Deck 16: Mental Health Services

Question 1

In the late nineteenth century, the enactment of involuntary mental health care laws in the USA resulted in

A)only a few cases of involuntary commitment to mental hospitals.
B)people being committed who were not mentally ill.
C)wives committing their husbands to mental hospitals.
D)a decrease in the number of large public mental hospitals.

Answer 1

people being committed who were not mentally ill.

Question 2

The link between mental illness and violence is

A)negligible.
B)mild.
C)moderate.
D)strong.

Answer 2

moderate.

Question 3

With regard to the mentally ill, popular opinion holds that

A)the mentally ill are more dangerous than those who are not mentally ill.
B)the mentally ill are less dangerous than those who are not mentally ill.
C)those who are mentally ill and those who are not are equally dangerous.
D)mental illness is unrelated to level of dangerousness.

Answer 3

the mentally ill are more dangerous than those who are not mentally ill.

Question 4

When parens patriae is used to take a mentally ill individual into custody, it means that the state is acting as a

A)mental health counsellor.
B)surrogate parent.
C)legal advisor.
D)social worker.

Question 5

Which of the following is (are) specified in involuntary mental health laws?

A)when a person can be legally declared to have a mental illness
B)when a person can be placed in a mental hospital for treatment
C)both of these
D)neither of these

Question 6

According to the 1975 case of O'Connor v.Donaldson, a non-dangerous mentally ill individual

A)must be given medication to control the possibility of dangerous tendencies developing.
B)cannot be confined in an institution if capable of functioning safely on the outside.
C)must be confined in an institution in case a violent episode occurs.
D)can be released from an institution only if relatives agree to provide care.

Question 7

The popular opinion that the mentally ill are more dangerous than those who are not mentally ill is probably the result of

A)data from medical records.
B)public knowledge of DSM-5 diagnostic criteria.
C)media reports.
D)statistics on murder and other violent crimes.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is correct?

A)Mental illness is a legal concept.
B)Mental illness is defined the same way around the world.
C)Most states include substance-related disorders in their definition of mental illness.
D)Mental illness is synonymous with psychological disorders.

Question 9

Receiving a DSM-5 diagnosis means that the person

A)is considered dangerous.
B)fits the legal definition of mental illness.
C)does not necessarily fit the legal definition of mental illness.
D)must be either civilly or criminally committed.

Question 10

In the textbook case of Fikile, who was diagnosed with brief psychotic disorder after talking about his secret plans both to save the world's starving children and to break into a foreign embassy, his parents were unable to have him admitted to a psychiatric hospital because Arthur was

A)diagnosed incorrectly.
B)not considered dangerous to himself or others.
C)no longer covered by their health insurance.
D)a minor child.

Question 11

In 1975, Kenneth Donaldson, who was not considered dangerous, successfully sued the director of the hospital in which he had been confined for 15 years and where he had received

A)SSRI medication.
B)ECT.
C)no treatment.
D)abusive treatment.

Question 12

The formal process of civil commitment begins with a petition directed to a(n)

A)attorney
B)head of a health care facility
C)judge
D)prosecutor

Question 13

Which of the following eras was known as the 'liberal era' with regard to mental health treatments?

A)1940-1960
B)1960-1980
C)1980-1990
D)1990 to the present

Question 14

Each of the following statements correctly describes the circumstances of mentally ill people prior to the late nineteenth century EXCEPT

A)the community often took on the care of mentally ill people.
B)family members often cared for a mentally ill person at home.
C)mentally ill people received specialised care in psychiatric hospitals.
D)mentally ill people were often left to care for themselves.

Question 15

What is a critical determinant of the involuntary health care process?

A)substance abuse
B)dangerousness
C)alcoholism
D)subjective distress

Question 16

South African law permits involuntary mental health care when all of the following conditions have been met EXCEPT

A)a person has a mental illness and is in need of treatment.
B)a person is dangerous to himself/herself or others and is in need of treatment.
C)a person is unable to care for himself/herself.
D)a person asks to be admitted to a mental hospital.

