Deck 20: Foreign and Military Policy

Question 1

Issues surrounding a nuclear test ban treaty, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Alliance, and a Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) are all examples of

A) neo-institutional politics.
B) interest group politics.
C) entrepreneurial politics.
D) client politics.
E) majoritarian politics.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Washington's provision of assistance to U.S. corporations doing business abroad is an example of _____ politics.

A) majoritarian
B) client
C) interest group
D) entrepreneurial
E) neo-institutional

Answer 2

B

Question 3

When a U.S. president signs a treaty with another nation, he/she is issuing

A) his or her personal guarantee that the United States will act in a prescribed fashion.
B) a legal mandate that has been approved by both the courts.
C) a congressional promise that the United States will act in a prescribed fashion.
D) a legal mandate that has been approved by Congress.
E) his/her promise to try to get the Senate to go along.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

The constitutional power to declare war and to regulate commerce with other nations is vested in

A) the State Department.
B) the Senate.
C) the president.
D) the Pentagon.
E) Congress.

Question 5

The president usually takes the leading role on foreign policy issues that are matters of

A) majoritarian politics.
B) interest group politics.
C) entrepreneurial politics.
D) client politics.
E) neo-institutional politics.

Question 6

Which president sent troops to overthrow a pro-Castro regime in Grenada?

A) John F. Kennedy
B) Ronald Reagan
C) George H. W. Bush
D) Bill Clinton
E) George W. Bush

Question 7

U.S. tariffs on Japanese steel imports would be examples of

A) majoritarian politics.
B) interest group politics.
C) entrepreneurial politics.
D) client politics.
E) neo-institutional politics.

Question 8

Congress plays a leading role in foreign policy issues that are matters of

A) majoritarian politics.
B) interest group politics.
C) entrepreneurial politics.
D) client politics.
E) neo-institutional politics.

Question 9

The authors note that America's struggle against terrorists

A) is not a recent development.
B) began in the aftermath of the Vietnam War.
C) began in the aftermath of the invasion of Iraq.
D) was the direct product of the so-called "War on Terror."
E) generally begin after the attacks on September 11, 2001.

Question 10

Compared with leaders of other nations, the ability of a U.S. president to act decisively during times of foreign crisis is generally

A) more limited.
B) less limited.
C) about as limited.
D) more constrained by the courts, less constrained by the legislature.
E) more constrained by both the courts and the legislature.

Question 11

Presidential success with Congress on foreign policy matters, compared with presidential success on domestic matters, is

A) impossible to determine.
B) about the same.
C) decidedly less.
D) somewhat greater.
E) decidedly greater.

Question 12

Which president ordered a U.S. invasion of Panama to depose the dictator Manuel Noriega?

A) John F. Kennedy
B) Ronald Reagan
C) George H. W. Bush
D) Bill Clinton
E) George W. Bush

Question 13

Since 1789, the Senate has ratified some _______ treaties. Presidents during this time have signed about _______ executive agreements without Senate approval.

A) one hundred; seven hundred
B) seven hundred; one hundred
C) one thousand; seven thousand
D) seven thousand; one thousand
E) one hundred; twenty thousand

Question 14

An example of the relative weakness of U.S. presidents in foreign affairs, as compared with leaders of other nations, was

A) Reagan's indecisiveness during the Grenada crisis.
B) Bush's inability to recruit congressional support for Operation Desert Storm.
C) Wilson's inability to lead the United States into the League of Nations.
D) Kennedy's unwillingness to commit troops in Vietnam.
E) Johnson's unwillingness to commit troops in Vietnam.

Question 15

Which president attacked Serbian forces with cruise missiles and bombs?

A) John F. Kennedy
B) Ronald Reagan
C) George H. W. Bush
D) Bill Clinton
E) George W. Bush

Question 16

In an interesting development, surveys taken during the Vietnam War showed that having a family member in armed forces

A) did not significantly affect how people viewed the war.
B) caused people to view the war in a negative fashion.
C) caused people to view the war in a positive fashion.
D) was correlated with lower levels of knowledge about the war.
E) Both C and D

Question 17

Alexis de Tocqueville suggested that the proper conduct of foreign affairs requires

A) an equal balance of majoritarian, client, and interest group politics.
B) power that is shared among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government.
C) sensitivity to culture and the courage to act forcefully.
D) precisely those qualities most lacking in democratic nations.
E) unmitigated allegiance and a stoic disposition.

