Deck 5: Where People Live: Person-Environment Interactions

Question 1

In Kahana's model, an example of a preventive adaptation would be

A)changing one's diet after having a heart attack.
B)taking medication to reduce high blood pressure.
C)beginning an exercise regiment to reduce the chances of developing health problems.
D)moving into a nursing home after suffering a fall.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

According to Willis' model of everyday competence, one's health and the availability of health insurance would be considered

A)antecedents.
B)mechanisms.
C)components.
D)outcomes.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Everyday competence is a person's

A)actual ability to perform a wide range of tasks.
B)potential ability to perform a wide range of tasks.
C)ability to get along with others in a community-based setting.
D)ability to satisfactorily perform ADLs.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Sophie, an 80-year-old woman with several chronic medical conditions, was placed in a nursing home.At first, she was cheerful and active, but now she is withdrawn and depressed.This nursing home is for people with severe cognitive deficits.How would this situation be analyzed in the competence model of Lawton and Nahemow?

A)This behavior is due to high personal competence and low environmental press.
B)Although she feels competent, she is stressed because the nursing home is structured.
C)Her ability to cope has been reduced because she is no longer mentally competent.
D)Because her physical abilities are reduced, she can't get involved in activities.

Question 5

According to Lawton and Nahemow, the area where press level is average for a given level of competence and where behavior and affect are normal is called

A)adaptation level.
B)psychosocial adjustment.
C)congruence points.
D)balance points.

Question 6

Laura lives in an area in which women are frequently victims of violent crimes, but she was the top student in her self­defense class.In terms of Lawton and Nahemow's model, she has

A)low environmental press.
B)high alienation.
C)high competence.
D)unrealistic expectations.

Question 7

Older adults tend to engage in more than .

A)corrective adaptations; preventive adaptations
B)preventive adaptations; corrective adaptations
C)proactivity; docility
D)increasing adaptation; decreasing press

Question 8

According to the competence and environmental press model, slight increases in press tend to , whereas slight decreases in press create the .
A)improve performance; zone of maximal comfort
B)decrease performance, zone of maximal comfort

A)improve performance; zone of maximum performance potential
B)?decrease performance; zone of maximum performance potential

Question 9

Which person conceptualized person-environment interactions as the equation B = f (P, E)?

A)Bandura
B)Lewin
C)Kahana
D)Schooler

Question 10

The basic assumption of person-environment interactions is that

A)the person is a function of behavior and the environment.
B)behavior is a function of the person and the environment.
C)environment is a function of the person and behavior.
D)the person, behavior, and environment are unrelated.

Question 11

When people encounter changes in their particular combinations of environmental press and competence, they respond with

A)depression or anger.
B)proactivity or anger.
C)proactivity or docility.
D)tend or befriend.

Question 12

The theoretical upper limit of an individual's capacity to function in areas such as physical skills, cognitive skills, and ego strength is called

A)performance.
B)adjustment.
C)adaptation.
D)competence.

Question 13

Schooler (1982) showed that the presence of affected the likelihood that a particular situation would be defined as threatening.

A)stressors
B)coping mechanisms
C)lack of mobility
D)social support

Question 14

Environmental press refers to the physical, interpersonal, or demands that environments put on people.

A)cognitive
B)behavioral
C)social
D)intellectual

Question 15

Whether someone believes that he or she is in control of a situation influences how competent that person is.In Willis' model of everyday competence, this is termed

A)an antecedent.
B)a mechanism.
C)a component.
D)an outcome.

Question 16

In Lawton and Nahemow's model, the less competent the person is, the greater the

A)adaptation level.
B)use of preventive adaptations.
C)impact of environmental factors.
D)proactivity.

Question 17

In Kahana and Kahana's model (2006), helpful factors, such as having friends and having a positive outlook on life, are called

A)Component B.
B)life factors.
C)Component F.
D)buffers.

Question 18

The competence and environmental press approach, the preventive and corrective proactivity model (PCP), and the stress and coping framework all agree that

A)the person is the most critical factor.
B)the environment is the most critical factor.
C)one type of environment can serve all older peoples' needs adequately.
D)no one environment meets everyone's needs.

Question 19

Schooler's stress and coping paradigm is based upon which theory?