Question 17

The risk of violence among mentally ill patients increases if specific symptoms such as _______________ are present.

A)hallucinations
B)delusions
C)both of these
D)neither of these

Question 18

Beginning in the mid-1970s, authorities were unable to confine non-dangerous mentally ill patients, a policy that emphasised

A)individual freedom.
B)society's rights.
C)both of these
D)neither of these

Question 19

Authorities can use police power to hold criminal offenders if they are a threat to society.However, if the power called parens patriae is used to take someone into custody, it means that

A)a person has already committed a crime.
B)a person is not acting in his or her own best interests.
C)the safety of the community is in jeopardy.
D)individual rights are more important than societal rights.

Question 20

Provisions of the Supreme Court decision known as Addington v.Texas (1979) included all of the following EXCEPT

A)more than just the promise of improving one's quality of life is required for involuntary commitment.
B)if non-dangerous people can survive in the community with the help of others, they should not be detained against their will.
C)needing treatment or having a grave disability is sufficient to commit someone with a mental illness.
D)the government has limited ability to commit individuals unless they are dangerous.

Question 21

Aleesha is being held in a psychiatric hospital after being found guilty of criminal behaviour.She is in this facility instead of jail because

A)she has been found not guilty by reason of mental illness or intellectual disability (NGRMIID).
B)she has been found unable to participate in legal proceedings against her.
C)either or both of these
D)neither of these

Question 22

If an individual accidentally injures another person, he or she cannot be convicted of a crime because there was no 'criminal intent', a theoretical concept known legally as

A)mens rea.
B)actus rea.
C)sociopathic deviancy.
D)GBMI.

Question 23

The mental illness defence is based on a historical case in England involving a man named

A)Durham.
B)Addington.
C)M'Naghten.
D)Tory.

Question 24

The conflicting interests over involuntary mental health care were illustrated by the 1988 case of Joyce Brown, a homeless woman diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia, who was

A)medicated against her will.
B)hospitalised involuntarily.
C)dangerous.
D)suicidal.

Question 25

The legal concept of mens rea is generally used to mean

A)'guilty mind'.
B)criminal intent.
C)both of these
D)neither of these

Question 26

In response to the strict involuntary mental health care laws of the 1970s and 1980s in the USA, some states enacted legal reforms that

A)shortened hospital stays.
B)reduced the number of admissions.
C)changed the status under which patients were committed.
D)eliminated the doctrine of parens patriae.

Question 27

Although the Durham ruling in 1954 allowed mental health professionals to present information about an accused person's mental state, it became apparent that

A)no mental health professional wanted to participate in court proceedings.
B)mental health professionals could not reliably assess whether mental illness caused the criminal behaviour.
C)judges were reluctant to include testimony from mental health professionals in their decisions.
D)juries were reluctant to consider testimony from mental health professionals.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT related to the M'Naghten ruling decreed by an English court more than 150 years ago?

A)It concerns a person's mental state at the time a crime is committed.
B)It states that individuals are not responsible for criminal behaviour if they do not know what they are doing.
C)It states that individuals are not responsible for their behaviour if they don't know that what they are doing is wrong.
D)It is based on a case in which paranoid delusions influenced an individual to kill the British prime minister.

Question 29

The concept of diminished capacity is used to

A)keep mentally ill people from being discharged from mental hospitals.
B)assess the responsibility of people with mental illness.
C)evaluate the effects of medical treatments for schizophrenia.
D)determine the intelligence level of an individual accused of criminal behaviour.

Question 30

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, legal reforms enacted by some states to make involuntary mental health care easier resulted in

A)a decrease in the number of hospitalised mental patients.
B)more voluntary than involuntary admissions.
C)more patients admitted under parens patriae powers.
D)shorter hospital stays for mentally ill patients.

Question 31

In the case of Durham v.United States (1954), the criteria for responsibility for determining criminal behaviour were broadened to include

A)mental disease.
B)mental defect.
C)both of these
D)neither of these

Question 32

In South Africa, people convicted of criminal behaviour

A)always receive a prison sentence.
B)are always considered responsible for their behaviour.
C)are not always considered responsible for their behaviour.
D)have sometimes been found incompetent to stand trial.

