Deck 45: Animal Reproductive Systems

Question 1

Which of the following is the correct order of structures through which sperm pass during an ejaculation?

A) epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
B) urethra, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct
C) seminiferous tubules, vas deferens, epididymis, urethra
D) epididymis, ejaculatory duct, urethra, vas deferens

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A female lizard is kept isolated in a zoo for five years. Then, to everyone's surprise, she lays four viable eggs that hatch to produce offspring that are genetically identical to her. What type of reproduction most likely occurred?

A) sexual
B) budding
C) fission
D) parthenogenesis

Answer 2

D

Question 3

An inactivating mutation in the progesterone receptor gene would likely result in ________.

A) the absence of secondary sex characteristics
B) the inability of the uterus to support pregnancy
C) enlarged and hyperactive uterine endometrium
D) the absence of mammary gland development

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Animals that use external fertilization are most likely to reproduce in which of the following areas?

A) sand dune
B) polar ice sheet
C) shallow lake
D) tallgrass prairie

Question 5

The green anaconda is a nonvenomous snake that lives in tropical rain forests of South America. While the green anaconda can swim to hunt for food, it primarily lives on dry land. Female green anaconda usually gives birth to 20 to 40 live young in a single litter. Which type of fertilization is likely used by green anacondas and why?

A) internal fertilization because they live mostly on dry land
B) external fertilization because they hunt in the water
C) internal fertilization because they live in a tropical environment
D) external fertilization because they produce large numbers of offspring

Question 6

Egg laying in fruit flies can be triggered (induced) when males transfer their sperm to females. Which of the following is a selective advantage of induced egg laying for the male flies?

A) The males do not have to produce as much sperm.
B) More eggs can be fertilized.
C) A male fly's sperm is more likely to be used for fertilization.
D) Less time and energy is expended by the male.

Question 7

Which of the following organisms reproduces by budding?

A) lamprey
B) bluefin tuna
C) whiptail lizards
D) stony corals

Question 8

In a species that alternates between sexual and asexual reproduction, under which of the following conditions is sexual reproduction more likely to occur than is asexual reproduction?

A) when food is abundant
B) when conditions for survival are unfavorable
C) when a male and female mate for the first time
D) when finding a mate becomes more difficult

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the cloaca in nonmammalian adult vertebrates?

A) It is a specialized sperm-transfer device produced only by males.
B) It is a shared pathway for the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems.
C) It is a source of nutrients for developing sperm in the testes.
D) It is a gland that secretes mucus to lubricate the vaginal opening.

Question 10

Which statement provides the best evidence that parthenogenic whiptail lizards evolved from sexually reproducing ancestors?

A) some lizards engage in male-like behaviors before their partners ovulate
B) the development and then regression of testes prior to sexual maturation
C) the observation that all of the offspring are haploid
D) the persistence of a vestigial penis among some of the females

Question 11

Many aphid species switch between asexual and sexual reproduction. Which of the following is only used during sexual reproduction?

A) mitosis
B) meiosis
C) parthenogenesis
D) fission

Question 12

Which of the following is an advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?

A) passes along a higher portion of each parent's genome
B) usually produces more offspring
C) results in greater genetic diversity in offspring
D) has a lower mutation rate

Question 13

Which of the following structures in females is analogous in function to the vas deferens in males?

A) urethra
B) oviduct
C) uterus
D) vagina

Question 14

Females of many insect species, including honeybee queens, can store sperm in which of the following structures?

A) nests
B) abdominal tract
C) uterus
D) spermatheca

Question 15

Under which of the following conditions will asexual reproduction be more likely to result in greater reproductive success than sexual reproduction?

A) when pathogens are rapidly diversifying
B) when there is some potential for rapid overpopulation
C) when a species is expanding into diverse geographic settings
D) when a species is in a stable and favorable environment

Question 16

Which of the following processes results in the offspring of sexual reproduction being genetically different from their parents?

A) fertilization
B) protein synthesis
C) cytokinesis
D) mitosis

Question 17

Water fleas of the genus Daphnia can switch from a pattern of asexual reproduction to sexual reproduction. This change would be more likely to occur under which of the following conditions?