A)the life-span perspective
B)the neuroscience approach
C)programmed-cell-death theory
D)Lazarus and Folkman's cognitive theory

Question 20

Kahana and Kahana (2006) built a model of successful aging based on the core concept of

A)the zone of maximum comfort.
B)aging in place.
C)environmental press.
D)proactivity.

Question 21

Ecology of aging, or , seeks to understand the dynamic relations between older adults and the environments they inhabit.

A)psychology of adaptation
B)aging in place
C)gerontology
D)environmental psychology

Question 22

Willis' model proposes that the primary outcomes of everyday competence are

A)independent living and absence of chronic disease.
B)emotional and cognitive well-being.
C)low environmental press and high competence.
D)psychological and physical well-being.

Question 23

Housing options for older adults that provide a supportive living arrangement for people who need assistance with personal care, but who are not so impaired they need 24-hour care, describes which of the following:

A)nursing home
B)assisted living
C)congregate housing
D)adult day care

Question 24

Which statement best describes cluster housing?

A)It focuses on home modifications to enable individuals to age in place at home.
B)It is free to all those over 70-years-old.
C)It focuses on intensive, round-the-clock nursing care.
D)It emphasizes individual choice on the part of residents in terms of what services they use.

Question 25

Although the evidence suggests that there are many benefits to adult day care, such as reducing caregiver burden, one key factor in adult day care success is

A)how many hours per week the services are offered.
B)the quality of food served.
C)whether the programs and services are culturally sensitive.
D)whether there are separate areas and activities for men and women.

Question 26

An apartment complex of older individuals that provides some level of services, such as shared meals, to clients is best described as

A)adult day care.
B)congregate housing.
C)auxillary dwelling units.
D)assisted living.

Question 27

Many older adults compensate in their environments in order to effectively cope.Or, they select a different place to live.This description fits with the

A)proactive versus docility theory.
B)congruence-environment model.
C)independent versus dependent living model.
D)competence-environment press model.

Question 28

In deciding what the optimal housing arrangement might be for an older person (at home, in cluster housing, in assisted living, etc.) one particularly critical component in making this decision is

A)the physician's assessment of what is best.
B)the cost of the various options.
C)the involvement of the person in question, to the extent possible.
D)the range of services provided at each facility.

Question 29

Before making a decision on where an older family member should live, it's wise to consult the person's ___________.

A)physician
B)neighbors
C)friends
D)clergy

Question 30

Which of the following is important when considering the best living options for older adults?

A)whether there is significant cognitive or physical impairment requiring intervention or support
B)whether the current home situation can be modified
C)the ability of family and friends to provide support
D)all of the above

Question 31

Which of the following is true regarding home modifications?

A)Minor structural changes (installing handrails) are common strategies.
B)Many people simply cannot afford home modifications, even though this option may be cheaper than placement in a residential facility.
C)Home modifications typically reduce difficulty with ADLs.
D)All of these.

Question 32

Modifications to one's home typically reduce difficulty in accomplishing ADLs and disability­related outcomes.

A)reduce
B)increase
C)have no impact on
D)exacerbate

Question 33

Deciding on the best option for an elderly person entails assessing the ability of family members or friends to provide or care.

A)finances
B)support
C)safety
D)love

Question 34

Having a provides a strong source of self-identity.

A)home
B)doctor
C)friend
D)pet

Question 35

A first step to take when deciding on an optimal environment is to decide whether the individual has significant cognitive or impairment requiring intervention.

A)physiology
B)social
C)mental
D)physical

Question 36

A high degree of in communication with oneself and one's family is essential when deciding the best place for an older adult to live.

A)understanding
B)trust
C)funds
D)honesty

Question 37

Most adult day care clients are over the age of .

A)men; 65
B)women; 65
C)women; 70
D)men; 85

Question 38

Home modification is an example of

A)increasing one's competence.
B)lowering environmental press.
C)maladaptive coping.
D)decreasing corrective adaptation.

Question 39

is designed to provide support, companionship, and certain services during the day.It is used most often when a primary caretaker is employed or has other daytime obligations.

A)Adult day care
B)Cluster housing
C)Nursing home care
D)Assisted living

Question 40

What is the major aspect of aging in place?

A)feeling safe
B)feeling comfortable
C)feeling balanced
D)feeling at home

Question 41

On any given day, only about of older adults live in a nursing home.

A)0.5%
B)5%
C)15%
D)35%

Question 42

Seventy-eight-year-old Ben is recovering from a broken hip.Where is Ben most likely living at the moment?

