Deck 49: Endocrine Regulation

Question 1

Which of the following is not a chemical group to which hormones can be assigned?

A) steroid hormones
B) polysaccharide hormones
C) amino acid derivatives
D) peptide hormones
E) fatty acid derivatives

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Prostaglandins are involved in the regulation of all of the following processes except:

A) increasing the permeability of capillaries.
B) inducing labor in pregnant women.
C) regulating blood pressure.
D) promoting the healing of ulcers.
E) causing inflammation.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The secretion of which hormone decreases when calcium blood levels increase?

A) calcitonin
B) parathyroid hormone
C) thyroid hormone
D) epinephrine
E) norepinephrine

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Figure 49-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Which of the following is not a local regulator?

A) histamine
B) prostaglandins
C) nitric oxide
D) growth factors
E) insulin

Question 5

Which of the following is not a peptide hormone?

A) calcitonin
B) ACTH
C) progesterone
D) secretin
E) glucagon

Question 6

All of the following hormones are synthesized from cholesterol except:

A) cortisol.
B) estrogen.
C) progesterone.
D) testosterone.
E) prostaglandin.

Question 7

Hormones are chemical messengers transported by the __________ that can have __________.

A) blood: stimulatory or inhibitory effects
B) lymph ducts; stimulatory effects
C) ducts; stimulatory or inhibitory effects
D) neurons; stimulatory effects
E) glands; inhibitory effects

Question 8

Figure 49-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Which of the following statements about paracrine regulation is true?

A) The hormones released only stimulate the cells that secreted them.
B) The hormones released only inhibit the cells that secreted them.
C) The hormones released act on nearby target cells.
D) The hormones released are transported down axons.
E) The hormones released link the endocrine and nervous systems.

Question 9

The products of an endocrine gland:

A) only affect their own tissues.
B) can have a digestive function.
C) always stimulate the target tissue.
D) generally have to travel to reach the target tissue.
E) are not produced by cells in organs, such as the heart.

Question 10

In which type of regulation do hormones act on the cells that produce it?

A) classical endocrine signaling
B) neuroendocrine signaling
C) paracrine signaling
D) autocrine signaling
E) pheromone signaling

Question 11

Hormones regulate their effects on cells by all of the following EXCEPT:

A) negative feedback.
B) receptor up-regulation.
C) receptor down-regulation.
D) signal transduction.
E) metamorphosis.

Question 12

Why doesn't every cell in the body respond to every hormone circulating in the bloodstream?

A) Each cell has a limited number of protein channels that shuttle hormones through its membrane.
B) Not all hormones can diffuse through all cell membranes.
C) The concentration of some hormones is too low to stimulate every cell.
D) Each cell has specific surface receptors, which interact only with hormones that they recognize.
E) Although all hormones bind to all cell surfaces, some cells lack second messengers for expression.

Question 13

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

A) Endocrine glands are discrete structures, while exocrine glands may be specialized cells in other tissues.
B) Exocrine glands produce hormones, while endocrine glands do not.
C) Endocrine glands only affect cells in the immediate area, while exocrine glands do not.
D) Endocrine glands secrete into the interstitial fluid, while exocrine glands release secretions into ducts.
E) Exocrine glands secrete neurohormones, while endocrine glands do not.

Question 14

Figure 49-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 49-1.Insulin-like growth factor would be included with which of the following pairs?

A) 1, 2
B) 3, 4
C) 6, 9
D) 7, 8
E) 10, 11

Question 15

Figure 49-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 49-1.Which of the following is a steroid hormone?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 6
D) 8
E) 10

Question 16

When blood calcium levels are high

A) muscle spasms would occur.
B) the release of parathyroid hormone would increase.
C) neurons may fire spontaneously.
D) the reabsorption of calcium from the kidney tubules would decrease.
E) the reabsorption of calcium from the kidney tubules would increase.

Question 17

Which of the following is a modified fatty acid?

A) prostaglandin
B) cyclic AMP
C) thyroid hormone
D) epinephrine
E) melatonin

Question 18

During hypoglycemia, all of the following would occur except:

A) calcitonin would be released.
B) more parathyroid hormone would be released.
C) the rate of calcium reabsorption from the kidney tubules would increase.
D) the rate of calcium release from bones would increase.
E) muscle spasms.