A) when environmental conditions become more favorable for offspring
B) when temperatures change in ways that stress the adults
C) when food resources for offspring increase in abundance
D) when adults can no longer produce eggs

Question 18

After a hurricane damages a coral reef, some sea anemones are broken apart. Several pieces from one anemone regenerate lost body parts and grow and develop into three complete anemones. Which type of reproduction is represented in this example?

A) hermaphroditism
B) fission
C) fragmentation
D) parthenogenesis

Question 19

Which of the following describes an advantage of internal fertilization over external fertilization?

A) parents invest less time and energy in reproduction
B) the offspring are more likely to survive
C) populations increase faster
D) offspring are more genetically diverse

Question 20

Pheromones used in reproduction are not likely to be found in organisms that only reproduce ________.

A) in water
B) on land
C) using internal fertilization
D) asexually

Question 21

Refer to the following figure, which diagrams the reproductive anatomy of the human male, to answer the question. In the figure, which letter identifies a paired structure that transports sperm during an ejaculation?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV

Question 22

Which of the following changes is most likely to occur as an immediate result of an injection of LH into a male mammal?

A) a decrease in production of inhibin
B) an increase in production of GnRH
C) a decrease in production of testosterone
D) an increase in production of testosterone

Question 23

The surgical removal of the seminal vesicles would likely cause ________.

A) sterility because sperm would not be produced
B) sterility because sperm would not be able to exit the body
C) the volume of semen to be reduced
D) the testes to migrate back into the abdominal cavity

Question 24

Which option correctly lists, in chronological order, the three phases of the human ovarian cycle?

A) follicular phase → luteal phase → secretory phase
B) menstruation → proliferative phase → secretory phase
C) follicular phase → ovulation → luteal phase
D) proliferative phase → luteal phase → ovulation

Question 25

Which statement about human reproduction is correct?

A) Spermatogonia and oogonia are haploid cells.
B) In humans, spermatogenesis and oogenesis both function best at normal, core body temperatures.
C) A human oocyte only completes meiosis II after fertilization.
D) The earliest stages of spermatogenesis occur closest to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules.

Question 26

Refer to the following figure, which diagrams the reproductive anatomy of the human female, to answer the question. In the figure, which letter identifies the site of implantation in a normal human pregnancy?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV

Question 27

Refer to the following figure, which diagrams the reproductive anatomy of the human female, to answer the question. In the figure, which letter identifies a structure that is ciliated?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV

Question 28

Which structure is formed by the follicular cells that remain behind in the ovary following ovulation in humans?

A) the ovarian endometrium that is shed at the time of the menses
B) a steroid-hormone synthesizing structure called the corpus luteum
C) the thickened portion of the uterine wall
D) the placenta, which secretes cervical mucus

Question 29

The primary difference between estrous and menstrual cycles is that ________.

A) in the absence of pregnancy, the endometrium is reabsorbed in estrous and shed in menstrual cycles
B) behavioral changes during estrous cycles are much less apparent than those of menstrual cycles
C) season and climate have less pronounced effects on estrous cycles than they do on menstrual cycles
D) copulation normally occurs throughout the estrous cycle, whereas in menstrual cycles copulation only occurs during the period surrounding ovulation

Question 30

Which would most likely happen if the temperature of the human scrotum was increased by 2°C for several weeks? The male would experience ________.

A) reduced fertility due to impaired production of gonadal steroid hormones
B) reduced fertility due to impaired spermatogenesis
C) an increase in the rate of spermatogenesis due to faster chemical reactions
D) an increase in semen volume due to faster chemical reactions

Question 31

Refer to the following figure, which diagrams the reproductive anatomy of the human male, to answer the question. In the figure, which letter identifies an accessory gland that releases its product directly into the urethra?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV

Question 32

Where are human sperm produced?

A) prostate gland
B) vas deferens
C) seminiferous tubules
D) epididymis

Question 33

Among humans, which of the following male and female genital structures consist mostly of erectile tissue?