A)a nursing home
B)an assisted-living facility
C)in congregate housing
D)at home by himself

Question 43

Risk factors for placement in a nursing home include all of the following except

A)being over the age of 85.
B)having mobility problems.
C)having recently been admitted to a hospital.
D)being male.

Question 44

Based on the various theories of person-environment interactions, the best nursing homes use which approach?

A)person-centered planning
B)staff-to-patient planning
C)person-environment planning
D)centered-person planning

Question 45

The profile of the typical nursing home resident has changed over time.Between the years 1999 and 2008, Latino and Asian American residents , whereas European American residents .

A)increased by 55%; decreased by 10%
B)decreased by 55%; increased by 10%
C)increased by 10%; decreased by 10%
D)increased by 55%; remained stable

Question 46

Nursing home residents who have high perceived personal control show improvements in well-being and activity levels and they _________________.

A)sleep more.
B)live longer.
C)return home faster.
D)use more medications.

Question 47

levels of care in nursing homes are defined by U.S.federal regulations.

A)Two
B)Three
C)Four
D)There are no regulations in the United States regarding nursing home care.

Question 48

Allowing residents to decorate their own rooms, choosing what they want to eat from a buffet, and deciding whether they want to take a shower or a bath, is a description of which of the following?

A)assisted living
B)person-environment planning
C)person-centered planning
D)staff programs.

Question 49

The main reason for placing almost 80% of nursing home residents is

A)significant health problems.
B)lack of income to maintain their own residence.
C)death of a spouse.
D)memory problems such as forgetting to take medications and failing to eat.

Question 50

The major reason for placement in a nursing home is

A)lack of other caregivers.
B)financial.
C)health.
D)personal choice.

Question 51

A European American woman, over age 85, was recently admitted to a hospital and has problems with IADLs and has no siblings or children living nearby.This describes the typical

A)nursing home resident.
B)Alzheimer's patient.
C)adult day care client.
D)elderly person who lives independently.

Question 52

Majorie enjoys where she lives because she has her own private room and bathroom, yet she shares meals with friends and is able to get any additional help she might need.She most likely lives in

A)a nursing home.
B)an assisted-living facility.
C)an adult family home.
D)a hospice.

Question 53

In 2013, was about $90,500 per year and was by far the leading catastrophic health care expense.

A)life insurance
B)medication cost for elderly persons
C)the average cost for a private room in a long-term care facility
D)the medical expenses for heart-related illnesses

Question 54

The person­centered planning approach is based on promoting residents' well­being by increasing their perceived level of personal control and treating them with .

A)control
B)respect
C)support.
D)importance

Question 55

In which type of facility do residents receive skilled nursing care, medical treatment, rehabilitation, supervision, and activities?

A)nursing home
B)assisted-living facility
C)adult family home
D)hospice

Question 56

A facility that provides assistance with personal care such as help with medication, housekeeping, laundry service, and meals but does not provide major medical care is called

A)a nursing home.
B)an assisted-living facility.
C)an adult family home.
D)adult day care.

Question 57

Residents generally pay the cost of care in assisted-living facilities.This cost ranged from in 2012.

A)$5,000 to $10,000 per year
B)$25,000 to $50,000 per year
C)$75,000 to $100,000 per year
D)$100,000 to $150,000 per year

Question 58

The percentage of adults ages 65-74 who are enrolled in Medicare and live in a long-term care facility is approximately

A)2%.
B)8%.
C)14%.
D)22%.

Question 59

Estimates are that nearly 80% of nursing home residents have

A)clinical depression.
B)Alzheimer's disease.
C)mobility problems.
D)incontinence.

Question 60

A recent study (Street & Burge, 2012) found that assisted-living residents' well-being was related to whether the decision to live there was under their control and

A)the length of time they had lived in the facility.
B)whether the facility was located within walking distance of businesses and shopping.
C)the quality of relationships they developed with other facility residents.
D)the quality of extracurricular activities offered at the facility.

Question 61

The law that mandates that all facilities provide written information to people about their right to make medical treatment decisions and create advance directives is known as the

A)American with Disabilities Act.
B)Geriatric Ethics Act.
C)Patient Self-Determination Act.
D)Nursing Home Bill of Rights.

Question 62

Which of the following may actually facilitate adjustment to relocation?

