Deck 10: Gender Inequality

Question 1

Variations in gender roles found in the many different societies studied by social scientists demonstrate that:

A) gender roles are biologically determined
B) social scientists are unable to understand gender roles in other societies
C) gender roles are culturally determined
D) the idea of "gender roles" is meaningless
E) gender roles are essentially the same everywhere with only minor variations

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The systematic domination of females by males is called:

A) feminism
B) sex
C) matriarchy
D) patriarchy
E) masculinity

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Gender socialization begins:

A) at birth
B) around age two or three
C) when a child starts school
D) at puberty
E) upon adulthood

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Over the past 50 years,women's participation in the paid labor force:

A) has gone up and down with no clear pattern
B) has dropped steadily
C) has risen steadily
D) dropped for the first 25 years but rose for the last 25
E) rose for the first 25 years but dropped for the last 25

Question 5

Some sociologists argue that women are just as aggressive as men,but women display a different style of aggression that is consistent with gender norms.for women in the United States,this is called:

A) relationship violence
B) feminized aggression
C) physical aggression
D) interpersonal aggression
E) relationship aggression

Question 6

Theories of natural differences generally use which of the following to support their assertions?

A) humans
B) genetic material
C) secondary research
D) anthropological studies
E) animal behavior

Question 7

Scholars use the term _______________ to refer to biological differences between men and women.

A) sex
B) gender
C) biosex
D) biogender
E) sexuality

Question 8

In female journalist Norah Vincent's Self-Made Man: One Woman's Year Disguised as a Man,which documents her year spent living as a man,she found that:

A) biological females cannot convincingly "do masculinity"
B) people did not treat her much differently as a man than as a woman
C) people confused her for a man for years after her study was completed
D) one's gender identity is limited to physical appearance
E) gender is powerful in shaping even the most ordinary encounters

Question 9

Any difference in status,power,and prestige between men and women in groups,collectives,and societies is known as:

A) patriarchy
B) matriarchy
C) masculinity
D) feminism
E) gender inequality

Question 10

What is the difference between the terms sex and gender?

A) Sex is a verb; gender is a noun.
B) Sex is a biological term; gender is a sociological term.
C) Sex refers to men; gender refers to women.
D) Sex refers to aggressive behavior; gender refers to expressive behavior.
E) We value sex and devalue gender.

Question 11

Which gender is the dominant and aggressive one among the !Kung of the Kalahari Desert?

A) The men are dominant because they provide most of the food.
B) The women are dominant, especially in their authoritarian approach to child rearing.
C) Both men and women are aggressive, leading to a constant battle of the sexes.
D) Men are aggressive in providing most of the food, but women are aggressive when it comes to sex.
E) Neither men nor women because aggressive behavior is discouraged for both genders in !Kung society.

Question 12

Scholars use the term _______________ to refer to the psychological,social,and cultural differences between women and men.

A) sex
B) gender
C) biosex
D) biogender
E) sexuality

Question 13

A growing number of sociologists have argued that:

A) only gender is socially constructed; sex is clearly biological
B) only sex is socially constructed; gender is clearly biological
C) both gender and sex are socially constructed
D) neither gender nor sex is socially constructed
E) both gender and sex are biologically determined

Question 14

When do people begin to treat children in specific ways because of their gender?

A) as they enter college and make career decisions
B) as they begin kindergarten
C) during adolescence and the onset of puberty
D) from the moment they are born
E) only as they enter the labor force

Question 15

Sociologists using the theory of the social construction of gender would argue that:

A) we make up gender roles as we go
B) gender and sex are make-believe
C) gender and sex are not biologically but socially constructed
D) both sex and gender are biological
E) gender is not an important concept to study

Question 16

According to the text,one's biological sex refers to:

A) one's social roles
B) one's gender
C) one's sexual orientation
D) the psychological, social, and cultural differences between males and females
E) the anatomical differences distinguishing males from females

Question 17

Sociological critics of gender socialization point out that:

A) neither gender nor sex is biological
B) gender socialization does not work
C) gender and sex are the same thing
D) gender socialization is a myth
E) we need to concentrate on biology more

Question 18

Sociological critics of gender socialization point out that:

A) testosterone increases aggression in monkeys; gender is clearly biologically determined
B) humans are active participants in their socialization, not passive recipients of gender programming by agencies of socialization
C) men possess biologically based tendencies toward aggression that women lack
D) different agents of gender socialization work together to brainwash individuals to conform to gender norms
E) gender socialization is not as powerful as other types of socialization

Question 19

Although in the past 30 years the pay gap between men and women has _______________,on average _______________.

