Deck 25: The Global Crisis, 1921–1941

Question 1

The Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928

A) was an alliance between France and the United States against Germany.
B) was to be enforced with multinational trade embargoes.
C) was signed with wide international acclaim.
D) stated that an attack on one nation was an attack on all nations.
E) was an alliance between France and the United States against Japan.

Answer 1

was signed with wide international acclaim.

Question 2

As part of his foreign policy, President Herbert Hoover moved to withdraw American troops from

A) Mexico.
B) Cuba.
C) Venezuela.
D) Colombia.
E) Haiti.

Answer 2

Haiti.

Question 3

President Franklin Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor Policy"

A) expanded initiatives begun under Herbert Hoover.
B) was designed to keep the peace in western Europe.
C) limited land purchases by U.S. companies in neighboring countries.
D) was abandoned by the United States at the start of World War II.
E) gave nations allied against fascism preferential loan rates.

Answer 3

expanded initiatives begun under Herbert Hoover.

Question 4

In 1929, a fascist-led government was in power in

A) Germany.
B) Spain.
C) Italy.
D) Japan.
E) France.

Question 5

The Neutrality Act of 1937

A) stripped the president of many of his powers as commander-in-chief.
B) allowed warring nations to purchase nonmilitary goods in the United States if they paid cash.
C) loosened the trade policy for England, while tightening it for Germany and Japan.
D) banned the sale of all goods from the United States to any nation at war.
E) exempted Asian nations from the provisions of the 1935 Neutrality Act.

Question 6

The secretary of state of the Harding administration was

A) Charles Evans Hughes.
B) Charles Dawes.
C) Henry Cabot Lodge.
D) Henry Stimson.
E) Cordell Hull.

Question 7

All of the following nations were signatories to the Five-Power Pact of 1922 EXCEPT

A) Britain.
B) Russia.
C) France.
D) Italy.
E) Japan.

Question 8

The Neutrality Act of 1935

A) sought to protect America's international trade agreements.
B) prevented Americans from traveling on ships of warring nations.
C) did not prevent the United States from intervening when Italy invaded Ethiopia.
D) was passed by Congress with recent acts of Nazi aggression in mind.
E) included a mandatory arms embargo of both sides during any military conflict.

Question 9

President Franklin Roosevelt's sharpest foreign policy break with Herbert Hoover concerned

A) Latin America.
B) Europe.
C) Asia.
D) Russia.
E) Mexico.

Question 10

During the Harding administration, the United States

A) eventually joined the League of Nations.
B) threatened to blockade Japan if it did not stop its military aggression.
C) largely retired from international diplomacy.
D) proposed a dramatic reduction in the fleets of the United States, Britain, and Japan.
E) forgave the international debts of the former European allies.

Question 11

In what became known as the 1933 "bombshell" message, Franklin Roosevelt declared that

A) all foreign war debts would be forgiven.
B) America would no longer recognize fascist governments.
C) the Monroe Doctrine was now null and void.
D) further Japanese aggression against China would be met with force.
E) America would reject any international agreement on currency stabilization.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany is FALSE?

A) His rise was partially precipitated by ruinous inflation.
B) Hitler displayed a pathological anti-Semitism and a passionate militarism.
C) Hitler believed in the genetic superiority of the Aryan people.
D) Hitler argued in favor of extending German territory for the purpose of Lebensraum.
E) Upon coming to power in 1933, Hitler called his new government "the Weimar Republic."

Question 13

The Dawes Plan of 1924

A) called for the United States to lend money to Germany to meet its reparation payments.
B) was designed to help England and France make their debt payments to the United States.
C) called for Britain and France to reduce the amount of German reparation payments.
D) called for both the United States to lend money to Germany to meet its reparation payments, and Britain and France to reduce the amount of German reparation payments.
E) All these answers are correct.

Question 14

In the 1930s, President Franklin Roosevelt carried out international policies that

A) kept the United States on the gold standard.
B) preserved the circular loan system of the Dawes Plan.
C) established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union.
D) allowed American banks to make loans to nations in default to the United States.
E) further soured relations with Latin America.