A) penis and clitoris
B) vas deferens and oviduct
C) testes and ovaries
D) prostate and ovaries

Question 34

Which of the following changes are most likely to occur in a male songbird that has a mutation in the cells in its anterior pituitary gland such that FSH and LH are produced at 1% of normal levels?

A) decreased frequency of "singing" to attract females
B) increased testosterone production
C) increased courtship displays to attract females
D) decreased GnRH production

Question 35

Which option correctly lists, in chronological order, the three phases of the human uterine cycle?

A) follicular → luteal → secretory
B) menstrual → proliferative → secretory
C) follicular → ovulation → luteal
D) proliferative → luteal → ovulation

Question 36

Which of the following correctly pairs the structure with its product?

A) hypothalamus-FSH
B) anterior pituitary-LH
C) corpus luteum-inhibin
D) Sertoli cells-progesterone

Question 37

Which of the following is a similarity between a mature human sperm and an ovum that has completed meiosis? Both gametes ________.

A) have the same number of chromosomes
B) are approximately the same size
C) have a flagellum that provides motility
D) are produced from puberty until death

Question 38

Which of the following is a similarity between spermatogenesis and oogenesis in vertebrate animals? Both spermatogenesis and oogenesis ________.

A) begin at the onset of sexual maturity
B) result in the production of four functional haploid cells from one diploid cell
C) lead to the production of gametes from germ cells
D) generate diploid gametes via meiotic divisions

Question 39

Refer to the following figure, which diagrams the reproductive anatomy of the human female, to answer the question. In the figure, which letter identifies the corpus luteum?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV

Question 40

For which of the following is the number the same in spermatogenesis and oogenesis in animals?

A) the age at which a male or female begins to produce mature gametes
B) the number of functional gametes produced by one cell undergoing meiosis in spermatogenesis or oogenesis
C) the number of meiotic divisions required to produce each gamete
D) the number of eggs and sperm involved in producing one embryo

Question 41

Which of the following characterizes parthenogenesis?

A) An individual may change its sex during its lifetime.
B) Specialized groups of cells grow into new individuals.
C) An organism is first a male and then a female.
D) An egg develops without being fertilized.

Question 42

Which of the following is most likely to occur as an immediate result of an injection of estradiol in a female mammal?

A) follicle will decrease in size
B) ovulation will occur
C) endometrium will decrease in thickness
D) LH production will increase

Question 43

Which hormone is released from Sertoli cells and inhibits the release of follicle stimulating hormone?

A) inhibin
B) luteinizing hormone
C) follicle-stimulating hormone
D) gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Question 44

An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants somewhere other than in the lining of the uterus (usually it implants in the oviduct). Which of the following best explains why such a pregnancy would not be successful?

A) The orientation of the baby would be sideways.
B) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) cannot be produced in the oviduct.
C) The structure of the oviduct is unable to support the developing fetus.
D) The necessary hormones cannot reach the developing fetus in the oviduct.

Question 45

Which statement correctly describes the primary function of the corpus luteum?

A) to nourish and protect the egg cell
B) to maintain progesterone and estradiol synthesis after ovulation has occurred
C) to stimulate the development of the mammary glands
D) to support pregnancy in the second and third trimesters

Question 46

Which of the following is not properly paired?

A) seminiferous tubule-cervix
B) vas deferens-oviduct
C) testosterone-estradiol
D) scrotum-labia majora

Question 47

Labor contractions can be increased by the medical use of a synthetic drug that mimics the action of ________.

A) inhibin
B) luteinizing hormone
C) oxytocin
D) prolactin

Question 48

The presence of which of the following molecules in the urine indicates that a woman is pregnant?

A) progesterone
B) estrogen
C) follicle-stimulating hormone
D) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Question 49

Once uterine contractions have begun in labor, the female body releases several hormones that act in a positive feedback loop. This feedback loop ________.

A) promotes the development of a new follicle
B) ensures continued contractions until labor is complete
C) inhibits the release of prostaglandins
D) decreases the number of oxytocin receptors in the uterus

Question 50

Which of the following are contraceptive methods that are considered permanent and that block the gametes from moving to a site where fertilization can occur?

