Deck 36: Roots and Mineral Nutrition

Question 1

Root hairs:

A) protect the delicate cells of the apical meristem.
B) help orient the root so it will grow downward.
C) increase the capacity of roots to absorb water.
D) are sparse and extremely long.
E) are located at each node on the root.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

One function of roots is:

A) absorption of dissolved sugars for use by the plant.
B) photosynthesis.
C) storage of food reserves.
D) sexual reproduction.
E) production of micronutrients.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which layer of cells controls the movement of nutrient minerals entering the xylem in the root's interior?

A) endodermis
B) Casparian strip
C) epidermis
D) cortex
E) periderm

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Minerals move from the innermost layer of the cortex into the stele via:

A) osmosis.
B) simple diffusion.
C) facilitated diffusion.
D) aquaporins.
E) active transport.

Question 5

The difference between taproot and fibrous root systems is that a taproot system:

A) consists of many roots of the same size, while a fibrous root system has one main root with lateral roots.
B) consists of one main root with lateral roots, while a fibrous root system has many roots of the same size.
C) is characteristic of most monocots, while a fibrous root system is usually found in eudicots.
D) can be modified for storage, while a fibrous root system cannot.
E) is considered adventitious, while a fibrous root system is not.

Question 6

The ground tissue lacking in the primary eudicot root is:

A) pith
B) periderm
C) cortex
D) vascular cambium
E) pericycle

Question 7

Which of the following statements is not true concerning root hairs?

A) They are tubular extensions of epidermal cells.
B) They are continually formed in the area of cell maturation.
C) They are quite numerous.
D) They greatly increase the absorptive capacity of roots.
E) They are long lived .

Question 8

The __________ is involved in forming the lateral meristems that produce secondary growth in woody roots.

A) endodermis
B) periderm
C) cortex
D) vascular cambium
E) pericycle

Question 9

The large intercellular spaces, which are common features of the root cortex, provide:

A) a pathway for water uptake.
B) aeration of the root.
C) structural support.
D) protection.
E) Both aeration and a pathway for water uptake

Question 10

Which statement concerning the root epidermis is true?

A) It does not secrete a waxy cuticle over the root hairs.
B) It consists of protective tissue several layers thick.
C) There are large intercellular spaces among the cells.
D) It comprises the bulk of the eudicot root.
E) It is the site of storage of surplus sugars produced in the leaves.

Question 11

The thick layers of cells covering and protecting the delicate apical meristem is called the:

A) root cap.
B) root hairs.
C) pericycle.
D) adventitious root.
E) radicle.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about the pericycle is false?

A) It gives rise to branch roots.
B) It is a single layer of cells inside the endodermis.
C) It is composed of parenchyma cells.
D) Upon maturation, its cells lose their ability to divide.
E) It is involved in the formation of lateral meristems.

Question 13

The center of a primary eudicot root is known as the:

A) phloem.
B) symplast.
C) cortex.
D) pericycle.
E) stele.

Question 14

A taproot system originates from an enlarging:

A) adventitious root.
B) lateral root.
C) root cap.
D) root hair.
E) radicle.

Question 15

Unlike eudicot roots, the center of most monocot roots is occupied by the:

A) cortex.
B) pith.
C) phloem.
D) vascular cambium.
E) xylem.

Question 16

The bulk of an herbaceous eudicot root consists of loosely arranged parenchyma cells in the:

A) endodermis.
B) pericycle.
C) epidermis.
D) cortex.
E) periderm.

Question 17

Which is the correct horizontal pathway of water from the soil to the center of the root?

A) epidermis $\rightarrow$ root hair $\rightarrow$ cortex $\rightarrow$ pericycle $\rightarrow$ endodermis $\rightarrow$ xylem
B) epidermis $\rightarrow$ cortex $\rightarrow$ pericycle $\rightarrow$ endodermis $\rightarrow$ phloem $\rightarrow$ xylem
C) root hair $\rightarrow$ epidermis $\rightarrow$ cortex $\rightarrow$ endodermis $\rightarrow$ pericycle $\rightarrow$ xylem
D) root hair $\rightarrow$ cortex $\rightarrow$ endodermis $\rightarrow$ pericycle $\rightarrow$ epidermis $\rightarrow$ xylem
E) root hair $\rightarrow$ epidermis $\rightarrow$ endodermis $\rightarrow$ cortex $\rightarrow$ xylem $\rightarrow$ phloem

Question 18

Which of the following statements about root cap is FALSE?

A) It protects the delicate root apical meristem
B) It secretes lubricating polysaccharides
C) It orients the root that it grows downward
D) It loses cells during root growth.
E) It absorbs nutrients.

Question 19

The __________ is a single layer of parenchyma cells that give rise to muticellular lateral roots.

A) endodermis
B) periderm
C) cortex
D) vascular cambium
E) pericycle

Question 20

The symplast:

A) greatly increases the surface area of the root.
B) is a waterproof band surrounding the endodermis.
C) directs the movement of water from one cell's cytoplasm to the next through plasmodesmata.
D) secretes suberin, which waterproofs the cells.
E) allows nutrient minerals to move against their concentration gradient.