Question 15

In 1932, the Hoover administration, in response to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria,

A) issued warnings to the Japanese government.
B) imposed economic sanctions against Japan.
C) sent financial aid to Chiang Kai-shek's government in China.
D) sent Americans to Manchuria to train Chinese pilots.
E) called for Japanese recognition of the Open Door policy.

Question 16

In his foreign policy for Latin America, President Herbert Hoover

A) repudiated the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.
B) repeatedly ordered troops into various Central American nations.
C) canceled Latin American war debts owed to the United States.
D) closely followed the policies of the two previous administrations.
E) declared America would henceforth only recognize democratically-elected regimes.

Question 17

The Five-Power Pact of 1922 dealt with

A) restructuring Germany's war debt.
B) the League of Nations.
C) the civil war in Russia.
D) Japanese aggression toward China.
E) armament limitations.

Question 18

In 1934, U.S.-Soviet relations soured in part because the United States demonstrated little interest in stopping the expansion of

A) Germany.
B) Italy.
C) China.
D) Japan.
E) Great Britain.

Question 19

During the 1920s and 1930s, interest in pursuing an isolationist foreign policy

A) led the United States to give up its membership in the World Court.
B) seemed to grow in the U.S. as it became apparent that Italy would invade Ethiopia.
C) led the U.S. Senate to assert that no single nation was a threat to world peace.
D) was strongly supported by President Franklin Roosevelt.
E) declined after the investigations chaired by Senator Gerald Nye of North Dakota.

Question 20

The Washington Conference of 1921

A) attempted to prevent a global naval arms race.
B) saw the Harding administration refuse to participate in it.
C) sought to expand the global markets of the United States.
D) ended as a diplomatic failure for the United States.
E) attempted to create a world court.

Question 21

By September 1941,

A) Germany had agreed with Japan to fight against the United States.
B) the United States extended lend-lease privileges to the Soviet Union.
C) President Roosevelt made a secret agreement to send American troops to England.
D) Germany claimed it had no interest in engaging America in war.
E) the German navy had begun to sink American destroyers, including the Reuben James.

Question 22

The Tripartite Pact was a defensive alliance among

A) the United States, England, and Russia.
B) the United States, England, and France.
C) Japan, Germany, and Italy.
D) Japan, Germany, and Austria.
E) England, France, and Italy.

Question 23

The America First Committee

A) was a powerful lobby against U.S. involvement in the war.
B) was strongly opposed by both major political parties.
C) called for increased U.S. assistance to England without any actual intervention.
D) was made up largely of Democrats who favored diplomacy to end the war.
E) tried and failed to enlist the support of Charles Lindbergh.

Question 24

The Munich agreement of 1938

A) was the result of negotiations involving the League of Nations.
B) put most of Poland under German control.
C) ended further German aggression until World War II began.
D) was supported by President Franklin Roosevelt.
E) was signed by Joseph Stalin despite misgivings about German intent.

Question 25

Following the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939, President Franklin Roosevelt

A) declared the United States would remain neutral.
B) declared the United States would be the "arsenal of democracy."
C) sent American military advisers to England.
D) ordered a "preparedness" campaign much like Woodrow Wilson had in 1916.
E) was unsure whether a majority of Americans supported Germany.

Question 26

In 1941, the Atlantic Charter

A) was signed in WashingtonD.C.,
B) was completed by senior military officials in the United States and England.
C) saw President Roosevelt agree to an eventual invasion of Europe to drive out the Nazis.
D) saw the United States and England claim to share common principles.
E) gave American merchant ships the authority to fire on German submarines.

Question 27

In 1940, the "lend-lease" plan

A) allowed the U.S. to loan weapons to England, to be returned or paid for when the war was over.
B) saw England agree to allow jobless Americans to enlist in the British military.
C) saw England allow the construction of American military bases in British territory.
D) saw the U.S. lend funds to the Allies so they could lease war supplies from the U.S.
E) was extremely controversial and barely passed the Senate.

Question 28

President Franklin Roosevelt's decision in 1940 to give fifty American destroyers to England

A) was cancelled by Congress.
B) circumvented the cash-and-carry provision of the Neutrality Acts.
C) was in response to requests by the U.S. ambassador to London.
D) both circumvented the cash-and-carry provision of the Neutrality Acts and was in response to requests by the U.S. ambassador to London.
E) None of these answers is correct.