A)being homesick
B)reminiscing about home
C)forgetting about previous life and friends
D)quickly deciding to relocate before there is too much time to think about it

Question 63

One of the nurses at Joan's nursing home always speaks to her in a way she feels is belittling.She often says things such as "Joanie, dear, we need to get you ready for the day, so hurry, hurry" or "Uh­oh sweetie, it looks like you have made a big mess here.We better get this cleaned up quickly." This type of speech is known as

A)stereotypical speech.
B)insulting.
C)progressive speech.
D)infantilization.

Question 64

Which well-designed unit cares for people with dementia and provides a supportive and therapeutic set of programs that help the person function at the highest level possible?

A)special care
B)nursing home
C)congruence
D)traditional

Question 65

Secondary baby talk, also called , involves the unwarranted use of a person's first name, terms of endearment, simplified expressions.and an assumption that the recipient has no memory.

A)seniorspeak
B)simplespeak
C)patronizing speech
D)elderspeak

Question 66

What is the relationship between nursing home staff satisfaction and resident satisfaction?

A)There is no relationship between these variables.
B)As staff satisfaction increases, resident satisfaction increases.
C)As staff satisfaction increases, resident satisfaction declines.
D)As staff satisfaction decreases, resident satisfaction increases.

Question 67

One of the negative consequences of infantilization of older persons is

A)treating the older person as overly independent.
B)causing an older person to lose the desire to be self-sufficient.
C)making them remember more about the present so they forget the past.
D)making the older adult disoriented.

Question 68

The Eden Alternative lists which of the following as accounting for the bulk of suffering among older adults?

A)boredom
B)loneliness
C)helplessness
D)all of the these

Question 69

Most people, especially older adults, are likely to

A)engage in informal advance care planning.
B)prefer to allow family members to make decisions for them when the need arises.
C)give family members leeway in interpreting advance directives.
D)all of the these.

Question 70

The communication predicament model refers to

A)the need for older adults to be spoken to as if they were young children.
B)older adults' increased tip­of­the­tongue phenomenon.
C)patronizing speech that can lead to cognitive deficits in older adults.
D)secondary baby talk.

Question 71

Many nursing homes still rely on the approach, which is characterized by rules, routines, and requirements.

A)skilled
B)congruence
C)traditional
D)person-centered

Question 72

In a study by Chee (2011), which group received the lowest amount of elderspeak?

A)the ambulatory group
B)the wheelchair group
C)the dementia group
D)all groups received the same amount of elderspeak

Question 73

The circumstances that facilitate feeling at "home" while living in a nursing home include all of the following except

A)participating in the placement decision.
B)having prior knowledge of the facility.
C)focusing on family and social relationships.
D)focusing on autonomy and personal objects.

Question 74

Which provides older adults who need skilled nursing care a small, home-like environment that shifts the focus from a large facility to a more home-like setting?

A)Pioneer Network
B)Green House Project
C)Eden Alternative
D)none of these

Question 75

The Pioneer Network focuses on

A)changing the culture of aging in America regardless of where older adults live.
B)creating a habitat rather than facilities for the aging.
C)providing variety in daily activities and spontaneity.
D)all of these.

Question 76

The concept that skilled care environments for frail older adults are habitats rather than facilities for the frail is the philosophy behind

A)the Americans with Disabilities Act
B)the Eden Alternative
C)the Pioneer Network
D)the Nursing Home Bill of Rights

Question 77

In a classic study by Whitbourne and colleagues (1995), infantilizing speech was viewed as by older adults and was not , as some researchers had previously suggested.

A)positive; demeaning
B)negative; nurturing
C)neutral; demoralizing
D)negative; age appropriate

Question 78

All of the following are essential in a special care unit except

A)specially designed elements in hallways and rooms.
B)special training for staff to work with residents who have dementia.
C)wrist or ankle bands for residents to allow mobility yet provide safety.
D)special medication and soft restraints for all residents.

Question 79

Special care units in nursing homes have been designed specifically to best suit the needs of clients with

A)agitation and aggression.
B)drug dependency.
C)clinical depression.
D)dementia.

Question 80

The style of speech most people adopt when speaking to older adults is based on the stereotypes of dependence and incompetence.This in turn conveys to older adults a sense of helplessness and a decline in their abilities.This has often been referred to as

A)secondary baby talk.
B)patronizing speech.
C)a communication predicament.
D)inappropriate speech predicament.