the rough block, it receives a raisin; if it picks the smooth one, it receives nothing.
When the animal regularly picks the rough block, Harriet gives the animal a choice between the rough
Block of wood and a new block of wood that is even rougher than the first. You predict that the
Monkey will _______.

A) pick the new, very rough block
B) pick the old, somewhat rough block
C) show no preference between the blocks
D) show signs of developing an experimental neurosis

Question 24

The effects of reinforcement generalize, but the effects of extinction and punishment do not.

Question 25

Frederick believes that discrimination training produces inhibitory as well as excitatory gradients of generalization. Frederick is most likely an advocate of the theory of generalization and discrimination proposed by _______.

A) Pavlov
B) Spence
C) Lashley and Wade
D) Herrnstein

Question 26

In _______, the task is to select from two or more alternatives the stimulus that is different from a standard.

A) matching to nonsample
B) oddity matching
C) error matching
D) difference matching

Question 27

The CS+ of Pavlovian discrimination training is analogous to the ___ /___of operant discrimination training.

A) Pavlov
B) Spence
C) Lashley and Wade
D) Herrnstein

Question 28

In ______, the task is to select from two or more alternatives the stimulus that matches a standard.

A) matching to sample
B) stimulus selection
C) mismatching
D) discriminating

Question 29

In errorless discrimination training, _______.

A) training continues until the animal or person makes no errors
B) subjects look on as well-trained models perform the response to be learned
C) generalization soon reappears
D) th? S? ?s ?nt??d?c?d ?n ???? w??k f??m ?nd ?ts st??ngth ?s g??d??ll? ?nc???s?d

Question 30

Providing different consequences for different responses can enhance discrimination training. This finding is called the _______.

A) differential outcomes effect
B) differential reinforcement effect
C) discriminated avoidance effect
D) stimulus control effect

Question 31

Spence's theory anticipated the discovery of the peak shift phenomenon.

Question 32

With discrimination training, pigeons have learned to discriminate between paintings by Monet and
Picasso, even when the pictures were ones they had never seen before.

Question 33

Judy gives a monkey a choice between a sphere and various other three-dimensional shapes. Each time the animal selects the sphere, it receives a grape; if it selects the other object, it receives nothing. Judy is engaged in _______.

A) transposition training
B) a peak shift experiment
C) concept training
D) generalization training

Question 34

The person whose name is most associated with errorless discrimination training is _______.

A) Carl Rogers
B) Susan Terrance
C) Herbert Terrace
D) Robert Eisenberger

Question 35

When a behavior reliably occurs in the presence of an SD, but not in the presence of an S-, we can say the behavior is _______.

A) under stimulus control
B) fully discriminated
C) respondent
D) fully operant

Question 36

Bill conducts an experiment in which he pairs the word psychologist with words such as nasty, evil, and corrupt. Later Bill asks his subjects to give their opinion of various professions by rating them on
A scale from very positive to very negative. Of the following professions, _______ will probably
Receive the lowest rating.

A) mathematician
B) accountant
C) biologist
D) social worker

Question 37

If a person smokes a pack of cigarettes a day, in a year, cigarette smoking is reinforced ________.

A) 730 times
B) 7,300 times
C) 73,000 times
D) nearly a million times

Question 38

Generalization is a by-product of learning that nearly always occurs spontaneously.

Question 39

In stimulus generalization, a behavior "travels" from one situation to another.

Question 40

According to your text, mental rotation data are best viewed as evidence of ______.

A) generalization
B) discrimination
C) cognitive processing
D) peak shift

Question 41

Concepts involve both generalization and discrimination.

Question 42

In the ________discrimination training procedure, the discriminative stimuli alternate.

Question 43

Discuss whether stimulus control is a good thing. (328)
Answers should note that stimulus control is good or bad to the extent that the behavior involved is appropriate to the situation.

Question 44

Oddity ________ is a form of MTS in which reinforcement is contingent on selecting a stimulus that is different from the sample.

Question 45

Pigeons that have learned to peck a disc when two lights of the same color come on, and not when the lights differ, can be said to have learned a concept.

Question 46

The flatter the generalization curve, the greater the degree of generalization.

Question 47

Discuss the DOE and its implications for discrimination training.

Question 48

The CS+ of Pavlovian discrimination training is analogous to the ___ /___of operant discrimination
training

Question 49

How could a speech teacher encourage oratorical skills to generalize outside of the classroom?

Question 50

Some people argue that stimulus control suggests that people are robots controlled by environmental events. How could you argue against this position?

Question 51

In ________discrimination training an S? is introduced in a form so weak that the organism does not
respond to it.

Question 52

Explain why a person who is red-green colorblind (that is, red and green objects look gray) is at a disadvantage compared to his or her peers. (inferred, but see especially p.316)
This is review question 9. Answers should note that we discriminate objects partly on the basis of color. It is therefore harder for the colorblind person to make discriminations when the colors red or green are involved. A venomous black spider with red spots will be harder for the color blind person to identify.

Question 53

Herrnstein and others trained pigeons to respond to images of people. The researchers did this by
pinpointing a single defining feature (such as hair) on which the birds could discriminate humans
from other objects.
Completion

Question 54

Arthur Bachrach and colleagues demonstrated generalization of therapy in their treatment of a woman
suffering from an eating disorder called ________.