Deck 4: Socialization And The Life Cycle

Question 1

In contrast to American culture,infants and young children in many societies are cared for by:

A) isolated nuclear families
B) single households with parents, grandparents, and other kin
C) child care centers
D) boarding schools
E) no one and live on the streets

Answer 1

B

Question 2

friendship groups of similar age and social background are known as:

A) age grades
B) socializing groups
C) peer groups
D) peer grades
E) social grades

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The high proportion of women in the workforce in modern Western societies has increased the socialization influence of:

A) peers
B) families
C) grandparents
D) fathers
E) mothers

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The period when peers,the media,and other social institutions begin to heavily influence socialization beginning in later childhood is referred to as:

A) formal operational socialization
B) primary socialization
C) secondary socialization
D) generalized other socialization
E) young adulthood socialization

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT one of the four of the main agents of socialization discussed in the text?

A) family
B) peers
C) school
D) mass media
E) government

Question 6

Schools teach children various academic subjects.However,schools are also involved in the socialization process in more latent ways,exemplified by their emphasis on:

A) learning the importance of triangulation
B) understanding the significance of education
C) teaching students the importance of observing rules
D) making certain students learn basic literacy
E) equalizing educational outcomes

Question 7

The most concentrated period of socialization is referred to as:

A) formal operational socialization
B) primary socialization
C) secondary socialization
D) generalized other socialization
E) young adulthood socialization

Question 8

Gerbner et al.(1986)found the highest number of violent acts per television episode in:

A) cop shows
B) science fiction
C) talk shows
D) comedies
E) cartoons

Question 9

Which of the following would be a positive,albeit latent,consequence of the preoccupation with video games?

A) It prepares young men to go to war by neutralizing their feelings about death and killing.
B) It prepares young women for their subordinate roles in society.
C) It teaches young boys how to treat women in a socially acceptable manner.
D) It instructs girls and boys on the social norms of etiquette.
E) It provides young people with skills useful in an electronic age.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT provided to the individual through the process of socialization?

A) values
B) instincts
C) behavioral guidelines
D) capacity for independent thought and free will
E) connection to other generations

Question 11

Based on the text discussion,one can infer that for humans to be adequately socialized,it is imperative that they have:

A) two parents: a mother and a father
B) formal schooling
C) educated parents who are familiar with theories of child development
D) regular social interaction with adults
E) educational toys, particularly books

Question 12

Children learn the values,norms,and social practices of their culture.This process is defined as:

A) evolution
B) socialization
C) sensitization
D) social reproduction
E) social interaction

Question 13

By observing school-age children in their classrooms and on the playground,Professor Barrie Thorne (1993)found that:

A) most of what goes on in school is gender neutral
B) teachers' attitudes toward their jobs affected boys but not girls
C) boys determined norms in the classroom, whereas girls set the norms on the playground
D) the school cafeteria was a social context governed by the most demanding students
E) popular girls set the standards of behavior

Question 14

Which is the main agent of socialization associated with what is described as the primary socialization stage in most modern societies?

A) small-scale families
B) extended multigenerational households
C) preschools and day care
D) television and other media
E) peer groups

Question 15

Children learn the ways of their elders,the values,norms,and behaviors of a society are perpetuated,which is known as:

A) evolution
B) socialization
C) sensitization
D) social reproduction
E) social interaction

Question 16

According to research by Robert Hodge and David Tripp (1986),the characteristic of television violence that has the most significant effect on children's behavior is the:

A) number of violent acts per hour
B) context within which the violence is portrayed
C) time of day in which violence is portrayed
D) age of the violent actors
E) gender of the perpetrators

Question 17

Researchers Robert Hodge and David Tripp (1986)found that while watching television,children:

A) are passive and just registering content
B) become a little slower because watching has a tendency to make them lethargic
C) tend to remember only the violent components of the television show
D) adopt only violent acts they see in multiple media contexts
E) interpret the material in the framework of their own lives

Question 18

In contrast to modern societies,a person's lifelong position in most premodern societies was mostly determined by the:

A) country in which a person was born
B) amount of education a person achieved
C) race and religion of a person
D) occupation and income a person received
E) family into which a person was born

Question 19

formalized peer groups in small traditional cultures are known as:

A) age grades
B) socializing groups
C) peer groups
D) peer grades
E) social grades

Question 20

One can generalize from Barrie Thorne's (1993)research that culture shapes actions and values and children

A) are more malleable than adults
B) rigidly enact the behaviors of adults
C) are also creative actors in their own socialization
D) are ultimately unable to resist or alter socialization
E) influence their peers more than being influenced by them

Question 21

Which stage of the life course in modern society involves increased individual freedom and responsibility,which may produce a crisis for those who feel they have missed opportunities?

