Deck 3: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: the Principles of How Drugs Work

Question 1

The route of administration of drugs for TB testing and allergy testing in known as

A)IM intramuscular.
B)IM intermuscular.
C)ID intradermal.
D)ID interdermal.

Answer 1

ID intradermal.

Question 2

Which of the following routes of administration are not considered parenteral?

A)IM
B)SQ
C)PO
D)IP
E)ID

Answer 2

PO

Question 3

The majority of drug molecules move throughout the tissue fluid or across cellular membrane barriers by

A)active transport.
B)up a concentration gradient.
C)Oosmosis.
D)passive diffusion.

Answer 3

passive diffusion.

Question 4

A patient is experiencing an active seizure and requires the administration of an anticonvulsant that is available in a liquid form for administrating by various routes. To prevent aspiration of the medication if dosed orally, which is the next best route of administering this drug to ensure the patient receives the proper calculated dose.

A)IV
B)Per rectum
C)Topically
D)Intraosseous
E)Aerosal

Question 5

Minimum effective concentration will not be met if

A)not enough drug was given in each dose.
B)too much drug was given in each dose.
C)the animal's body absorbed the drug too readily.
D)the frequency interval of the dose was shortened.

Question 6

A drug that has a narrow therapeutic range or a narrow therapeutic index

A)the dose produces its effect at a level way above the level that produces toxicity.
B)has a toxic dose very close to its minimal beneficial dose.
C)has a large therapeutic range.
D)should be dosed so that there is a wide swing in blood levels.

Question 7

A patient requires long term treatment with a medication to control her seizures. The medication is available in several forms, and although the client is relatively inexperienced with treating animals is willing to be trained by a technician for home dosing. This drug is known to have a high first-pass effect. Which of the routes should be avoided if possible to administer this drug?

A)IM
B)SQ
C)Topical
D)PO

Question 8

The primary organs involved in the removal of drugs from the body are

A)the heart and lungs.
B)the lungs and liver.
C)the liver and kidneys.
D)the kidneys and spleen.

Question 9

When encountered with the choice to administer a drug twice a day or once a day, it is usually preferable to prescribe the SID dose. What is the main reason for this?

A)Save the client money
B)Once a day dosing is always safer
C)Preserve inventory in the clinic
D)Improve client compliance

Question 10

What is the primary reason medications aren't injected into arteries?

A)We are unable to locate arteries
B)The thick walls of arteries aren't easily punctured by needles
C)The low pressure of arterial blood prevents dissemination of the medication
D)Risk of potential toxicity because of concentrated medication
E)Drugs need to be biotransformed in the heart to cause an effect

Question 11

The route of a drug administration directly affect the drug's bioavailability. Which route of drug administration has no absorption phase?

A)PO
B)IM
C)IV
D)SUBQ

Question 12

If the route by which a drug is eliminated is not available the level of the drug in the body will

A)decrease.
B)increase.
C)not be affected.
D)unkown.

Question 13

To diffuse into a cell, a drug must navigate through the cellular membrane. What types of medications pass through cell membranes with the most ease?

A)Lipophilic, non-charged compounds
B)Hydrophilic, non-charged compounds
C)Lipophilic, charged compounds
D)Hydrophilic, charged compounds

Question 14

The H in pH refers to

A)hydrophilic.
B)hydrophobic.
C)hydrogen ions.
D)hyperacidic.

Question 15

A dosage regimen that begins with a larger initial dose followed by smaller doses is called

A)loading dose and maintenance dose.
B)loading dose and steady state.
C)double dose and maintenance dose.
D)double dose and steady state.

Question 16

Drugs are transported across a cell membrane by

A)facilitated diffusion.
B)active transport.
C)pinocytosis.
D)All of the above

Question 17

Atropine is an anticholinergic medication that is often used to negate the effects of parasympathetic stimulation which occurs because of the endogenous effects of acetylcholine. In this scenario atropine is considered a(an)

A)reversal agent.
B)parasympathomimetic.
C)blocker.
D)agonist.

Question 18

An acceptable range of concentration of a drug needed to achieve the beneficial effects without causing significant toxic or side effects is called the

A)therapeutic range.
B)therapeutic window.
C)LD 50.
D)A and B

Question 19

In passive diffusion, a greater concentration gradient leads to

A)a faster net rate at which molecules move across the membrane.
B)a slower net rate at which molecules move across the membrane.
C)no effect in the net rate at which molecules move across the membrane.
D)an equal rate of transfer across the membrane so no net change occurs.

Question 20

The presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is vital for keeping toxins and pathogens outside of the central nervous system. Which of the following is not a component of the BBB?

A)Glial cells that sit adjacent to capillaries
B)Specialized brain neutrophils that clear foreign substances from the blood
C)Endothelial cells
D)A transport system that pumps compounds out of the brain

Question 21

Tetracyclines are widely used antibiotics that are effective in treating numerous infectious diseases. A newborn calf is experiencing respiratory distress caused by a secondary bacterial infection. The producer would like to use oral tetracycline to treat this animal. What is a major reason that this treatment is not recommended?

A)Tetracyclines are ineffective in treating pneumonia diseases
B)Tetracyclines can never be administered extra-label
C)Tetracyclines are not readily available by this route for calves
D)Tetracyclines are a newer drug and thus are prohibitively expensive
E)There is no problem with this treatment recommendation

Question 22

If a drug is excreted via the liver, but after passing into the intestine is modified by gut bacteria to become more hydrophobic than it was originally, what can be said about the presence of this drug in the body?

A)Duration of drug presence will be increased
B)Duration of drug presence will be decreased
C)This will have no effect on duration of drug presence
D)Drug's aren't excreted by the liver

Question 23

When animals are raised as a source of food for humans, special guidelines must be met to ensure their products (meat, milk, eggs) do not expose consumers to pharmaceuticals. To provide a safe and wholesome product, a treated animal must be held out of the food stream for a period of time to allow for any drug residues to be eliminated from the animal. This period of time is called the ____________ time.

A)treatment
B)dangerous
C)withdrawal
D)hypersensitivity
E)violation

Question 24

Some drugs such as penicillin are excreted in active form via the renal system. What is a consequence of this property?

A)Penicillin excretion is decreased in patients with liver dysfunction
B)Renal perfusion plays no role in the excretion of penicillin
C)The urine of treated animals will contain no active antibiotic
D)Penicillin is a reasonable choice to treat susceptible UTIs

Question 25

The basis of maintaining body concentrations of a pharmaceutical involves balancing the _________________ of the drug with the _________________ of the drug.

A)elimination, inflow
B)metabolism, potency
C)loading phase, maintenance phase
D)half-life, therapeutic index
E)margin of safety, LD₅₀