Question 19

Figure 49-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 49-1.Which of the following would bind to an intracellular receptor?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 6
D) 8
E) 10

Question 20

Figure 49-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 49-1.Which of the following hormones is secreted by the adrenal cortex?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 6
E) 8

Question 21

Which of the following endocrine glands are incorrectly paired with its target?

A) pancreas-liver
B) hypothalamus-pituitary
C) pineal gland-hypothalamus
D) adrenal medulla-kidney tubules
E) thyroid gland-bone

Question 22

Which of the following glands is considered to be the master gland of the body?

A) hypothalamus
B) adrenal gland
C) pituitary gland
D) thyroid gland
E) parathyroid gland

Question 23

Figure 49-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
In a signal transduction pathway involving phospholipid products as second messengers, after a G protein is activated, the activated G protein then activates:

A) IP_2.
B) IP_3.
C) protein kinase C.
D) phospholipase C.
E) adenylyl cyclase.

Question 24

Figure 49-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The process illustrated in Figure 49-2 is representative of:

A) neuroendocrine signaling.
B) paracrine regulation.
C) cAMP as a second messenger.
D) classical endocrine signaling.
E) autocrine regulation.

Question 25

__________ is produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary.

A) Oxytocin
B) Melatonin
C) Growth hormone
D) ADH
E) Epinephrine

Question 26

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes:

A) ADH.
B) ACTH.
C) TSH.
D) FSH.
E) LH.

Question 27

Which of the following molecules does not act as a second messenger?

A) protein kinase
B) IP₃
C) DAG
D) calcium ions
E) cyclic AMP

Question 28

The effects of the activation of protein kinase do not include:

A) alteration of membrane permeability.
B) activation of adenylyl cyclase.
C) activation of gene expression.
D) phosphorylation of the target protein.
E) alteration of cellular metabolism.

Question 29

The pituitary gland is regulated most directly by the:

A) pineal gland.
B) hypothalamus.
C) thymus gland.
D) adrenal gland.
E) thyroid gland.

Question 30

Calcium ions may act as second messengers by binding to __________, which then regulates other proteins.

A) adenylyl cyclase
B) cyclic AMP
C) calmodulin
D) phosphodiesterase
E) protein kinase

Question 31

What is the function of oxytocin?

A) to stimulate uterine contractions
B) to stimulate the cells of the mammary glands to produce milk
C) to regulate the permeability of the collecting tubules of the kidney
D) to stimulate ovulation
E) to stimulate the growth of the ovarian follicles

Question 32

Which types of hormones can enter cells and turn specific genes on and off?

A) steroid and peptide hormones
B) steroid and thyroid hormones
C) thyroid and peptide hormones
D) peptide and phospholipid hormones
E) steroid and phospholipid hormones

Question 33

Figure 49-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The second messenger for the hormone mechanism in Figure 49-2 is:

A) ATP.
B) G protein.
C) cAMP.
D) calmodulin.
E) Ca²⁺.

Question 34

Figure 49-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
After a steroid hormone binds its receptor, the hormone-receptor complex then:

A) activates a G protein.
B) activates a protein kinase.
C) activates adenylyl cyclase.
D) activates calmodulin.
E) binds DNA.

Question 35

Once a hormone activates the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, ATP is converted to cAMP, which in turn:

A) activates protein kinase.
B) inhibits phosphodiesterase.
C) initiates more cAMP production.
D) initiates protein synthesis.
E) inhibits protein synthesis.

Question 36

Which of the following are incorrectly paired?

A) pancreas-glucagon
B) hypothalamus-oxytocin
C) pineal gland-melatonin
D) adrenal cortex-glucocorticoids
E) thyroid gland-thyroxine

Question 37

The ________ gland stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

A) anterior pituitary
B) pineal
C) posterior pituitary
D) thyroid
E) parathyroid

Question 38

Which hormone stimulates insect growth and molting?

A) ecdysiotropin
B) juvenile hormone
C) histamine
D) pheromone
E) ecdysone

Question 39

In a signal transduction pathway involving cAMP as a second messenger, after a G protein is activated, the activated G protein then activates:

A) phospholipase C.
B) adenylyl cyclase.
C) calmodulin.
D) protein kinase.
E) diacylglycerol.