A) childhood
B) adolescence
C) young adulthood
D) mature adulthood
E) old age

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT true of the stages of the life course through which individuals pass?

A) The stages are biologically defined.
B) The stages are socially defined.
C) The stages differ by culture.
D) The stags change over time.
E) The stages are more psychological than sociological.

Question 23

Media scholar Marsha Kinder argues that while studying her son using video games,she learned that:

A) the more he played, the lower his IQ went
B) he lost interest in other aspects of his life
C) the better he became at the games, the more adept he became at drawing cartoons
D) the better he became at the games, the faster he was able to learn new languages
E) when he stopped playing for long periods of time, he experienced withdrawal-like symptoms

Question 24

Young adulthood seems increasingly to be a stage in personal and sexual development in modern societies,particularly among affluent groups.Which is NOT evidence offered in the text in support of this idea?

A) Young adults are taking time to travel.
B) Young adults are exploring sexuality.
C) Young adults are exploring political ideologies.
D) Young adults are exploring religions.
E) Young adults are more socially conservative than prior generations.

Question 25

According to the text,functionalists argue that social roles:

A) are inherently embedded in social class contexts and related to social power
B) are unchanging social facts that are a part of a society's culture
C) really serve no inherent function in supporting social structure
D) are in a constant state of change
E) work well in industrialized settings but experience dysfunction in more traditional settings

Question 26

Sociologists often speak of two types of identity,which are:

A) social identity and self-identity
B) social attributes and self-identity
C) self-identity and social roles
D) gender and social class
E) gender and race

Question 27

How is childhood today a different experience from childhood a few hundred years ago?

A) Children today work in urban centers, whereas earlier children worked only on farms.
B) Children today are seen as miniature adults, whereas earlier children were portrayed as completely without adult characteristics.
C) Children today are psychologically diverse, whereas earlier children all had nearly identical emotional and mental traits.
D) Children today are seen as being in a unique stage, whereas in earlier times, childhood blended with other stages.
E) Children today learn more from their family than from their age peers.

Question 28

The socialization process is complex and involves different and distinct stages throughout the life course.These stages are determined by which of the following?

A) biological factors
B) social influences
C) cultural differences
D) instinctual cues
E) economic circumstances

Question 29

Social roles can be defined as:

A) social parts people play when socialization has not been completed
B) social positions determined exclusively by position at birth
C) social places achieved by personal accomplishment, not by birth
D) social expectations for a person in a given position
E) social boundary violations due to incomplete socialization

Question 30

The belief that individuals adopt the social roles in which they are placed ignores the idea that:

A) men are more programmed than women to accept the norms of the dominant society
B) social roles rarely reflect societal consensus
C) humans exercise agency
D) there is little internalization of social roles in adults
E) children exert more choice over norms than over roles

Question 31

The concept of childhood as a particular stage in the life cycle has its origins in:

A) ancient biblical readings
B) hunting and gathering societies
C) medieval families, particularly among the wealthy
D) relatively recent modern times
E) traditional patriarchal societies

Question 32

What is one of the ways in which industrialization has contributed to changes in the socialization required for work?

A) Technology has made work socialization unnecessary.
B) The separation of work and home requires workers to adapt to a variety of situations.
C) for the first time in history, people have to learn to cooperate with others at work.
D) Working at home becomes a major part of social life for the first time.
E) Work is no longer considered as significant a component of one's life as leisure.

Question 33

What is the difference between social identity and self-identity?

A) Social identity is a static concept, whereas self-identity is dynamic.
B) Social identity focuses on similarities among people, whereas self-identity focuses on individual differences.
C) Social identity describes postindustrial identities, whereas self-identity describes postmodernist identities.
D) Social identity is a sociological concept, whereas self-identity is a psychological concept.
E) Self-identity is a sociological concept whereas social identity is a psychological concept.

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT part of what is called identity,in the sociological sense?

A) the understanding of who we are
B) a set of characteristics we share with others
C) a set of characteristics that are completely unique to the individual
D) multifacetedness
E) the understanding of what is meaningful to us

Question 35

Which of the following stages in the life course is NOT a relatively new development?

