Deck 25: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Temperature Regulation

Question 1

Olive and peanut oils are both

A) solid fats.
B) polyunsaturated fats.
C) monounsaturated fats.
D) fatty acids.
E) hydrogenated.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Essential nutrients

A) are important in the diet but not necessary for life.
B) are the only nutrients required by the body.
C) cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body.
D) are needed to make food taste good.
E) are manufactured by the body.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The primary source of energy for most cells is

A) sucrose.
B) fructose.
C) glucose.
D) maltose.
E) lactose.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true?

A) The primary role of carbohydrates is to serve as an energy source.
B) Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and amino acids.
C) Maltose is a complex carbohydrate.
D) Sucrose is the primary source of energy for most cells.
E) Most carbohydrates come from animal products.

Question 5

Which of the following organs can store glycogen?

A) spleen and pancreas
B) kidney and adrenal gland
C) large and small intestines
D) liver and muscles
E) stomach and pancreas

Question 6

Starches and sugars are examples of

A) carbohydrates.
B) lipids.
C) proteins.
D) vitamins.
E) minerals.

Question 7

What is the measurement of the energy content of food?

A) grams
B) Calories
C) BTUs
D) joules

Question 8

A compound composed of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule would be a

A) monoglyceride.
B) diglyceride.
C) triglyceride.
D) phospholipid.
E) cholesterol.

Question 9

If the fatty acid portion of a fat molecule has ten double covalent bonds, the fat is said to be

A) hydrogenated.
B) polyunsaturated.
C) monounsaturated.
D) saturated.
E) disaturated.

Question 10

Which of the following statements regarding cellulose is true?

A) Cellulose can be digested by human digestive enzymes.
B) Cellulose provides fiber or "roughage."
C) Cellulose is another name for glucose.
D) Cellulose is one of the units of a sucrose molecule.
E) Cellulose is a source of energy.

Question 11

Complex carbohydrates include

A) glucose and fructose.
B) maltose and sucrose.
C) starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
D) cellulose and glucose.
E) glucose and lactose.

Question 12

The most common monosaccharides in the diet are

A) glucose and fructose.
B) galactose and fructose.
C) glucose and glycerol.
D) glycogen and glucose.
E) lactose and maltose.

Question 13

A kilocalorie (kcal) is a measure of the

A) protein content of food.
B) acidity of food.
C) fat content of food.
D) energy content of food.
E) heat content of food.

Question 14

Which of the following are energy nutrients?

A) carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
B) proteins, water, and minerals
C) lipids, minerals, and vitamins
D) vitamins, lipids, and carbohydrates
E) water, minerals, and vitamins

Question 15

One gram of carbohydrate, one gram of lipid, and one gram of protein yield ____, ____, and ____ kilocalories respectively.

A) 4, 4, 4
B) 9, 9, 9
C) 4, 9, 4
D) 4, 9, 9
E) 9, 9, 4

Question 16

Carbohydrates are absorbed into the blood stream as

A) disaccharides.
B) monosaccharides.
C) oligosaccharides.
D) polysaccharides.
E) glycoproteins.

Question 17

A food guide pyramid suggests that

A) you eat as many sweets as you want.
B) your diet should contain a variety of foods.
C) meats are the most important part of your diet.
D) milk and cheese should be the main part of your diet.
E) you should only eat one or two servings of bread, cereal, rice, or pasta per day.

Question 18

Excess glucose in animals is stored as

A) starch.
B) sucrose.
C) glycogen.
D) galactose.
E) cellulose.

Question 19

Nutrition includes the study of

A) the nutrients in foods.
B) the body's utilization of nutrients.
C) how nutrients play a role in your body's health.
D) digestion, absorption, and transportation of nutrients.
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 20

If your daily diet is deficient in carbohydrates, the result might be

A) obesity.
B) increased subcutaneous fat.
C) decrease of muscle mass.
D) constipation.
E) sensation of thirst.

Question 21

Fat soluble vitamins can be toxic in large doses because they

A) do not dissolve in water.
B) can be stored and accumulate in body tissues.
C) are rapidly excreted.
D) release free radicals.
E) are flushed out of the body.