Question 29

In July 1940, opinion polls showed the clear majority of the American public

A) believed Germany posed a direct threat to the United States.
B) were strongly against any involvement by the United States in the war.
C) thought the United States should immediately declare war on Germany.
D) believed it would be a waste to aid England, as that nation would soon fall to Germany.
E) believed Japan was a greater threat to the United States than the war in Europe.

Question 30

By the middle of 1940, Germany had defeated

A) Norway.
B) Denmark.
C) France.
D) the Netherlands.
E) All these answers are correct.

Question 31

In 1941, prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor,

A) Japanese troops attacked the Philippines.
B) the Japanese developed a new, unbreakable communication code.
C) Japan tried to repair relations with the United States in order to restore their flow of supplies.
D) President Franklin Roosevelt ordered Japan's diplomats to leave Washington.
E) President Franklin Roosevelt froze all Japanese assets in the United States.

Question 32

The Munich Conference of 1938 was precipitated by a crisis over

A) Austria.
B) Poland.
C) Hungary.
D) Belgium.
E) Czechoslovakia.

Question 33

The American ambassador to London who insisted in 1940 that the British plight was already hopeless was

A) Neville Chamberlain.
B) Joseph Kennedy.
C) Gerald Nye.
D) Burton Wheeler.
E) Wendell Willkie.

Question 34

The German sinking of the American ship Reuben James

A) essentially triggered an American naval war against Germany.
B) led Congress to approve the arming of American merchant ships.
C) led Congress to approve American ships sailing into belligerent ports.
D) led Congress to approve both the arming of American merchant ships and the sailing of American ships into belligerent ports.
E) All these answers are correct.

Question 35

In response to the breakout of the civil war in Spain, the U.S. government joined with Britain and France in an agreement to

A) support the republican side.
B) support Franco's regime.
C) offer no help to either side.
D) use the conflict as a means of establishing military positions in Spain.
E) offer help to whichever side would repudiate any diplomatic contact with Hitler's regime.

Question 36

In 1938, Anschluss

A) was proclaimed by Hitler.
B) caused an uproar in the United States.
C) was created at the Munich Conference.
D) led France to put its military on alert.
E) came to be identified with Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain.

Question 37

Germany began World War II in Europe days after

A) Germany's occupation of additional areas of Czechoslovakia.
B) a nonaggression pact was signed between Germany and Russia.
C) France promised Poland it would provide military support if attacked.
D) Germany and Austria were unified.
E) Hitler's violation of the Munich agreement.

Question 38

The Burke-Wadsworth Act of 1940

A) reaffirmed the desires of isolationists to stay out of the war.
B) approved sending U.S. weapons to England.
C) approved the first peacetime draft in American history.
D) saw the United States end all trade with any nation allied with Nazi Germany.
E) repealed the 1935 and 1937 Neutrality Acts.

Question 39

In the election of 1940, Franklin Roosevelt

A) selected Henry Wallace as his new running mate.
B) won a closely contested electoral college victory for his third term.
C) removed Harry Truman from the ticket at the request of conservatives.
D) both selected Henry Wallace as his new running mate, and won a closely contested electoral college victory for his third term.
E) None of these answers is correct.

Question 40

In 1937, President Franklin Roosevelt's "quarantine" speech

A) saw the president call for further isolation from the nation's enemies.
B) warned Japan it faced a U.S. embargo if it continued to be aggressive.
C) saw Roosevelt challenge England and France to limit the aggression of Germany.
D) received a decidedly hostile response by the American people.
E) was given in response to the Japanese sinking of the Panay.

Question 41

During the 1920s, U.S. banks and corporations were becoming deeply embedded in the daily economic life of Europe.

Question 42

The American preference for neutrality increased in popularity in October 1935 when Mussolini finally launched his anticipated attack on Ethiopia.

Question 43

The Neutrality Acts of the mid-1930s established the U.S. right to use military action to defend any violation of its neutrality.

Question 44

The Hoover administration imposed economic sanctions against Japan for its takeover of Manchuria in the early 1930s.