A) childhood
B) teenhood
C) adolescence
D) young adulthood
E) old age

Question 36

The process of self-development through which we establish a unique sense of who we are as a person and our relationship to the rest of the world is known as:

A) social identity
B) the I
C) self-identity
D) the me
E) peer groups

Question 37

The french historian Philippe Ariès argues that childhood did not exist in medieval times.He supports this assertion by pointing out that:

A) children were considered economic liabilities
B) in paintings, children were portrayed with mature faces and participating in the same work and play activities as adults
C) children had rights, and child labor was considered morally repugnant
D) literature from the time period speaks of children being consulted in family decisions
E) no stories or songs were written for children

Question 38

Sociologists argue that self-identities are now more multifaceted and less stable.Which is NOT mentioned as a factor contributing to this change?

A) urbanization
B) industrialization
C) persistent traditional social formations
D) social and geographical mobility
E) homogenization of communities

Question 39

from a sociological perspective,the source of individuality is:

A) the id
B) the ego
C) gender
D) socialization
E) young adulthood

Question 40

Certain stages in the life course have expanded,whereas others have contracted.Which of the following best characterizes this trend?

A) Childhood is expanding in time as we increasingly become more child centered.
B) Adolescence and young adulthood are expanding as young people extend their education and postpone their movement into mature adulthood.
C) Mature adulthood is shrinking as the number of premature deaths cuts this stage short.
D) Old age is shrinking as more people remain active for a longer period.
E) Mature adulthood is expanding as people enter the full-time workforce at younger ages.

Question 41

Who among the following had the greatest influence on Nancy Chodorow's theory of gender development although she places primary emphasis on the development of femininity rather than masculinity?

A) Sigmund freud
B) George Herbert Mead
C) Jean Piaget
D) Jason Smythe
E) Carol Gilligan

Question 42

According to George Herbert Mead,the socialization process occurs in three stages: the I stage,the me stage,and the:

A) symbolic stage
B) interactionist stage
C) self-consciousness stage
D) imitative stage
E) generalized other stage

Question 43

According to Nancy Chodorow's theory of gender development,men are more analytical and manipulative because they:

A) gain a sense of self by making a radical rejection of their closeness to their mothers
B) have a more aggressive posture due to higher levels of testosterone
C) fear their fathers and develop a gendered self in response
D) are more instinctively aggressive
E) are more rational than women and more left brain centered

Question 44

In George Herbert Mead's theory of socialization,when individuals see themselves as others see them,they have accomplished:

A) self-consciousness
B) other-consciousness
C) ego-consciousness
D) sensorimotor consciousness
E) mirror consciousness

Question 45

Which of the following best describes adults who NEVER reach the formal operational stage?

A) They become highly empathetic.
B) They are often overly educated.
C) They continue to "play" with ideas.
D) They cannot deal with hypothetical ideas.
E) They are unable to think in concrete terms.

Question 46

Carol Gilligan's (1982)research on gender roles further develops the ideas of:

A) Sigmund freud
B) George Herbert Mead
C) Jean Piaget
D) Jason Smythe
E) Nancy Chodorow

Question 47

According to Sigmund freud,the learning of gender differences centers on the:

A) relationship with one's father
B) attachment to one's mother
C) sexual nature of sibling relationships
D) presence or absence of a penis
E) psychosocial development of the body

Question 48

According to Sigmund freud,during the period of latency from about five years of age to puberty,sexual activity is suspended and a very important influence in a child's life becomes:

A) opposite-sex peer groups
B) same-sex peer groups
C) opposite-sex parent
D) same-sex parent
E) opposite-sex siblings

Question 49

Jean Piaget's theory of child development is based on the:

A) emergence of a sense of self, of self-awareness
B) stages of cognitive development
C) importance of sociobiology
D) stages of emotive response
E) phases of evolutionary cognition

Question 50

According to Sigmund freud,around the age of four or five,boys and girls identify:

A) more with their peers than their parents
B) more with their siblings than their parents
C) with their same-sex parent
D) with their opposite-sex parent
E) with nonparental adults

Question 51

According to George Herbert Mead,children develop a sense of self by:

A) going through distinct stages of sensorimotor development
B) going to school and learning to read
C) going to church and gaining a soul
D) imitating other people
E) ignoring their parents

Question 52

In _______________ societies,elders often lack authority within the family and community.