Question 21

Figure 36-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 36-2.Absorption of positively charged mineral ions by the root is facilitated by:

A) the movement of clay particles into the root hair.
B) the movement of water into the root hair.
C) the movement of protons into the root hair.
D) the movement of protons out of the root hair.
E) the movement of Mg⁺ out of the root hair.

Question 22

Prop roots are more common in:

A) annuals.
B) eudicots.
C) monocots.
D) epiphytes.
E) parasitic plants.

Question 23

In the establishment of rhizobia in a legume, infection threads are found in the:

A) stele.
B) cortex.
C) root hairs.
D) xylem.
E) phloem.

Question 24

Figure 36-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 36-1.During the development of secondary vascular tissues, which of the following structures does not become incorporated into the periderm?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 25

Figure 36-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The process illustrated in Figure 36-2 is known as:

A) humus formation.
B) weathering.
C) cation exchange.
D) soil erosion.
E) salinization.

Question 26

Plants that are adapted to growing in flooded soils that are depleted of oxygen have:

A) aerial roots.
B) contractile roots.
C) pneumatophores.
D) prop roots.
E) buttress roots.

Question 27

Which of the following statements concerning pore spaces is false?

A) Minerals are removed from soil via leaching.
B) Water is held in the smaller pores, and air is found in the larger pores.
C) They occupy approximately 50% of a soil's volume.
D) They typically contain more carbon dioxide than found in the atmosphere.
E) Immediately after a heavy rain, most pore spaces remain filled with air.

Question 28

Roots that arise from branches or vertical stems, and that are used to support a plant in an upright position, are referred to as:

A) prop roots.
B) contractile roots.
C) pneumatophores.
D) lateral roots.
E) tap roots.

Question 29

Rhizobia help plants meet their __________ by producing __________.

A) nitrogen; NH₃
B) phosphorus; PO₄
C) potassium; K₂O
D) nitrogen; NO₃
E) phosphorus; ATP

Question 30

The two major factors that contribute to the weathering of rock are climate and:

A) inorganic minerals.
B) atmospheric carbon dioxide.
C) organisms.
D) aeration.
E) atmospheric oxygen..

Question 31

Cation exchange between soil particles and root hairs is the process in which:

A) protons are exchanged for positively charged mineral ions.
B) electrons are exchanged for positively charged mineral ions.
C) protons are exchanged for negatively charged mineral ions.
D) electrons are exchanged for negatively charged mineral ions.
E) water is exchanged for positively charged mineral ions.

Question 32

What group of organisms fixes nitrogen?

A) bacteria
B) earthworms
C) fungi
D) protozoa
E) algae

Question 33

Which of the following examples demonstrates a mutualistic relationship?

A) mycorrhizae
B) rhizobia and root nodules
C) soil fungus and soil bacteria
D) mistletoe and its host
E) Both mycorrhizae and rhizobial/root nodules.

Question 34

The formation of soil by gradually breaking rock into smaller particles by biological, chemical, and physical processes is known as:

A) erosion.
B) inorganic synthesis.
C) cation exchange.
D) salinization.
E) weathering.

Question 35

Figure 36-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Which of the following lists soil particles in order of increasing diameter?

A) clay, sand, silt
B) clay, silt, sand
C) silt, sand, clay
D) silt, clay, sand
E) sand, silt, clay

Question 36

The tropical rainforest trees form shallow roots concentrated near the surface in a mat few centimeters thick.These swollen bases or braces are called:

A) prop roots.
B) pneumatophores.
C) aerial roots.
D) buttress roots.
E) velamen roots.

Question 37

Figure 36-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Ideal agricultural soil is:

A) loam.
B) silt loam.
C) sandy loam.
D) clay loam.
E) sandy.

Question 38

Plants connected by mycorrhizal fungi:

A) must be of the same species.
B) can only exchange carbon dioxide in one direction.
C) are an excellent example of a parasitic relationship.
D) compete for light.
E) exchange organic materials in both directions.

Question 39

While working in a soil-testing laboratory, you are given a sample of a "typical" soil to analyze.Which of the following do you correctly conclude is present in the largest amount?

A) water
B) inorganic mineral particles
C) rocks
D) air
E) organic material

Question 40

The partly decayed organic portion of soil is called:

A) silt.
B) clay.
C) sand.
D) humus.
E) castings.

Question 41

Which of the following elements is a macronutrient in plants?

A) sodium
B) calcium
C) manganese
D) zinc
E) copper

Question 42

Root hair development is under the control of two genes that code for transcription factors.
____________________

Question 43

Water, wind, and ice are agents of:

A) erosion.
B) decomposition.
C) mineralization.
D) salinization.
E) soil pH.

Question 44

A root hair is an extension of an endodermal cell.
____________________

Question 45

Which of the following elements is a micronutrient in plants?