A) increased slightly; pay rates are essentially equal
B) increased a lot; women make substantially more than men
C) narrowed; women make substantially more than men
D) narrowed; women make substantially less than men
E) remained the same; women make substantially more than men

Question 20

Male dominance in a society is called:

A) patriarchy
B) matriarchy
C) masculinity
D) natural order
E) the Y factor

Question 21

Which of the following would be classified as sexual harassment according to the 1998 Supreme Court decision?

A) At work, a man tells a woman that he likes the way she looks that day.
B) A salesman calls a female customer "honey" or "babe."
C) Construction workers whistle loudly when some women walk by the construction site.
D) Some men regale the office staff with "dumb blonde" jokes.
E) A man has a severely hostile female supervisor.

Question 22

According to the human capital theory,women earn less than men on average because:

A) most women are not qualified for the jobs they hold
B) women take more breaks during the workday and employers must dock their pay
C) money is less important to women than it is to men, so employers pay them less
D) employers are less likely to "invest" in their female employees because women do not work as hard as men
E) employers are less likely to "invest" in their female employees because they believe the women will have more interruptions in their careers: for example, for child rearing

Question 23

The policy that would pay employees based on the worth of their work rather than the personal characteristics of the majority of workers in that job is called:

A) radical feminism
B) comparable worth
C) black feminism
D) sex segregation
E) gender typing

Question 24

Unwanted or repeated sexual advances,remarks,or behavior that is offensive to the recipient and causes discomfort or interference with job performance constitutes:

A) patriarchy
B) gender typing
C) sexual harassment
D) a glass escalator
E) a glass ceiling

Question 25

A policy that compares pay rates for different jobs based on a presumably objective assessment of skill,effort,responsibility,and working conditions is referred to as:

A) a patriarchy
B) gender typing
C) a glass ceiling
D) a glass escalator
E) comparable worth

Question 26

An economic theory suggesting that people who invest more in their schooling,on-the-job training,and work experience are paid more is known as the:

A) stereotyping
B) structural functionalism
C) comparable worth
D) gender typing
E) human capital

Question 27

Despite the Pay Equity Act of 1963,the gender gap in pay has NOT been eliminated; this is a result of:

A) liberal feminism
B) radical feminism
C) sex segregation
D) structural functionalism
E) racial integration

Question 28

When women are steered into poorly paid jobs with few prospects for career advancement,_______________ occurs.

A) patriarchy
B) matriarchy
C) masculinization
D) feminism
E) gender typing

Question 29

_______________ means that women and men are concentrated in different occupations.

A) Socialist construction of work
B) Sex segregation or gender typing
C) Sex integration
D) Gender concentration
E) Radical feminism

Question 30

Which of the following generally describes the attitude of women and of men about careers?

A) Both men and women recognize that a woman's career is more important than child care responsibilities.
B) Both men and women are socialized to believe that a man's career is more important than a woman's.
C) Although men may believe that their careers are more important than a woman's, women do not believe this assertion.
D) Women believe that their man's career is more important than their own; however, men do not accept this difference.
E) Most men and women do not think much about their careers.

Question 31

A commonly held assumptions about women and work is that women:

A) have a more global perspective on economic issues than men do.
B) have natural leadership skills that are best displayed in emergency situations.
C) are naturally more capable than men in executive situations that require quick responses.
D) are naturally better in support positions in office settings than in managerial positions.
E) are more ambitious than men.