Question 18

How many times have U.S. presidents sent troops abroad without the authorization of Congress?

A) None
B) Ten
C) Approximately fifty
D) More than one hundred
E) More than three hundred

Question 19

The constitutional power to appoint ambassadors and to negotiate treaties is vested in the

A) State Department.
B) Senate.
C) president.
D) Congress.
E) House.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about the president's power in foreign affairs is true?

A) It is greater than that of leaders of other nations.
B) It has rarely caused great controversy or political debate.
C) It is probably less than the Framers intended.
D) It is strictly limited by the federal court system.
E) It is greater than his/her power to over domestic affairs.

Question 21

The text suggests that _______ president(s) has/have recognized the War Powers Act as constitutional.

A) Democratic
B) Republican
C) first-term
D) every
E) no

Question 22

Which of the following statements about congressional oversight of Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) covert activities is true?

A) Congress has no authority to disapprove of such activities.
B) Congress must approve of activities that involve political assassination.
C) Congress must approve of activities that involve military expenditures.
D) Congress has blanket authority to approve or disapprove of such activities.
E) Congress must approve those activities that will extend more than sixty days.

Question 23

The key congressional figure in the ratification process for treaties is

A) the senior member of the president's party in the House.
B) the senior member of the president's party in the Senate.
C) the president of the Senate.
D) the chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
E) the deputy assistant majority whip.

Question 24

The War Powers Act 1973 requires that the president report in writing to Congress within _______ after he introduces U.S. troops into areas where hostilities have occurred or are imminent.

A) 12 hours
B) 24 hours
C) 48 hours
D) 1 week
E) 4-6 weeks

Question 25

When legal challenges were brought in regard to the executive order that Japanese Americans on the West Coast be sent to "relocation camps,"

A) the courts refused to entertain the cases.
B) district courts struck down the relocations, but they were upheld on appeal.
C) district courts declared the relocations unconstitutional.
D) the U.S. Supreme Court declared the relocations constitutional.
E) the U.S. Supreme Court declared the relocations unconstitutional.

Question 26

The Supreme Court ruled that Harry Truman overstepped the bounds of wartime executive power when he

A) confiscated precious metals.
B) froze prices and wages.
C) reduced imports.
D) seized steel mills.
E) reduced the number of employees in state government.

Question 27

The most important check on what the president can do in foreign affairs is

A) the Supreme Court.
B) the Pentagon bureaucracy.
C) the two-party system.
D) the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
E) congressional control over the purse strings.

Question 28

The War Powers Act of 1973 requires that

A) Congress not interfere with the president's role as commander in chief.
B) the president not spend money for military engagements without the prior approval of Congress.
C) troops be committed for only sixty days without a formal declaration of war.
D) Congress declare war whenever the president sends troops into a conflict.
E) troops be removed from conflicts within 120 days of the beginning of an operation.

Question 29

When legal issues have arisen out of foreign policy disputes between the president and Congress, the Supreme Court has generally

A) favored Congress.
B) favored the president.
C) refused to intervene.
D) interpreted the U.S. Constitution quite literally.
E) relied on the solicitor general to resolve conflicts.

Question 30

Arthur Schlesinger's support of Kennedy's unilateral imposition of a naval blockade on Cuba and condemnation of Nixon's decision to extend the U.S. military into Cambodia highlights the fact that evaluations of presidential performance in international relations

A) have become more critical since the rise of the "imperial presidency."
B) can be based on agreement or disagreement with particular policies.
C) are often related to geographical proximity.
D) are best left to historians.
E) rarely consider the long-term impact of critical decisions.

Question 31

President _________ ordered the military to move Japanese Americans from their homes on the West Coast to "relocation centers."