Question 45

During the 1920s, the United States played a more active role in global politics than it ever had in its history.

Question 46

President Roosevelt's first response to the war in Europe was to request that Congress extend lend-lease to the Allies.

Question 47

The United States failed to join the League of Nations.

Question 48

President Roosevelt's decision to give American destroyers to Great Britain was consistent with the "cash-and-carry" provisions of the Neutrality Acts.

Question 49

By 1940 the American ambassador to Great Britain, Joseph Kennedy, thought that the British cause was hopeless.

Question 50

In 1921, Charles Evans Hughes feared an arms race would develop on the world's oceans.

Question 51

President Franklin Roosevelt made his "quarantine" speech in an effort to block Hitler's takeover of Austria.

Question 52

Like Woodrow Wilson before him, President Roosevelt asked the American people to be neutral in thought when war erupted in Europe in 1939.

Question 53

President Hoover upheld the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.

Question 54

The Kellogg-Briand Pact declared war illegal.

Question 55

Stalin's nonaggression pact with Hitler was signed before the start of World War II in Europe.

Question 56

At the time of its announcement, President Roosevelt approved of the Munich agreement.

Question 57

The Good Neighbor Policy of the Roosevelt administration expanded on earlier changes in foreign policy made by the Hoover administration.

Question 58

Which of the following statements regarding the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor is FALSE?

A) The State Department assumed the Japanese would never attack American interests.
B) The American aircraft carriers escaped the attack.
C) Few American authorities believed Japan was capable of an attack on Pearl Harbor.
D) The Japanese suffered light losses in the attack.
E) More than 2,000 American soldiers and sailors died in the attack.

Question 59

Under the Dawes Plan, the United States lent money to European countries to repay war debts owed to the United States.

Question 60

In 1941, Germany's declaration of war against the United States

A) occurred after the United States declared war on Germany.
B) came the same day that Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.
C) did not occur until two months after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
D) occurred before the United States declared war on Germany.
E) was never reciprocated by Congress.

Question 61

In December of 1941, Germany declared war on the United States before the United States declared war on Germany.

Question 62

The ________ of 1921 was an attempt to prevent a naval arms race among the United States, Great Britain, and Japan.

Question 63

A Senate committee headed by Senator _______ of North Dakota investigated the reasons behind the American entry into World War I.

Question 64

On foreign policy matters, President Roosevelt and his Republican challenger, Wendell Willkie, were in essential agreement.

Question 65

The Anschluss of 1938 was between Germany and ________.

Question 66

After Hitler took all of Czechoslovakia in the spring of 1939, Britain and France gave assurances to the country of ________ that they would come to its assistance if it were invaded.

Question 67

Prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States knew that a Japanese attack was imminent, but it did not know where the attack would take place.

Question 68

President Roosevelt responded to the Nazi invasion of Russia by extending lend-lease to Russia.

Question 69

The 1931 invasion of Manchuria by ________ was cause for concern on the part of the Hoover administration.

Question 70

The Munich Conference of 1938 dealt with German designs on the country of ________.

Question 71

In 1933, the Roosevelt administration extended diplomatic recognition to ________.

Question 72

In 1940, Charles Lindbergh and Senator Gerald Nye took leading roles in the ________ Committee.

Question 73

The Roosevelt administration refused to issue economic sanctions against Japan prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Question 74

During the winter and early spring of 1939-1940, Europe settled into what some called "the ________ war."

Question 75

In September of 1940, Congress passed the ________ Act, inaugurating the first peacetime draft in American history.

Question 76

Roosevelt's 1937 "quarantine" speech was directed at ________.

Question 77

By the time President Roosevelt ran for a third term, a significant majority of the American people believed that Nazi Germany posed a direct military threat to the United States.

Question 78

The 1928 ________ was a multilateral treaty to outlaw war.

Question 79

Lend-lease to Great Britain led directly to an American decision to escort convoys of goods across parts of the Atlantic Ocean.

Question 80

President Roosevelt's August 1941 meeting with Winston Churchill off the coast of Newfoundland led to a private commitment to use the American military in the war against Hitler.