Question 32

Sex segregation results in _______________ for _______________.

A) higher pay; both men and women in predominantly female jobs
B) lower pay; both men and women in predominantly female jobs
C) higher pay; men in female jobs over men in male jobs
D) the same pay; women in female jobs as men in male jobs
E) the same pay; women in male jobs as men in female jobs

Question 33

In 2010,women held 96% of the jobs in which of the following occupations?

A) secretary
B) college professor
C) taxi driver
D) lawyer
E) family practice physician

Question 34

An organization with a promotion barrier that prevents a woman's upward mobility is said to have:

A) a patriarchy
B) gender typing
C) comparable worth
D) comparable work
E) a glass ceiling

Question 35

Human capital theorists reason that women choose occupations that are easy to move in and out of while still providing a decent income because women:

A) are more indecisive than men
B) do not have the ability to commit to a strong career trajectory
C) do not suffer from a wage penalty when they reenter the workforce
D) have primary allegiance to home and family
E) like easier jobs in which they do not have to work hard

Question 36

The text refers to companies such as State farm Insurance and Wal-Mart that deny women the ability to advance in their companies as:

A) feminist workplaces
B) equitable places for women to work
C) practicing sound management
D) being workplace gatekeepers
E) comparable worth

Question 37

When sociologists refer to a patriarchal society,they are describing a society:

A) that routinely tests newborn babies to determine the identity of the father
B) that respects the elderly
C) in which men dominate economic and political institutions
D) in which chivalrous behavior from men is rewarded
E) that is dominated by feminists

Question 38

More than one-half of the graduates from colleges of business administration are women.In most cases,these graduates are able to find fairly good entry-level positions.However,women's mobility up the corporate hierarchy is often thwarted.This barrier is called:

A) the nurturing of gender difference
B) the high-tech hurdle
C) the sexual harassment syndrome
D) patriarchal revenge
E) the glass ceiling

Question 39

Men in traditionally female occupations often experience a _______________ according to a 1992 study by Christine Williams.

A) patriarchy
B) matriarchy
C) comparable worth problem
D) glass escalator
E) glass ceiling

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the human capital theory made by feminist sociologists?

A) Childhood socialization into traditional gender roles may limit the extent to which women freely "choose" their occupations.
B) Women may be prevented from entering certain occupations due to discrimination by "gatekeepers" on the job.
C) The difference in power between men and women in society limits women from redefining their occupations as skilled.
D) Guidance counselors and college advisers may discourage women from going into certain occupations.
E) Women's primary allegiance is to home and the family.

Question 41

In schools,boys and girls are treated unequally:

A) in the content of their interaction with teachers
B) by teachers but not school administrators
C) by school administrators but not teachers
D) because girls request special treatment more often than boys
E) in how often they are excused to use the restroom

Question 42

Women are more likely to hold seats in national legislatures when:

A) women's rights are a strong cultural value
B) women comprise a minority of the workforce
C) men's movements are politically active
D) women have children on average after age 25
E) women forgo postsecondary schooling to pursue a political career

Question 43

Since the 1950s,women's participation in the labor force has risen more or less continuously,and now women:

A) have replaced men as the primary breadwinners in most families
B) earn more than men
C) earn just as much as men
D) now outnumber men in the labor force
E) participate in a labor force that is starting to decline dramatically because of recent recessions

Question 44

The type of sexual harassment that involves the demand for sexual favors as a condition of the job or in return for work-related benefits is:

A) quid pro quo
B) pro bono
C) a hostile work environment
D) a glass escalator
E) a glass ceiling

Question 45

As a result of differential treatment in schools,girls are socialized to be:

A) quiet
B) inquisitive
C) active problem solvers
D) assertive
E) group leaders

Question 46

It is difficult to know how many rapes actually occur because

A) rape is rare, so statistics are hard to find
B) not all women know when they have been raped
C) most reported rapes are false reports
D) most rapes go unreported
E) there is no legal definition of rape

Question 47

Violence against women takes many forms.Which among the following is NOT considered to be a form of violence against women?