A) Franklin Roosevelt
B) Harry Truman
C) Woodrow Wilson
D) Warren G. Harding
E) Abraham Lincoln

Question 32

Congress sometimes acts to limit the president's ability to commit military or economic aid to other countries, as in the case of

A) economic aid to Senegal during the Senegalese civil war.
B) arms sales to Turkey during the dispute over Cyprus.
C) the sale of jets to Iran during the 1991 Persian Gulf War.
D) emergency relief aid to Bangladesh during the 1984 flood.
E) the sharing of axis-satellite technology with Israel during the invasion of Kuwait.

Question 33

In the early years of the republic, foreign policy was often made and almost always carried out by

A) the president.
B) Congress.
C) the secretary of state.
D) the U.S. Senate.
E) the Speaker of the House.

Question 34

The text suggests the War Powers Act is "politically" all but "impossible to use" because

A) Congress often lacks the will to oppose the president.
B) the president can bypass Congress in order to fund military operations.
C) most presidents can accomplish all of their goals before reporting deadlines.
D) the Supreme Court has struck down the legislative veto.
E) members of the Senate are usually "doves."

Question 35

Which of the following is a tool that Congress has used to limit presidential action in foreign affairs?

A) Logroll
B) Legislative veto
C) Line item veto
D) Earmark
E) Markups

Question 36

Beginning in 1982, Congress debated whether to fund covert Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) aid to rebels trying to overthrow the government of

A) Poland.
B) Libya.
C) El Salvador.
D) Pakistan.
E) Nicaragua.

Question 37

Which of the following president(s) sent American forces abroad without any explicit congressional authorization?

A) Ford
B) Carter
C) Reagan
D) Clinton
E) All of the above

Question 38

The text suggests that the War Powers Act of 1973 has had ________ influence on American military actions.

A) tremendous
B) noticeable
C) positive
D) negative
E) very little

Question 39

In 1976, Congress forbade Gerald Ford to aid a faction in the civil war in

A) Mexico.
B) Afghanistan.
C) Poland.
D) Angola.
E) Libya.

Question 40

In an impressive display of power, President Carter __________ in an attempt to resolve the hostage crisis in Iran.

A) froze Iranian assets in this country.
B) removed Iranian diplomats from New York.
C) convinced the United Nations to no longer "recognize" Iran.
D) withheld all foreign aid to nation's that did business with Iran.
E) Both B and C.

Question 41

After World War II, one clear indicator of significant change in the attitudes and opinions of Americans was the desire to

A) join the League of Nations.
B) join the United Nations.
C) ratify the Treaty of Versailles.
D) allow a partition of Germany.
E) disarm.

Question 42

In which foreign military situation did the president not benefit from the "rally 'round the flag" effect?

A) Kennedy, after the Bay of Pigs
B) Reagan, when he invaded Grenada
C) George H. W. Bush, when he sent troops to fight Iraq
D) Clinton, when he sent troops to Bosnia
E) Ford, when an attempt was made to rescue an American ship

Question 43

Which of the following groups of people turned most strongly against the Vietnam War as it progressed?

A) Working-class people
B) Members of minority groups
C) College-educated people that regularly read several periodicals
D) People of low status generally, especially those who had little contact with elite media
E) Individuals in large metropolitan areas with blue-collar occupations

Question 44

America's general bent toward isolationism and attitudes about the War in Europe changed dramatically with

A) Hitler's invasion of Czechoslovakia.
B) Hitler's invasion of Poland.
C) the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
D) the international conference at Munich.
E) Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union.

Question 45

Which of the following statements concerning public opinion and the Vietnam War is incorrect?

A) Initially, support for the war was higher among college-educated people.
B) The average American was upset that the United States was on the defensive in Vietnam.
C) College-educated persons eventually became upset that America was on the offensive in Vietnam.
D) The average person deeply opposed the antiwar protests taking place on college campuses.
E) Younger people, in general, were more opposed to the war than older ones.

Question 46

Opposition to the war in Iraq has generally come from

A) Democrats.
B) African Americans.
C) people with postgraduate degrees.
D) those in the Midwest.
E) Options A, B, and C

Question 47

Which of the following statements about the National Security Council is true?