Question 22

Proteins that function in immunity include

A) enzymes.
B) antibodies.
C) hormones.
D) collagens.
E) fibrin.

Question 23

Phospholipids

A) are found in cell membranes.
B) are used as an energy source by cells.
C) can be modified to form cholesterol.
D) are involved in the process of inflammation.
E) are found inside organelles.

Question 24

Excess triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue. Adipose tissue functions

A) to assist the body in temperature homeostasis.
B) pads and protects.
C) energy storage.
D) insulates.
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 25

Which of the following is an essential fatty acid?

A) lecithin
B) linoleic acid
C) stearic acid
D) butyric acid
E) hydrochloric acid

Question 26

An essential amino acid

A) can be formed from fats in the body.
B) can be synthesized by the body if there is enough nitrogen.
C) must be made from glucose.
D) must be supplied in the diet.
E) can not be converted to nonessential amino acids.

Question 27

About 95% of the lipids in the human diet are

A) cholesterol derivatives.
B) lecithins.
C) triglycerides.
D) starches and other complex polysaccharides.
E) phospholipids.

Question 28

A food that contains all nine essential amino acids is called a(n)

A) plasma protein.
B) incomplete protein.
C) complete protein.
D) intracellular protein.
E) adequate protein.

Question 29

An example of an incomplete protein food is

A) eggs.
B) meat.
C) milk.
D) leafy green vegetables.
E) cheese.

Question 30

Excessive bleeding due to slowed blood clotting is a symptom of vitamin _____ deficiency.

A) A
B) D
C) E
D) K
E) C

Question 31

Which of the following individuals is most likely to be in a negative nitrogen balance?

A) a healthy pregnant woman
B) a 10-year-old child
C) an adult woman with adequate protein intake
D) an elderly homeless man
E) a healthy adult man who exercises

Question 32

Eicosanoids are involved in

A) inflammation.
B) blood clotting.
C) tissue repair.
D) smooth muscle contraction.
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 33

Vitamin E and vitamin C

A) both release free radicals.
B) are needed in RBC production.
C) are both antioxidants.
D) are formed from provitamins.
E) are required for blood clotting.

Question 34

Proteins regulate the acid-base balance of the blood by

A) acting as buffers.
B) releasing nitrogen.
C) transporting iron.
D) binding sodium ions.
E) removing carbon dioxide from the blood.

Question 35

A student's dietary intake includes 100 grams of fat and a total of 2000 kilocalories. What percentage of the total kilocalories in this student's diet comes from fat?

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 37%
D) 45%
E) 50%

Question 36

Cholesterol

A) must be obtained from plants.
B) can be manufactured by most tissues.
C) is a hormone.
D) is necessary for blood clotting.
E) has no constructive function in the body.

Question 37

Which of the following recommendations regarding daily requirements is correct?

A) Fats should account for 45% of total caloric intake.
B) Carbohydrate intake should be around 500 grams daily.
C) Protein consumption should be 10-35% of total kilocalorie intake.
D) Cholesterol intake should be about 300 milligrams per day.
E) Protein consumption should be about 45% of total kilocalorie intake.

Question 38

Polyunsaturated vegetable oils can be changed from liquids to solids by

A) adding more unsaturated fatty acids to the molecules.
B) removing the glycerol portion of the molecules.
C) decreasing the number of double covalent bonds in their fatty acids.
D) removing hydrogens from the molecules.

Question 39

Which of the following vitamins is mismatched with its function?

A) vitamin D - bone growth
B) vitamin A - rhodopsin synthesis
C) folate - synthesis of clotting factors
D) vitamin C - collagen synthesis
E) vitamin B₁₂ - red blood cell production

Question 40

Functions of proteins include

A) providing structural strength in connective tissue.
B) serving as a part of the cholesterol molecule.
C) serving as the primary energy source of cells.
D) transport of nitrogen gas in the blood.
E) padding and insulation.

Question 41

The production of protein by cells is an example of

A) anabolism.
B) catabolism.
C) glycolysis.
D) phosphorylation.
E) decomposition.

Question 42

Which of the following minerals is important in acid-base balance?