Question 33

In 1979, public opinion turned against the use of the mental illness defence when it was used successfully to justify such behaviours as

A)child abuse.
B)stealing cars.
C)writing bad cheques.
D)vandalism.

Question 34

The decision to include the presence of ''a mental disease or defect'' in determining an accused person's responsibility for a crime was part of a Supreme Court ruling known as ____________.

A)O'Connor v.Donaldson
B)Addington v.Texas
C)Durham v.United States
D)M'Naghten v.Tory

Question 35

' According to criminal law, Mandla now will be sent to

A)prison.
B)a mental health facility.
C)a community mental health centre.
D)a surgical centre.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a question that addresses the issues of involuntary mental health care?

A)Should a mentally ill person be involuntarily committed if he or she is not dangerous but in need of treatment?
B)Should a mentally ill person be involuntarily committed if he or she has been convicted of a crime?
C)Should a mentally ill person be involuntarily committed at the request of family or relatives who believe it is in the person's best interests?
D)If a person is mentally ill, unable to care for him/herself, and in need of help, should the law allow for involuntary commitment?

Question 37

In Supreme Court rulings such as O'Connor v.Donaldson and Addington v.Texas, it was argued that the criteria for involuntary mental health care should include

A)dangerousness.
B)mental illness.
C)both of these
D)neither of these

Question 38

According to the authors of your textbook, the periodic changes in the laws regarding involuntary mental health care are a sign of a

A)society that has no idea of what to do with this issue.
B)hospital system that is ineffective in treating uncooperative patients.
C)healthy system responding to the limitations of previous decisions.
D)prior mistake that has now been successfully corrected.

Question 39

Andile has been accused of committing a crime and is currently in a mental health facility.He will stay there until it is determined that he is fit to participate in legal proceedings against him.The commitment process by which Andile is being held is called

A)civil.
B)criminal.
C)parens patriae.
D)mens rea.

Question 40

Since the nineteenth century, the method of determining responsibility when a person's mental state is in question has been based on the _________ M'Naghten rule.

A)American
B)English
C)Irish
D)Scottish

Question 41

Which of the following psychological tests has been used to accurately identify malingering in people claiming to have serious mental illness?

A)Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
B)Wechsler Adult Scale of Intelligence (WAIS)
C)Rorschach Malingering Detection Test (RMDT)
D)Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Question 42

Data indicate that the crimes committed by mentally ill people are most likely to be __________.

A)violent
B)nonviolent
C)rapes and murders
D)assaults

Question 43

The 1970s case Tarasoff v.Regents of the University of California, in which a student killed his ex-girlfriend, involved the issue called

A)patients' rights.
B)duty to warn.
C)competency.
D)restrictive environment.

Question 44

Following cases such as those of John Hinckley and Tsafendas, the public often assumed that

A)all criminals were insane.
B)the insane should not be punished for crimes they commit.
C)mental illness is associated with violence.
D)most criminals are not insane.

Question 45

According to the Supreme Court, people are assessed as fit to stand trial if they can

A)assist in their own defence.
B)understand the charges against them.
C)both of these
D)neither of these

Question 46

What was the public reaction to the 1981 jury verdict that found John Hinckley, the attempted assassin of President Reagan, not guilty by reason of mental illness or intellectual disability (NGRMIID?

A)acceptance
B)outrage
C)disappointment
D)disinterest

Question 47

Information about mental institutions indicates that until the 1980s, patients had

A)civil rights.
B)personal rights.
C)legal rights.
D)virtually no rights.

Question 48

Which of the following is an accurate statement with regard to public perception of the mental illness defence?

A)The public underestimates how often the mental illness defence is used in criminal cases.
B)The public overestimates how often the mental illness defence is successfully used.
C)The public overestimates the length of hospitalisation of those who are found not guilty by reason of not guilty by reason of mental illness or intellectual disability (NGRMIID).
D)The public underestimates how often people judged NGRMIID are set free.