A) traditional
B) medieval
C) pastoral
D) industrialized
E) hunting and gathering

Question 53

Applying Nancy Chodorow's theory can be problematic when one is examining gender socialization in:

A) poor families
B) biracial families
C) single-parent families
D) middle-class families
E) African American families

Question 54

Social scientists have developed alternative theories of child development.However,all theories of child socialization share a common understanding of the:

A) importance of human contact
B) significance of symbolic interactionism
C) priority of the preoperational stage
D) tendency of adults to ignore their ongoing socialization
E) significance of functionalism

Question 55

Behavior associated with Jean Piaget's sensorimotor stage is demonstrated when a:

A) child senses that his beliefs vary from what other people believe
B) child learns that when someone says "bye bye," she should wave at that person
C) child's motor skills are independent of cognitive development
D) child learns about her world by handling different objects
E) child learns about the generalized other

Question 56

Which is NOT one of the four major objections to Sigmund freud's theory that is mentioned in the text?

A) Gender learning begins in infancy.
B) In some cultures, mothers are the primary disciplinarians.
C) Boys repress erotic feelings for their mothers.
D) female genitalia are not inferior to male genitalia.
E) Subtle factors other than genital awareness affect gender identity.

Question 57

The highest status in traditional cultures was the age-grade of a(n):

A) child
B) teenager
C) young adult
D) mature adult
E) elder

Question 58

George Herbert Mead referred to the general morals and values of the culture in which a child develops as the:

A) symbolic morality
B) symbolic interaction
C) generalized other
D) corporalized other
E) deputized other

Question 59

Women are more sensitive and compassionate than men,according to Nancy Chodorow's theory of gender development because they are:

A) instinctively more sympathetic
B) able to stay emotionally and physically closer to their mother
C) molded by cultural agents, such as the media, to be more egocentric
D) genetically programmed to be empathic
E) socialized to be more expansive and enigmatic

Question 60

According to Jean Piaget,the ability to understand things from a different perspective does not take place until the:

A) preoperational stage, or when a child is between ages two and seven
B) concrete operational stage, or when a child is between ages seven and 11
C) formal operational state, or when a child is between ages 11 and 15
D) generalized other stage, or when a child is between ages 16 and 18
E) mature operational stage, or when a child becomes an adult

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT true of Statham's (1986)study of parents committed to nonsexist child rearing?

A) Most of the parents were middle-class teachers or professors.
B) Most parents wanted to foster new combinations of masculine and feminine.
C) Most parents were successful with girls but not with boys.
D) Parents found it hard to go against existing gender learning.
E) Most of the children had gender-type toys given to them by others.

Question 62

Part of the challenge for Deborah Carr as a public sociologist examining changes in women's experiences of middle age is to:

A) show the connection between women's individual struggles and changes in society
B) prove that women can experience a positive transition
C) convince policy makers that women need support to return to school and to develop new careers
D) advocate for women's groups trying to increase women's rights
E) take the side of women in the public debate on gendered issues

Question 63

According to the text,which of the following is NOT true about gender learning?

A) By age two, children have a partial understanding of gender.
B) By age four, most children still respond to adult males and females in a similar way.
C) By five or six, children think that a person's sex does not change.
D) Children believe that sex differences are anatomically based.
E) Even babies may associate different scents with men and women.

Question 64

Addressing the question of video games,research by Douglas Gentile (2005)found:

A) no association between violent games and aggressiveness
B) a strong correlation between violent games and aggressiveness
C) an association between violent games and aggressiveness for boys but not one for girls
D) no association between violent games and aggressiveness for girls but one for boys
E) a strong correlation between violent games and aggressiveness for boys but not one for girls

Question 65

Building upon Zammuner's (1986)research,one can conclude that children are less likely to limit their toy preferences by gender if they grow up in:

A) societies with single-sex educational systems
B) societies with coeducational schools
C) single-parent households
D) societies with less traditional gender roles
E) societies with more traditional gender roles

Question 66

According to research by Deborah Carr (2004),which is of the following is NOT a way that women's lives have changed since the middle of the twentieth century?

A) More women are working outside the home.
B) More women are delaying marriage.
C) More women are graduating from college.
D) Women are having fewer children.
E) Women are now making the same money as men.

