Deck 13: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation

Question 1

List the five general classes of blood vessels.

Answer 1

The five general classes of blood vessels are:
1. arteries
2. arterioles
3. capillaries
4. venules
5. veins
The arteries are responsible for delivering blood to the body organs, branching off into smaller arterioles. The arterioles supply blood to the capillaries, which are tiny, highly extensive vessels that permit exchange between blood and surrounding interstitial fluid. The veins return blood to the heart and are further classified into small venules.

Question 2

Match each item in column A with the most closely related item in column B. Place letters for answers in the spaces provided.

Answer 2

Diastolic pressure refers to the minimum blood pressure at the conclusion of ventricular diastole. Diastolic pressure is recorded as the lowest blood pressure of the body nearing the second phase of diastole in the ventricles. The pressure in arteries rises during ventricular systole, or contraction, and falls during ventricular diastole, or relaxation. Thus, diastolic pressure describes the opposite of systolic pressure, and is lower in value.
Thus, the correct answer is d

Question 3

A cross section of tissue shows several small, thin-walled vessels with very little smooth muscle tissue in the tunica media. Which type of vessels are these?

Answer 3

A cross-section of tissue with small, thin-walled vessels with little smooth muscle tissue would show veins. Veins have thin walls, as they do not accumulate much pressure. The tunica media of an artery has more smooth muscle tissue than that of a vein. Thus, these blood vessels must be veins, as arteries tend to have thicker walls and more smooth muscle tissue than veins to support their function.

Question 4

What effect would relaxation of precapillary sphincters have on blood flow through a tissue?

Question 5

Why are valves found in veins, but not in arteries?

Question 6

Identify the factors that contribute to total peripheral resistance.

Question 7

In a healthy person, where is blood pressure greater: at the aorta or at the inferior vena cava? Explain.

Question 8

While standing in the hot sun, Sally begins to feel light-headed and then faints. Explain what happened.

Question 9

Describe the actions of vasodilators and vasoconstrictors.

Question 10

How would applying slight pressure to the common carotid artery affect your heart rate?

Question 11

What effect would the vasoconstriction of the renal artery have on blood pressure and blood volume?

Question 12

Why does blood pressure increase during exercise?

Question 13

Name the immediate and long-term problems related to the cardiovascular response to hemorrhaging.

Question 14

Explain the role of aldosterone and ADH in long-term restoration of blood volume.

Question 15

Identify the major arteries in the following diagram.

a) __________
b) __________
c) __________
d) __________
e) __________
f) __________
g) __________
h) __________
i) __________

Question 16

Identify the two circuits of the cardiovascular system.

Question 17

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called a) veins.
B) arterioles.
C) venules.
D) arteries.

Question 18

Identify the three general functional patterns of the body's blood vessels.

Question 19

The layer of the arteriole wall that provides the properties of contractility and elasticity is the a) tunica adventitia.
B) tunica media.
C) tunica intima.
D) tunica externa.

Question 20

Name the blood vessels that enter and exit the lungs, and note whether they contain primarily oxygenated or deoxygenated blood.

Question 21

The two-way exchange of substances between blood and body cells occurs only through a) arterioles.
B) capillaries.
C) venules.
D) a, b, and c are correct.

Question 22

Trace the path of a drop of blood through the lungs, beginning at the right ventricle and ending at the left atrium.

Question 23

The blood vessels that collect blood from all tissues and organs and return it to the heart are the a) veins.
B) arteries.
C) capillaries.
D) arterioles.

Question 24

A blockage of which branch of the aortic arch would interfere with blood flow to the left arm?

Question 25

Blood within the veins is prevented from flowing away from the heart because of the presence of a) venous reservoirs.
B) muscular walls.
C) clots.
D) valves.

Question 26

Why would compression of the common carotid arteries cause a person to lose consciousness?

Question 27

The most important factor in vascular resistance is a) the viscosity of the blood.
B) friction between the blood and vessel walls.
C) turbulence due to irregular surfaces of blood vessels.
D) the length of the blood vessels.

Question 28

Grace is in an automobile accident, and her celiac trunk is ruptured. Which organs will be affected most directly by this injury?

Question 29

In a blood pressure reading of 120/80, the 120 represents _____ and the 80 represents _____. a) diastolic pressure; systolic pressure
B) pulse pressure; mean arterial pressure
C) systolic pressure; diastolic pressure
D) mean arterial pressure; pulse pressure

Question 30

Describe the general distribution of major arteries and veins in the neck and limbs. What functional advantage does this distribution provide?

Question 31

Along a capillary, _____ dominates at the arterial end and fluid moves _____; _____ dominates at the venous end and fluid moves _____.
a) osmosis, in; filtration, out
b) filtration, out; osmosis, in
c) filtration, in; osmosis, out
d) osmosis, out; filtration, in

Question 32

Name the three vessels that carry blood to and from the placenta.