Question 49

In the 1970s and 1980s, successful mental illness defences were based on all of the following EXCEPT

A)pathological gambling.
B)battered wife syndrome.
C)kleptomania
D)borderline personality disorder.

Question 50

During involuntary mental health care proceedings, juries rely on mental health professionals as expert witnesses to assess a person's potential for future violence.Research suggests that mental health professionals can make reliable predictions about dangerousness over the

A)short term (2-20 days).
B)long term (>20 days).
C)both of these
D)neither of these

Question 51

According to the ruling in the 1970s Tarasoff case, a therapist is required to

A)advise a patient of his or her rights.
B)have each patient sign a consent form.
C)warn a patient's potential victim(s).
D)file a police report if threatened by a patient.

Question 52

One way to predict whether someone is malingering is their tendency to _______ symptoms.

A)exaggerate
B)under-report
C)ignore
D)simplify

Question 53

Margaret has been schizophrenic for many years and has been hospitalized several times.She has paranoid delusions and hallucinations.Her speech is rambling and incoherent.Most recently, Margaret got hold of a gun and shot several people, believing that they were her enemies.Following her arrest, what is the most likely scenario for Margaret?

A)If convicted, she will go to prison.
B)Following a trial, she will be hospitalised again.
C)Her case will never go to trial.
D)She will be found fit to stand trial.

Question 54

In contrast to public perceptions, the length of time a person spends confined to a hospital after being judged NGRMIID is ___________ the time he/she would have spent in jail.

A)shorter than
B)longer than
C)negligible compared to
D)comparable to

Question 55

Several years ago, Mary was arrested for participating in a crime.Since then, she has been confined in a psychiatric hospital.Mary is periodically evaluated to see if she is still mentally ill.When it is determined that she is no longer mentally ill, Mary will be released.From your knowledge of mental health and the law, you would correctly state that the original verdict in Mary's case was

A)NGRMIID.
B)guilty but with diminished capacity.
C)both of these
D)neither of these

Question 56

Wyatt v.Stickney (1972), a class action lawsuit filed on behalf of mental patients, addressed all of the following EXCEPT

A)adequate shower and toilet facilities.
B)treatment goals.
C)staff-patient ratios.
D)methods of administering medication.

Question 57

Mental health professionals are relatively consistent at judging

A)fitness to stand trial.
B)future risk of violence.
C)trial outcomes.
D)the duty to warn.

Question 58

As specified by Wyatt v.Stickney (1972), the least restrictive conditions for mentally retarded individuals included all of the following EXCEPT

A)more structured living.
B)smaller facilities.
C)integration into the community.
D)independent living.

Question 59

The right to refuse treatment is particularly problematic in terms of the mentally ill who face criminal charges because in theory they could be forced to take medication, which

A)then makes them fit to stand trial.
B)prevents them getting out of jail.
C)they don't want to pay for.
D)is not known to be effective.

Question 60

Since Eugene has been found not fit to stand trial, he will be committed to a mental health facility.After a reasonable period of time, the law requires any one of the following outcomes EXCEPT

A)he must be found fit.
B)he must be set free.
C)he must be medicated.
D)he must be committed under civil law.

Question 61

Which of the following is a FALSE statement with regard to the prediction of dangerousness?

A)Mental health professionals can predict with certainty if a particular person will become violent.
B)Generally speaking, people with a previous history of violence are more likely to be dangerous than individuals without a past history of violence.
C)Generally speaking, substance abusers are more likely to be violent than those individuals without a history of drug or alcohol dependence.
D)Research suggests that mental health professionals are better at determining dangerousness over the short term than the long term.

Question 62

Clinical utility refers to the

A)use of scientific evidence to detect treatment effects.
B)assessment of the costs and benefits of a treatment.
C)patient's opinion of the treatment.
D)effectiveness of the intervention in the practice setting in which it is to be applied.