A) calcium
B) chlorine
C) iron
D) manganese
E) sodium

Question 43

What atom is a major player in the production of energy from nutrient molecules?

A) carbon
B) oxygen
C) hydrogen
D) nitrogen

Question 44

High ATP concentrations would be found in

A) active cells.
B) resting cells.
C) exhausted cells.
D) dead cells.
E) None of these choices is correct.

Question 45

Glycolysis is best defined as the breakdown of

A) glucose to carbon dioxide and water.
B) glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid.
C) pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water.
D) glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate.
E) glucose to glycogen.

Question 46

Minerals

A) are organic nutrients.
B) can be manufactured by the body if the diet does not supply enough.
C) can serve as buffers and components of enzymes.
D) are found in high concentrations in refined cereals and breads.
E) are not necessary for normal metabolic function.

Question 47

Which of the following minerals is part of the hemoglobin molecule?

A) calcium
B) iodine
C) iron
D) zinc
E) fluorine

Question 48

The Daily Values appearing on food labels are based on a ________ kilocalorie reference diet.

A) 1200
B) 1500
C) 2000
D) 2500

Question 49

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Catabolic reactions are synthesis reactions.
B) Anabolic reactions are involved in the production of proteins from amino acids.
C) The energy derived from anabolism is used to drive catabolism.
D) Anabolic reactions release energy.
E) Catabolic reactions consume energy.

Question 50

One difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration is that

A) anaerobic respiration utilizes the citric acid cycle but aerobic respiration does not.
B) aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration.
C) anaerobic respiration takes place inside cells while aerobic respiration takes place in the plasma.
D) aerobic respiration does not require oxygen.
E) aerobic respiration takes place after anaerobic respiration.

Question 51

When glucose is metabolized in the absence of oxygen, one of the end products is

A) pyruvic acid.
B) ketone bodies.
C) lactic acid.
D) citric acid.
E) nitric acid.

Question 52

What would happen to a vitamin if its chemical structure is destroyed by catabolism?

A) It could be recycled.
B) It would become nonfunctional.
C) It becomes a provitamin.
D) It becomes a coenzyme.
E) Nothing; this is normal.

Question 53

Which of the following minerals is mismatched with its function?

A) calcium - bone formation
B) zinc - hemoglobin synthesis
C) potassium - muscle and nerve function
D) cobalt - erythrocyte production
E) selenium - component of many enzymes

Question 54

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body is known as

A) absorption.
B) metabolism.
C) digestion.
D) catabolism.
E) anabolism

Question 55

What type of reactions are involved in ATP production?

A) single replacement reactions
B) combustion reactions
C) oxidation-reduction reactions
D) neutralization reactions

Question 56

Which of the following steps in glycolysis occurs last?

A) oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
B) production of ATP from phosphoenolpyruvic acid
C) phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate
D) cleavage of fructose 1, 6 diphosphate
E) input of 2 ATP molecules

Question 57

A series of metabolic reactions in the liver that converts lactic acid into glucose is called

A) the electron transport system.
B) the Cori cycle.
C) the citric acid cycle.
D) beta oxidation.
E) sugar cleavage.

Question 58

The digestion of complex carbohydrates is an example of

A) anabolism.
B) synthesis.
C) absorption.
D) catabolism.

Question 59

In glycolysis,

A) NAD+ is reduced to form NADH.
B) more energy is used than produced.
C) glucose is formed as an end product.
D) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is used as an enzyme.
E) oxygen must be present for it to start.

Question 60

The energy currency of the cell is a molecule called

A) glucose.
B) pyruvate.
C) fat.
D) ADP.
E) ATP.

Question 61

The mitochondrion is the site of

A) glycolysis.
B) the citric acid cycle.
C) anaerobic respiration.
D) lactic acid formation.
E) the citric acid cycle and the electron-transport chain.

Question 62

Where does glycolysis take place?

A) in the inner compartment of the mitochondrion
B) on the surface of the mitochondrion
C) in the cytoplasm of the cell
D) along the cristae of the mitochondrion

Question 63

Which of the following events occurs last?