Question 33

The two factors that assist the relatively low venous pressures in propelling blood toward the heart are
a) ventricular systole and valve closure.
b) gravity and vasomotion.
c) muscular compression and the respiratory pump.
d) atrial and ventricular contractions.

Question 34

A blood sample taken from the umbilical cord contains high levels of oxygen and nutrients, and low levels of carbon dioxide and waste products. Is this sample from an umbilical artery or from the umbilical vein? Explain.

Question 35

Identify the major veins in the following diagram.

a) __________
b) __________
c) __________
d) __________
e) __________
f) __________
g) __________
h) __________
i) __________

Question 36

Name the structures in the fetal circulation that stop functioning at birth. What becomes of these structures?

Question 37

Arteries of the pulmonary circuit differ from those of the systemic circuit in that they carry a) oxygen and nutrients.
B) deoxygenated blood.
C) oxygenated blood.
D) oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients.

Question 38

Identify components of the cardiovascular system that are affected by age.

Question 39

The two arteries formed by the division of the brachiocephalic trunk are the a) aorta and internal carotid.
B) axillary and brachial.
C) external and internal carotid.
D) common carotid and subclavian.

Question 40

Define thrombus.

Question 41

The unpaired arteries supplying blood to the visceral organs include the a) adrenal, renal, and lumbar arteries.
B) iliac, gonadal, and femoral arteries.
C) celiac trunk and superior and inferior mesenteric arteries.
D) a, b, and c are correct.

Question 42

Define aneurysm.

Question 43

The artery generally used to feel the pulse at the wrist is the
a) ulnar artery.
b) radial artery.
c) fibular artery.
d) dorsalis artery.

Question 44

Describe what the cardiovascular system provides for all other body systems.

Question 45

The vein that drains the dural sinuses of the brain is the a) cephalic vein.
B) great saphenous vein.
C) internal jugular vein.
D) superior vena cava.

Question 46

What is the relationship between the skeletal system and the cardiovascular system?

Question 47

The vein that collects most of the venous blood from below the diaphragm is the a) superior vena cava.
B) great saphenous vein.
C) inferior vena cava.
D) azygos vein.

Question 48

a) What are the primary forces that cause fluid to move out of a capillary and into the interstitial fluid at its arterial end? b) What are the primary forces that cause fluid to move into a capillary from the interstitial fluid at its venous end?

Question 49

What two effects result when the baroreceptor response to elevated blood pressure BP) is triggered?

Question 50

What factors affect the activity of chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies?

Question 51

What cardiovascular changes occur at birth?

Question 52

What age-related changes take place in the blood, heart, and blood vessels?

Question 53

When dehydration occurs, a) water reabsorption at the kidneys accelerates.
B) fluids are reabsorbed from the interstitial fluid.
C) blood osmotic pressure increases.
D) a, b, and c are correct.

Question 54

Increased CO₂ levels in tissues would promote a) contraction of precapillary sphincters.
B) an increase in the pH of the blood.
C) relaxation of precapillary sphincters.
D) a decrease of blood flow to tissues.

Question 55

Elevated levels of the hormones ADH and angiotensin II will produce
a) increased peripheral vasodilation.
b) increased peripheral vasoconstriction.
c) increased peripheral blood flow.
d) increased venous return.

Question 56

Relate the anatomical differences between arteries and veins to their functions.

Question 57

Why do capillaries permit the diffusion of materials, whereas arteries and veins do not?

Question 58

Why is blood flow to the brain relatively continuous and constant?

Question 59

An accident victim displays the following signs and symptoms: hypotension; pale, cool, moist skin; confusion; and disorientation. Identify her condition, and explain why each of these signs and symptoms occurs. If you took her pulse, what would you find?

Question 60

Bob is sitting outside on a warm day and is sweating profusely. His friend Mary wants to practice taking blood pressures, and he agrees to play patient. Mary finds that Bob's blood pressure is elevated, even though he is resting and has lost fluid from sweating. She reasons that fluid loss should lower blood volume and, thus, blood pressure.) Mary asks you why Bob's blood pressure is high instead of low. What should you tell her?

Question 61

People with allergies frequently take antihistamines and decongestants to relieve their symptoms. These medications mimic the effects of sympathetic stimulation.) The medications' labels warn that such medications should not be taken by individuals being treated for high blood pressure. Why?

Question 62

Gina awakens suddenly to the sound of her alarm clock. Realizing that she is late for class, she jumps to her feet, feels light-headed, and falls back on her bed. What probably caused this to happen? Why doesn't this always happen?