Question 67

According to Deborah Carr,the relationships between women who came of age in the 1950s and 1960s with their daughters could be characterized by:

A) a desire for their daughters to have the family-centered life path that they enjoyed
B) a mixture of feelings, including admiration, regret, self-criticism, and concern
C) a concern that their daughters are not aggressive enough in a male-dominated world
D) conflict as they compete with one another over the scarce resources of time and attention
E) confusing feelings arising from regretting having had children and having spent too much time at work

Question 68

According to Deborah Carr,women are taking on a "new mid-life" in which they often:

A) exit stale marriages and start businesses
B) feel conflict and retreat to familiar nurturing roles and behaviors
C) enter the workforce for the first time
D) intensify nurturing roles, such as "helicopter" parenting
E) have second families made possible by reproductive technology

Question 69

Research by Jay Belsky et al.(2007)on child development found family experiences to be:

A) very important because they are relatively stable experiences in children's lives
B) less important than school classroom structure in shaping children's outcomes
C) too unstable to make any significant difference in children's performance
D) less important than child care centers
E) important only through sixth grade

Question 70

In the experiment by Will et al.(1976),five mothers reacted to an infant differently depending upon whether:

A) the infant was theirs or belonged to another
B) other infants were present
C) the infant was of the same race or ethnicity as themselves
D) the infant was crying or asleep
E) the infant was dressed as a boy or a girl

Question 71

According to the text,one of the most important debates and current research topics in socialization is in the area of:

A) role enhancement
B) adolescent socialization
C) elderly role reordering
D) gender socialization
E) mid-life role changes

Question 72

In the Jay Belsky et al.(2007)research on child development comparing children cared for by relatives,nonrelatives,and in child-care centers,the authors found all of the following EXCEPT that:

A) children in child care centers had more behavioral problems in elementary school
B) children in high-quality day care settings had higher vocabulary scores than other children
C) the quality of parenting made more difference than who cared for the children
D) child care centers cause behavioral problems
E) only small differences in behavioral problems according to type of caretaker arrangement exist

Question 73

According to Carol Gilligan's (1982)research,women and men differ in their view of moral judgments,with women tending to see contradictions between:

A) centering on personal self-interest and the needs of the generalized other
B) employing authoritarian approaches and empathetic approaches
C) following strict moral guidelines and avoiding harm to others
D) valuing feminist parameters and traditional boundaries
E) adhering to individualist motivators and collective rewards

Question 74

According to Carol Gilligan's (1982)research,men tended to base their notions of moral right and wrong on:

A) abstract ideals of duty, justice, and individual freedom
B) concrete economic and social outcomes
C) instrumental measures of actions and results
D) emotive rewards of bonding and solidarity
E) objective guidelines of church and state

Question 75

According to Carol Gilligan's (1982)research on gender roles,what motivates women to be successful?

A) sex and money
B) power and prestige
C) morality and money
D) helping others and building relationships
E) individual achievements and awards

Question 76

findings by Carolyn Rauch,a former senior vice president of the Entertainment Software Association,which state that "there are no studies that show a causal effect" between violent video games and problematic behavior in children,might prompt you to examine her research further because:

A) other studies concur with these findings
B) the Entertainment Software Association may have an interest in this conclusion
C) Rauch's findings are different than those of her industry colleagues
D) her research is clearly outdated
E) her research requires a control group

Question 77

Weitzman's research in the 1970s found that most storybooks and television for children portrayed:

A) general gender equality
B) gender equality at home but not in the workforce
C) traditional gender role reinforcement
D) marked change in female but not male roles
E) significant change in male roles but traditional female roles

Question 78

Zammuner's (1986)research on children in Italy and Holland found,as did other studies,that:

A) girls from both societies were more likely to choose gender-neutral or opposite-sex toys than were boys
B) boys from both societies were more likely to choose gender-neutral or opposite-sex toys than were girls
C) girls and boys were both likely to choose gender-neutral or opposite-sex toys
D) Italian girls and Dutch boys were the most likely to choose gender-neutral or opposite-sex toys
E) Italian boys and Dutch girls were the most likely to choose gender-neutral or opposite-sex toys

Question 79

During a Congressional public health summit,the American Medical Association and other organizations cited over 3,500 studies that:

A) deny a link between violent video games and problematic behavior in children
B) find no clear or significant association between violent video games and problematic behavior in children
C) support a link between violent video games and problematic behavior in children
D) call for a full repeal of violent video games
E) support video games as intellectually stimulating play

Question 80

In research comparing toy preferences among children in Italy and Holland,Zammuner (1986)found that:

A) Italian children were more likely to choose gender-typed toys than Dutch children
B) Dutch children were more likely to choose gender-typed toys than Italian children
C) Italian children were less likely to choose gender-typed toys than their parents
D) Dutch children were less likely to choose gender-typed toys than their parents
E) there was no difference between Italian and Dutch children for their choice of toys despite cultural differences