Question 40

Anabolic steroids:

A) are removed from the body fairly quickly due to a low concentration of receptor sites.
B) decrease HDL concentration, thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
C) are naturally produced hormones typically used by athletes for short-term performance enhancement.
D) have little or no effect on physiology or behavior at very low doses.
E) are metabolized and excreted from the body quickly..

Question 41

Insulin is produced by the:

A) beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.
B) alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans.
C) cortical cells of the adrenal gland.
D) neurons in the hypothalamus.
E) lobules of the liver.

Question 42

Insulin-like growth factors can induce all of the following actions except:

A) promoting linear growth of the skeleton.
B) stimulating growth of cartilage.
C) promoting protein synthesis.
D) promoting the mobilization of fat.
E) increasing organ size.

Question 43

Insulin promotes the storage of glucose via all of the following methods except:

A) stimulating protein synthesis.
B) reducing the use of fatty acids as fuel.
C) promoting the liver to release glucose.
D) stimulating fatty acid storage in adipose tissue.
E) stimulating glycogen formation.

Question 44

An adult who is suffering from hyperthyroidism:

A) is always tired.
B) is often hungry.
C) is overweight.
D) is mentally slow.
E) shows a lack of emotions.

Question 45

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A) One causes hyperglycemia, while the other causes hypoglycemia.
B) One demonstrates protein breakdown, while the other demonstrates protein synthesis.
C) One leads to blindness, while the other leads to kidney disorder.
D) One has insulin hypersecretion, while the other has insulin hyposecretion.
E) One has insulin deficiency, while the other has insulin resistance.

Question 46

The function of corticotropin-releasing factor (CSF) is to stimulate:

A) the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone.
B) gluconeogenesis.
C) adrenaline release.
D) glycogen synthesis.
E) the inflammatory response.

Question 47

The __________ produce(s) __________, which influences biological rhythms and the onset of sleep.

A) pituitary gland; thyroid stimulating hormone
B) pituitary gland; adrenocorticotropic hormone
C) pineal gland; melatonin
D) adrenal cortex; cortisol
E) parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone

Question 48

Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adulthood leads to enlarged hands, face, and feet, a condition known as:

A) dwarfism.
B) gigantism.
C) acromegaly.
D) goiter.
E) cretinism.

Question 49

Arrange the following events in the correct sequence. 1)
Thyroid gland secretes less hormone
2)
Homeostasis
3)
High concentration of thyroid hormones
4)
Anterior pituitary secretes less TSH

A) 2 $\rightarrow$ 1 $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$ 3
B) 2 $\rightarrow$ 3 $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$ 1
C) 3 $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$ 1 $\rightarrow$ 2
D) 4 $\rightarrow$ 3 $\rightarrow$ 1 $\rightarrow$ 2
E) 1 $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$ 3 $\rightarrow$ 2

Question 50

Hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood can lead to a condition of retarded mental and physical development called:

A) dwarfism.
B) gigantism.
C) acromegaly.
D) myxedema.
E) cretinism.

Question 51

Which of the following is a symptom of Cushing's disease?

A) loss of ability to cope with stress
B) mild infection
C) abnormally large face and hands
D) fat deposition around the trunk
E) mental retardation

Question 52

Chronic stress:

A) is associated with elevated levels of glucocorticoids.
B) may lead to the excessive stimulation of neurons.
C) increases blood flow to the brain, especially the hippocampus.
D) results in lower levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
E) promotes the linear growth of the skeleton.

Question 53

Which of the following hormones does not promote growth?

A) antidiuretic hormone
B) growth hormone
C) insulin-like growth factors
D) thyroid hormones
E) testosterone

Question 54

Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by:

A) stimulating the liver to take up glucose.
B) inhibiting gluconeogenesis.
C) stimulating glycogenolysis.
D) inhibiting fatty acid mobilization.
E) inhibiting amino acid mobilization.

Question 55

Gigantism is caused by:

A) hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood.
B) hyposecretion of thyroxine during adulthood.
C) hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood.
D) hyposecretion of thyroxine during childhood.
E) hypersecretion of epinephrine during childhood.