Question 63

In Riggins v.Nevada (1992), the Supreme Court ruled that a person cannot be forced to take antipsychotic medication because

A)it would be unconstitutional.
B)it would not be in the patient's best interests.
C)there is the potential for negative side effects.
D)it would interfere with the patient's competency to stand trial.

Question 64

Functional imaging technology suggests that empathy involves activity in the

A)prefrontal cortex.
B)hypothalamus.
C)ventricles.
D)hippocampus.

Question 65

Although the clinical efficacy axis is concerned with research settings, the clinical utility axis is concerned with

A)effectiveness of the intervention in clinical practice.
B)feasibility and cost-effectiveness.
C)both of these
D)neither of these

Question 66

Discuss research studies on the relationship between mental illness and dangerousness.Describe symptoms that correlate with an increased risk of violence among the mentally ill.

Question 67

The first major consideration on the clinical utility axis is feasibility, which asks all of the following questions EXCEPT:

A)Will patients accept the intervention?
B)Will patients comply with the requirements?
C)Has research shown the treatment to be effective?
D)Is the treatment relatively easy to administer?

Question 68

APA adopted a policy to base principles of psychological practice on

A)clinical assumptions.
B)evidence-based practice.
C)historical assumptions.
D)individual therapist's experience.

Question 69

Explore the consequences of the policy known as 'deinstitutionalisation,' noting specifically the effect on homelessness.Compare the intended outcome of this policy with the actual outcome.

Question 70

The question of whether a person can be 'forced' to become competent to stand trial involves the issue of

A)medication.
B)research participants' rights.
C)a patient's right to treatment.
D)legal representation.

Question 71

Research-based evidence in the form of recommendations on how to treat a particular psychological disorder is called

A)treatment requirements.
B)clinical standard treatments.
C)clinical practice guidelines.
D)standard treatment guidelines.

Question 72

The systematic collection of data on patient outcomes is called a(n)

A)outcome observation.
B)clinical replication series.
C)clinical consensus of leading experts.
D)expert-based hypothesis.

Question 73

Research data suggest that mental health professionals appear to have expertise in all of the following areas EXCEPT

A)identifying malingering.
B)assessing fitness to stand trial.
C)predicting long-term risk of violence.
D)making reliable diagnoses according to DSM-5 criteria.

Question 74

Clinical efficacy refers to the

A)use of scientific evidence to determine treatment effects.
B)assessment of the costs and benefits of a treatment.
C)patient's opinion of the treatment.
D)effectiveness of the intervention in the practice setting in which it is to be applied.

Question 75

Explain what involuntary mental health care means, and discuss how the 'liberal' and 'neoconservative' eras differed on this concept.

Question 76

Whether a particular intervention is effective with different patients, in different settings or with different therapists is referred to as

A)generalisability
B)feasibility
C)external reliability
D)clinical replication

Question 77

When conducting research on people with psychological disorders, the American Psychological Association has stipulated all of the following rights EXCEPT

A)the right to privacy.
B)the right to anonymity.
C)the right to be protected from harm.
D)the right to be informed about the outcome of the study.

Question 78

Which of the following is not part of the research participant's rights as described in your text?

A)The right to be informed about the purpose of the research study
B)The right to refuse treatment
C)The right to protection from harm
D)The right to review manuscripts based on data they provide

Question 79

According to Addington v.Texas (1979), which of the following is sufficient cause to commit someone to commit a mentally ill person to the hospital involuntarily?

A)needing treatment
B)grave disability
C)danger to self and others
D)none of these

Question 80

The clinical efficacy axis of the clinical practice guidelines established by the American Psychological Association in 1995 was designed to answer the question:

A)'What kind of research should be done to determine the type of clinician best suited for particular patients in terms of their diagnosis and chronicity?'
B)'Is the treatment effective compared to an alternative treatment or to no treatment in a controlled clinical research setting?'
C)'How long should a treatment be continued if there is no improvement in the patient's condition or if the patient has serious side effects?'
D)'What is the most efficient way of admitting patients to clinics or hospitals?'