A) sexual violence
B) physical violence
C) mutilation
D) female infanticide
E) housework

Question 48

Which of the following is an accurate assessment of rape?

A) A key difference between men's and women's beliefs about rape is in the varying definitions of forced sex.
B) Men and women agree on exactly what constitutes rape; they disagree on the percentages of women who are raped.
C) fortunately, in most cases, rapists are sexual predators who are easily identified in the government's sexual predator database.
D) few women know their rapists, making it very difficult to arrest and prosecute them.
E) The increase in rapes is a result of the increasingly sexual environment in which we live.

Question 49

Women are so often the targets of sexual violence because

A) they increasingly dress in revealing clothing that excites men
B) of MTV primarily
C) they are tolerant of forced or violent sex as a means to ensure that they have a boyfriend
D) they rarely fight back whereas a man attempting to rape a man could be seriously harmed by the victim
E) men are socialized to feel sexual entitlement

Question 50

Consensual sex is intercourse that is desired by both participants equally,but many researchers argue that between consensual sex and rape lies:

A) nothing; it is either no or yes
B) a continuum of pressure, threat, coercion, and force
C) overt pressure for women not to participate in any type of sex
D) the complications from workers in the sex industry
E) the question of harassment

Question 51

Teachers show a bias against girls in the classroom by:

A) punishing girls more often for their misbehavior than boys, whose bad behaviors are more generally tolerated
B) being more likely to call on girls for answers, which often causes embarrassment for the girls
C) asking them to be quiet more often than they ask boys to be quiet
D) providing girls with the correct answers but helping boys solve the problems
E) being more likely to label girls rather than boys as having learning disabilities

Question 52

Monica is nervous about walking alone at night and is wary of any new men that she meets.Susan Brownmiller would argue that this is one of the consequences of:

A) being a woman
B) dressing provocatively
C) having an overactive imagination
D) experiencing sexual harassment
E) living in a "rape culture"

Question 53

_______________ outnumber _______________ in special education and are being labeled with learning disabilities in larger percentages.

A) Girls; boys
B) Boys; girls
C) White girls; Latino boys
D) White boys; white girls
E) White boys; Latino boys

Question 54

What agency has helped develop ties among women's movements in countries around the world?

A) the men's movement
B) the International Roundtable of Global Corporations (IRGC)
C) the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and Empowerment
D) the National Security Administration
E) None of the above; no such ties currently exist.

Question 55

A political office is more likely to be considered "man's work" the:

A) more time the politician spends in the spotlight
B) more likely it is to be won by a Democrat
C) farther from home the political office is
D) closer to home the political office is
E) fewer people a politician will have working for him

Question 56

Women are much less likely than men to obtain a secondary education in:

A) the United States
B) Iran
C) Sweden
D) Singapore
E) the Netherlands

Question 57

When sociologists refer to the "second shift" for working women,they mean the:

A) shift of women workers from industrial jobs to service jobs
B) movement of women from teaching primary grades to secondary teaching
C) fact that most women found it more acceptable to work from 5:00 P.M. to 1:00 A.M. rather than the first shift from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M.
D) burden of housework that awaits a woman when she returns home from work
E) fact that women are mothers from 3:00 P.M., when school is over, to 9:00 P.M., when the children go to sleep, followed by being a wife from 9:00 P.M. until the morning

Question 58

Because men usually have more _______________ than women,women are more often the victims of sexual harassment.

A) sex drive
B) power
C) intelligence
D) automobiles
E) facial and chest hair

Question 59

In regard to work in the home,women do most of the _______________ while men do most of the: _______________.

A) housework; child care
B) child care; housework
C) daily chores; occasional tasks
D) occasional tasks; daily chores
E) dusting; sweeping

Question 60

Which of the following has been offered as a sociological explanation for the gap between women's and men's work in the home?

A) Women do most of the housework in exchange for economic support from men.
B) Women generally enjoy doing housework whereas men generally do not.
C) Men do not have the ability to be primary caregivers.
D) Women are biologically predisposed to doing housework because of their superior organizational skills.
E) Most women prefer not to work outside the home.