Question 56

Which of the following pairs of hormones regulates the calcium levels of the blood?

A) thyroxin and parathyroid hormone
B) adrenocorticotropic hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone
C) prolactin and oxytocin
D) parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
E) calcitonin and thyroxin

Question 57

Type 2 diabetes is caused by:

A) too much insulin in the blood.
B) too little insulin in the blood.
C) too much glucagon in the blood.
D) too little glucagon in the blood.
E) receptors being insensitive to insulin.

Question 58

Which of the following metabolic disturbances is not associated with diabetes mellitus?

A) ketoacidosis
B) cretinism
C) hyperglycemia
D) dehydration
E) electrolyte imbalance

Question 59

During stressful situations, epinephrine initiates all of the following actions except:

A) constriction of the blood vessels to the skin.
B) constriction of the blood vessels to the heart.
C) dilation of the blood vessels to the brain.
D) an increase in metabolic rate.
E) an increase in blood glucose levels.

Question 60

The principal mineralocorticoid is:

A) ADH.
B) epinephrine.
C) growth hormone.
D) aldosterone.
E) ACTH.

Question 61

MATCHING
Match the endocrine gland with a hormone action.
a.lowers and raises blood sugar
d.regulates biological rhythms
b.regulates energy metabolism
e.regulates secretion of hormones by anterior pituitary
c.increases metabolism
Thyroid

Question 62

Use a specific example to explain how a negative feedback mechanism may be used to regulate the function of endocrine glands.

Question 63

Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen reduce fever and decrease inflammation and pain by directly inhibiting cAMP synthesis.
____________________

Question 64

Compare and contrast the mechanism of action of a steroid and a protein-type hormone at the cellular level.

Question 65

Neuroendocrine cells release neurohormones which are transported through contact or diffuse through interstitial fluid.
____________________

Question 66

MATCHING
Match the endocrine gland with a hormone action.
a.lowers and raises blood sugar
d.regulates biological rhythms
b.regulates energy metabolism
e.regulates secretion of hormones by anterior pituitary
c.increases metabolism
Hypothalamus

Question 67

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus.
____________________

Question 68

Briefly discuss the complementary functional roles of insulin and glucagon.

Question 69

Prolactin appears to help us recognize familiar faces and trust other people.

Question 70

G protein-linked receptors are transmembrane proteins that convert an extracellular hormone signal into an intracellular signal that affects certain cell processes.
____________________

Question 71

When thyroid hormone concentration is low the anterior pituitary secretes less TSH.
____________________

Question 72

Exocrine glands have no ducts and secrete their hormones into the surrounding interstial fluid or blood.
____________________

Question 73

MATCHING
Match the endocrine gland with a hormone action.
a.lowers and raises blood sugar
d.regulates biological rhythms
b.regulates energy metabolism
e.regulates secretion of hormones by anterior pituitary
c.increases metabolism
Based on Berthold's methods, how do researchers today determine a tissue to be endocrine in nature?

Question 74

MATCHING
Match the endocrine gland with a hormone action.
a.lowers and raises blood sugar
d.regulates biological rhythms
b.regulates energy metabolism
e.regulates secretion of hormones by anterior pituitary
c.increases metabolism
Pineal gland

Question 75

Calcitonin works synergistically to parathyroid hormone.
____________________

Question 76

Which of the following is not a hormone that uses the mechanism of action of peptide hormones?

A) insulin
B) oxytocin
C) ADH
D) ecdysone
E) growth hormone

Question 77

When blood glucose concentration is high, pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin, and consequently blood glucose concentration is increased.
____________________

Question 78

Steroid hormones bind with G-protein linked receptors in plasma membranes of target cells.
____________________

Question 79

MATCHING
Match the endocrine gland with a hormone action.
a.lowers and raises blood sugar
d.regulates biological rhythms
b.regulates energy metabolism
e.regulates secretion of hormones by anterior pituitary
c.increases metabolism
Pancreas

Question 80

MATCHING
Match the endocrine gland with a hormone action.
a.lowers and raises blood sugar
d.regulates biological rhythms
b.regulates energy metabolism
e.regulates secretion of hormones by anterior pituitary
c.increases metabolism
Adrenal medulla