A) the male condom and female condom
B) the male condom and oral contraceptives
C) vasectomy and tubal ligation
D) the diaphragm and subcutaneous progesterone implant

Question 51

A pregnant woman comes into the hospital past her due date. The doctor decides it is time for the baby to be delivered. Which hormone could the doctor use to induce labor?

A) progesterone
B) luteinizing hormone
C) follicle-stimulating hormone
D) oxytocin

Question 52

Use the following information to answer the question.
For your internship at the local zoo, you have been assigned to help with the new orangutan-breeding program. Little is known about orangutan reproductive hormones, but hormone feedback cycles are often the same in closely related animals. You have been asked to use your knowledge of the interactions of human reproductive hormones to recommend injections to promote ovulation in a female orangutan when a visiting male arrives for a brief breeding visit.
Which of the following hormones would you inject if you want to induce ovulation in a female orangutan right away?

A) estradiol (estrogen)
B) progesterone
C) luteinizing hormone
D) follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 53

In male mammals, excretory and reproductive systems share ________.

A) the vas deferens
B) the urethra
C) the seminal vesicle
D) the prostate

Question 54

Use the following information to answer the question.
For your internship at the local zoo, you have been assigned to help with the new orangutan-breeding program. Little is known about orangutan reproductive hormones, but hormone feedback cycles are often the same in closely related animals. You have been asked to use your knowledge of the interactions of human reproductive hormones to recommend injections to promote ovulation in a female orangutan when a visiting male arrives for a brief breeding visit.
Which of the following hormones would you inject a few days before the male visit if you want to induce ovulation when he arrives?

A) estradiol
B) progesterone
C) luteinizing hormone
D) follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 55

Peaks of LH and FSH production occur during ________.

A) the menstrual flow phase of the uterine cycle
B) the beginning of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle
C) the period just before ovulation
D) the secretory phase of the uterine cycle

Question 56

Which of the following can occur after intercourse between a female who has undergone tubal ligation and a male with a normally functioning reproductive tract?

A) Sperm can reach the oviduct.
B) Sperm can fertilize an oocyte.
C) An embryo can implant in the uterus.
D) An oocyte can enter the uterus.

Question 57

Which of the following is most influenced by the SRY gene?

A) gender identity
B) sexual response
C) sexual orientation
D) gonad development

Question 58

Which correctly describes the outcome of a vasectomy?

A) elimination of spermatogenesis
B) elimination of testosterone synthesis
C) prevention of ejaculation
D) prevention of sperm from entering the male urethra

Question 59

Which of the following best describes a change to the female reproductive system that occurs in menopause?

A) the ovaries lose their responsiveness to FSH and LH
B) the production of gonadotropin hormones by the anterior pituitary gland declines
C) the endometrium is reduced and eventually lost
D) no more primary oocytes exist in the ovaries

Question 60

Luteinizing hormone causes Leydig cells to produce which of the following hormones?

A) inhibin
B) testosterone
C) oxytocin
D) progesterone

Question 61

For which of the following is the number the same in human males and females?

A) interruptions in meiotic divisions
B) functional gametes produced by meiosis
C) meiotic divisions required to produce each gamete
D) different cell types produced by meiosis

Question 62

Which statement about human reproduction is false?

A) Fertilization occurs in the oviduct.
B) Spermatogenesis and oogenesis require different temperatures.
C) An oocyte completes meiosis after a sperm penetrates it.
D) The earliest stages of spermatogenesis occur closest to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules.

Question 63

During human gestation, rudiments of all organs develop ________.

A) in the first trimester
B) in the second trimester
C) in the third trimester
D) during the blastocyst stage

Question 64

Which of the following is a true statement?

A) All mammals have menstrual cycles.
B) The endometrial lining is shed in menstrual cycles but reabsorbed in estrous cycles.
C) Estrous cycles are more frequent than menstrual cycles.
D) Ovulation occurs before the endometrium thickens in estrous cycles.