A) It reports directly to the secretary of state.
B) Its membership is appointed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
C) Its influence is limited by constant squabbling among agencies.
D) Its membership is appointed by Congress.
E) It grew in influence during the Kennedy administration.

Question 48

According to the text, the United States' achievement of major power status caused the formation of its foreign policy to be characterized by

A) imperialism and the concentration of decision making.
B) concentrated decision making and indecisiveness.
C) indecisiveness and greater presidential involvement.
D) greater presidential involvement and policymaking by many new agencies.
E) less presidential involvement and policymaking by one or two new agencies.

Question 49

Studies of how casualty rates affect public opinion show that as death rates rise, people

A) develop more favorable attitudes toward the war.
B) support withdrawal from the war.
C) support surrender.
D) support escalation in the fighting to defeat the enemy more quickly.
E) support withdrawal after a series of powerful strikes.

Question 50

What was the public's response when police roughed up antiwar demonstrators at the 1968 Democratic convention?

A) Only older people were overwhelmingly on the side of the demonstrators.
B) The public was nearly evenly split in its sympathies.
C) The public was overwhelmingly on the side of the demonstrators.
D) Only younger people were overwhelmingly on the side of the demonstrators.
E) The public was overwhelmingly on the side of the police.

Question 51

In a typical survey, who is more likely to support the use of military force?

A) Germans
B) the French
C) Russians
D) Italians
E) Americans

Question 52

Foreign policy became the first item on the president's agenda at what period in U.S. history?

A) During and after the Civil War
B) During and after World War I
C) During and after World War II
D) During and after the Vietnam War
E) During and after the Gulf War

Question 53

One consequence of the multicentered decision-making machinery that characterizes U.S. foreign policy is that

A) foreign policy issues are rarely settled.
B) executive power is almost unlimited.
C) the National Security Council has little actual power.
D) agency interests often run counter to agency positions.
E) the CIA rarely conducts covert operations.

Question 54

Compared with the general public, foreign policy leaders in the United States tend to be

A) conservative and internationalist.
B) liberal and internationalist.
C) conservative and isolationist.
D) liberal and isolationist.
E) moderate and utopian.

Question 55

The National Security Council is chaired by the

A) secretary of state.
B) deputy attorney general.
C) director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
D) head of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS).
E) president.

Question 56

No matter how the president conducts foreign policy, any significant action he/she undertakes usually causes his or her popularity to

A) fall.
B) rise.
C) remain unchanged.
D) rise if the foreign policy elite approve.
E) rise if leaders of other nations approve.

Question 57

Coordination of the different agencies that engage in overseas activities is handled by the

A) president directly.
B) National Security Council.
C) secretary of state.
D) Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
E) president's cabinet.

Question 58

The secretary of state rarely coordinates and directs the foreign policy establishment because

A) it is too large.
B) of constitutional restrictions.
C) its agencies have no bureaucratic or political loyalty.
D) of supervision by the vice president.
E) Both A and C

Question 59

Cleavage between mass and elite opinion on foreign policy tends to be greatest when the elite

A) are college educated.
B) are moderates.
C) come from a blue-collar background.
D) are more conservative and less internationalist.
E) consist of foreign policy experts.

Question 60

The National Security Council includes all of the following except the

A) Speaker of the House.
B) president.
C) vice president.
D) secretary of state.
E) secretary of defense.

Question 61

When Serbian troops invaded Kosovo, those who originally favored disengagement changed their view because they believed that helping Albanians was required by the doctrine of

A) isolationism.
B) containment.
C) antiappeasement.
D) human rights.
E) reciprocity.

Question 62

The American public and foreign policy leaders are most divided on the issue of

A) expanding economic aid to other countries.
B) taking the side of Israel in conflicts with Palestinians.
C) combating international terrorism.
D) supporting U.S. troops in Afghanistan.
E) protecting the jobs of American workers.

Question 63

When Bill Clinton came into office in 1992, his foreign policy advisers were drawn from the ranks of those who believed in

A) isolationism.
B) containment.
C) disengagement.
D) antiappeasement.
E) imperialism.