A) Hydrogen ions diffuse into inner mitochondrial compartment.
B) Hydrogen ions are moved from inner to outer mitochondrial compartment.
C) The movement of hydrogen ions through special channels is coupled to ATP production.
D) A hydrogen ion concentration gradient is established.
E) NADH transfer electrons to the electron-transport chain.

Question 64

Each NADH molecule fed into the electron transport chain produces _____ ATPs.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
E) 6

Question 65

How many ATP are made from each FADH₂ that transfers electrons to the electron transport chain?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 66

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Hydrogen ions are pumped across the plasma membrane.
B) Electrons pass from one electron carrier to another in the electron transport chain.
C) Water serves as the final electron acceptor.
D) Chemiosmosis forms carbon dioxide.
E) The chemiosmosis model refers to movement of water.

Question 67

The electron transport chain

A) results in the formation of ATP.
B) converts acetate to ketone bodies.
C) converts glucose to fatty acids.
D) converts fatty acids to glucose.
E) removes a phosphate from ATP.

Question 68

Which of the following is the correct sequence?

A) acetyl-CoA formation, glycolysis, electron-transport chain, citric acid cycle
B) acetyl-CoA formation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, glycolysis
C) citric acid cycle, glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, electron transport chain
D) glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
E) glycolysis, citric acid cycle, acetyl-CoA formation, electron transport chain

Question 69

How many ATP and NADH are produced by glycolysis of one glucose molecule?

A) 2 ATP and 1 NADH
B) 4 ATP and 4 NADH
C) 2 ATP and 2 NADH
D) 1 ATP and 2 NADH

Question 70

What is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain?

A) water
B) NADH
C) oxygen
D) carbon dioxide

Question 71

The citric acid cycle begins by combining

A) carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid.
B) pyruvic acid and acetic acid to form acetoacetic acid.
C) pyruvic acid and carbon dioxide to form lactic acid.
D) oxaloacetic acid and acetyl-CoA to form citric acid.
E) pyruvic acid and citric acid.

Question 72

If oxygen is present, how many molecules (net) of ATP are produced by the oxidation of one molecule of glucose?

A) 4
B) 18
C) 32
D) 36
E) 40

Question 73

The result of five turns of the citric acid cycle would be

A) 5 ATP, 5 NADH, 5 FADH₂, 5 carbon dioxide.
B) 5 ATP, 15 NADH, 5 FADH₂, 10 carbon dioxide.
C) 10 ATP, 30 NADH, 10 FADH_2, 20 carbon dioxide.
D) 10 ATP, 10 NADH, 5 FADH_2, 10 carbon dioxide.
E) 15 ATP, 15 NADH, 15 FADH_2, 15 carbon dioxide

Question 74

The correct sequence of events that occurs when fatty acids are used to generate ATP is

A) beta oxidation, electron transport chain, deamination.
B) electron transport chain, beta oxidation, glycolysis.
C) beta oxidation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain.
D) glycolysis, beta oxidation, citric acid cycle.
E) citric acid cycle, glycolysis, beta oxidation.

Question 75

The body's main energy storage molecules are

A) sugars.
B) proteins.
C) lipids.
D) vitamins.
E) carbohydrates.

Question 76

Beta oxidation results in the formation of

A) pyruvate.
B) acetyl CoA.
C) carbon monoxide.
D) oxaloacetate.
E) ketone bodies.

Question 77

A molecule that moves electrons from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain is

A) pyruvic acid.
B) CO₂.
C) ADP.
D) NADH.
E) H₂O.

Question 78

Acetyl CoA

A) can enter the electron transport system directly.
B) is a by product of glycolysis.
C) might be used in ketogenesis.
D) is needed to start oxidative deamination.
E) is converted to pyruvic acid.

Question 79

The name of the process that couples the movement of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane to ATP production is the

A) citric acid cycle.
B) glycolytic pathway.
C) chemiosmosis.
D) Cori cycle.
E) hydrosmotic model.

Question 80

Which of the following statements about the citric acid cycle is false?

A) The process occurs in the mitochondria.
B) The major end product of the cycle is lactic acid.
C) At several steps, NADH molecules are formed.
D) Carbon dioxide is produced at several steps in the cycle.
E) Two ATP are formed in the cycle from one glucose.