A) chlorine
B) hydrogen
C) potassium
D) calcium
E) magnesium

Question 46

If a plant were grown in a nutrient solution containing all known essential elements except one, this would be an example of:

A) agriculture.
B) mutualism.
C) weathering.
D) hydroponics.
E) salinization.

Question 47

An adventitious root is a root that occurs in an unusual location.
____________________

Question 48

The outermost layer of the stele is the pericycle.
____________________

Question 49

Which of the following elements is correctly matched with its major function in plants?

A) phosphorus-alters membrane permeability
B) sulfur-essential part of chlorophyll
C) potassium-opens and closes stomata
D) carbon-maintains turgidity of cells
E) calcium-involved in nitrogen-fixation

Question 50

The water balance problem of plants living in salty soil is the result of:

A) water moving out of plant roots by osmosis.
B) extensive leaching.
C) a low soil pH.
D) low concentrations of micronutrients.
E) excessive run off.

Question 51

All of the following are true for soil with a low pH except:

A) aluminum is more soluble.
B) calcium phosphate becomes less soluble.
C) acidic soil can be found in Pygmy forest in California.
D) potassium is leached more readily from the soil.
E) manganese may be available in toxic concentrations.

Question 52

The root cortex is composed mostly of collenchyma cells.
____________________

Question 53

Diagram and label a cross section of a primary eudicot root.Identify the function of three of the labeled tissues.

Question 54

Explain how you would distinguish a monocot from a eudicot by looking at the anatomy of their roots.

Question 55

What would be the consequence for the plant if it lacked Casparian strips?

Question 56

The symplast connects of the interconnected cell walls.
____________________

Question 57

Irrigation can cause salt to accumulate in the soil, a process known as:

A) erosion.
B) decomposition.
C) mineralization.
D) salinization.
E) weathering.

Question 58

What are the three elements that are most often limiting factors for plant growth?

A) carbon, potassium, and magnesium
B) carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen
C) hydrogen, magnesium, and oxygen
D) sulfur, calcium, and nitrogen
E) nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium

Question 59

The most abundant organisms in soil are:

A) earthworms.
B) fungi.
C) algae.
D) protozoa.
E) bacteria.

Question 60

Which of the following statements about acid precipitation is false?

A) It can decrease soil pH.
B) It is implicated in forest decline.
C) It drops sulfuric and nitric acids on the Earth.
D) It is caused by human activities.
E) It prevents the leaching of essential cations.

Question 61

The portion of a mycorrhizal fungus that penetrates the cell walls of the root cortex is called an arbuscule.
____________________

Question 62

An example of a micronutrient is phosphorus.
____________________

Question 63

Hydroponics refers to the growing of plants in aerated water rather than soil.
____________________

Question 64

MATCHING
Match the root tissue with its description.
a.cortex
e.phloem
b.endodermis
f.pith
c.epidermis
g.xylem
d.pericycle
the outermost layer of the stele

Question 65

The removal of dissolved materials from soil by percolating water is called illuviation.
____________________

Question 66

MATCHING
Match the root tissue with its description.
a.cortex
e.phloem
b.endodermis
f.pith
c.epidermis
g.xylem
d.pericycle
the specific tissue that contains Casparian strips

Question 67

The roots of certain epiphytes are photosynthetic.
____________________

Question 68

The nodules found in the roots of legumes characteristically contain mycorrhizae.
____________________

Question 69

MATCHING
Match the root tissue with its description.
a.cortex
e.phloem
b.endodermis
f.pith
c.epidermis
g.xylem
d.pericycle
typically contains large intercellular spaces

Question 70

MATCHING
Match the root tissue with its description.
a.cortex
e.phloem
b.endodermis
f.pith
c.epidermis
g.xylem
d.pericycle
located in between the xylem arms

Question 71

Lateral roots arise from cells of the cortex.
____________________

Question 72

MATCHING
Match the root tissue with its description.
a.cortex
e.phloem
b.endodermis
f.pith
c.epidermis
g.xylem
d.pericycle
found outside the stele, its main function is storage

Question 73

Buttress roots help trees obtain oxygen from flooded soil.
____________________

Question 74

MATCHING
Match the root tissue with its description.
a.cortex
e.phloem
b.endodermis
f.pith
c.epidermis
g.xylem
d.pericycle
develops into vascular cambium outside the xylem arms

Question 75

Water flowing inward through the endodermis moves next into the pericycle.
____________________

Question 76

MATCHING
Match the root tissue with its description.
a.cortex
e.phloem
b.endodermis
f.pith
c.epidermis
g.xylem
d.pericycle
gives rise to lateral roots

Question 77

MATCHING
Match the root tissue with its description.
a.cortex
e.phloem
b.endodermis
f.pith
c.epidermis
g.xylem
d.pericycle
found in monocots but not eudicots.

Question 78

A typical soil is composed mostly of humus.
____________________

Question 79

MATCHING
Match the root tissue with its description.
a.cortex
e.phloem
b.endodermis
f.pith
c.epidermis
g.xylem
d.pericycle
has root hairs

Question 80

In woody plants, the root epidermis is replaced by periderm.
____________________