Question 64

Disengagement is also known as the "________ view."

A) pacifist
B) imperialist
C) Munich
D) isolation
E) Vietnam

Question 65

The text lists all of the following as members of the U.S. foreign policy elite except

A) board members of the Fortune 500 corporations.
B) senior officials of the State Department.
C) members of the Council on Foreign Relations.
D) editors of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Policy.
E) Both A and C

Question 66

A majority of the American public believes

A) that we should reduce illegal immigration.
B) that we should use U.S. troops to defend South Korea if attacked by North Korea.
C) that we should take Israel's side in conflicts with Palestinians.
D) that we should expand economic aid to other countries.
E) None of the above

Question 67

Elite opinion was at work in the formulation of the strategy of containment by

A) John Foster Dulles.
B) Averell Harriman.
C) Maxwell Taylor.
D) George Kennan.
E) Henry Cabot Lodge.

Question 68

An example of an elite opinion that dominated U.S. foreign policy for years was George Kennan's article developing the strategy of

A) isolationism.
B) containment.
C) national liberation.
D) massive retaliation.
E) retroactive dependency.

Question 69

A clear application of the Munich worldview was evident in the U.S.

A) extension of the Marshall Plan.
B) handling of the Iran hostage crisis.
C) neutrality during the Falklands war.
D) intervention in Vietnam.
E) All of the above

Question 70

The Munich worldview stipulated that it would be foolish to

A) preempt an attack by an aggressive use of force.
B) use military force for political objectives.
C) maintain a colonial empire in the contemporary world.
D) expect capitalism to survive much longer.
E) try to answer aggression with appeasement.

Question 71

The view that defense policy protects everyone, and that everyone pays for it, would typify defense policymaking as

A) client politics.
B) entrepreneurial politics.
C) interest group politics.
D) majoritarian politics.
E) neo-institutional politics.

Question 72

In 1946, ________ delivered the famous "iron curtain" speech in Fulton, Missouri, in which he summed up Soviet policy in Eastern Europe.

A) Winston Churchill
B) George Kennan
C) Charles Lindbergh
D) President Truman
E) Dwight Eisenhower

Question 73

One effect of the U.S. experience in Vietnam on foreign policy has been to

A) give stronger support to the antiappeasement elite position.
B) color all debates concerning subsequent military initiatives.
C) shift military priorities from land-based to air-based preparation.
D) remove Congress from a decision-making role in foreign policy.
E) place military decision making solely in the hands of the executive branch.

Question 74

The idea that defense politics is client politics is stressed by those who emphasize the importance of

A) the military-industrial complex.
B) the threat of oppressive regimes.
C) bureaucratic politics.
D) the central role of the president.
E) the power elite.

Question 75

Which president was notable for suggesting that the world was, at last, "safe for democracy"?

A) Herbert Hoover
B) Woodrow Wilson
C) Franklin Roosevelt
D) Harry Truman
E) Dwight Eisenhower

Question 76

The text argues that those who are actively involved in shaping U.S. foreign policy

A) are a shadowy, conspiratorial group of insiders.
B) are deeply divided against each other.
C) are lackeys of multinational capitalism.
D) do not usually know what they are doing.
E) frequent international conferences and coordinate strategies.

Question 77

When Bill Clinton came into office in 1992, he brought

A) an apprehension for foreign policy.
B) a lack of appreciation for policy.
C) a disinterest in foreign policy.
D) a lack of understanding of foreign policy.
E) considerable foreign policymaking experience and interest.

Question 78

The restoration of the Munich worldview was signaled by the election of

A) Bill Clinton.
B) Jimmy Carter.
C) Lyndon Johnson.
D) John Kennedy.
E) Ronald Reagan.

Question 79

Political polarization among the American public is/was a notable feature of

A) the Korean War.
B) the Vietnam War.
C) the war in Iraq.
D) World War II.
E) none of the above.

Question 80

Klingberg describes U.S. views on foreign affairs as alternating between

A) activism and passivity.
B) growth and decline.
C) benevolence and malevolence.
D) cynicism and wrath.
E) extroversion and introversion.