Question 61

A sociologist who puts gender at the center of the analysis of the social world can be said to be using:

A) feminist theory
B) a gendered analysis
C) a biased perspective
D) a functionalist analysis
E) the sociological imagination

Question 62

Multiple genders are practiced among all Native American cultures.

Question 63

The perspective that argues that men are responsible for and benefit from the exploitation of women and advocates abolition of the family and the power relations that characterize it is:

A) liberal feminism
B) radical feminism
C) black feminism
D) Parsonian functionalism
E) Marxism

Question 64

With regard to child rearing,the !Kung of the Kalahari Desert are unique in that:

A) children learn that aggressive behavior is tolerated only by women
B) both men and women engage in child care
C) !Kung do not have specific sex roles
D) men are the primary caregivers of children
E) both boys and girls learn to be independent at a very young age.

Question 65

Men are promoted more often when they have jobs in a typically female occupation.

Question 66

Multiple genders in traditional Native American societies are the historical counterparts of transsexuals or transvestites in the United States.

Question 67

The perspective that explains gender inequalities in terms of social and cultural attitudes and argues for solutions that involve working in the existing system toward gradual reform is:

A) liberal feminism
B) radical feminism
C) black feminism
D) Parsonian functionalism
E) Marxism

Question 68

Gender roles vary greatly from culture to culture.

Question 69

The assumption shared by all schools of feminist thought is:

A) women have an unequal position in society
B) a rejection of the idea that gender has an influence on social life
C) a belief that the roots of gender inequality are in biology
D) the idea that looking good is looking smart
E) the American family is a matriarchy

Question 70

Despite the decreasing gender gap in pay,men still earn substantially more than women.

Question 71

Which of the following statements accurately describes the political status of women in the United States?

A) Equal rights for women are important in American ideology, which explains why the United States leads the world in the number of women participating as elected officials.
B) Women have no political status in the United States.
C) Using the United Nations' gender power rankings, the United States ranks highest among Western industrialized countries.
D) Women's representation in the U.S. Congress mirrors their proportion in the total population.
E) The percentage of women in the U.S. Congress is similar to the percentage of women in national assemblies throughout the world.

Question 72

feminists criticize the maternal deprivation thesis,which asserts that children will be _______________ if not raised by their own mother or a female mother substitute.

A) normal
B) socialized
C) inadequately socialized
D) maternal
E) feminist

Question 73

According to the functionalist sociologist Talcott Parsons,the family is most efficient when it operates with a clear sexual division of labor with the females performing the _______________ role and males performing the _______________ role.

A) expressive; instrumental
B) instrumental; expressive
C) gender; sex
D) sex; gender
E) feminist; patriarchal

Question 74

The type of feminism that would be most likely to reject the statement that "sisterhood is universal" is:

A) liberal
B) socialist
C) postmodern
D) radical
E) functionalist

Question 75

The perspective that focuses on the interaction of race,class,and gender in the disadvantages faced by women is:

A) liberal feminism
B) radical feminism
C) black feminism
D) Parsonian functionalism
E) Marxism

Question 76

Gender inequality is best understood as a separate issue from class and race.

Question 77

The goal of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and Empowerment is to:

A) promote the traditional role of women in bearing children, raising them, and ensuring the domestic tranquility of the home
B) recognize that equality for women and girls is a social and economic imperative
C) ensure that no country interferes with the gender role definitions of another country
D) mandate that all women enter the labor force
E) prevent the use of birth control and abortion in low-income countries

Question 78

The two types of feminism that reject the idea that women have a unified identity and experiences are:

A) radical feminism and liberal feminism
B) functionalist feminism and black feminism
C) black feminism and liberal feminism
D) postmodern feminism and black feminism
E) postmodern feminism and radical feminism

Question 79

The gender pay gap has narrowed so considerably that men and women now earn the same amount of money for the same type of work.

Question 80

Since 1970,the participation of women in traditionally male jobs has increased.