Deck 3: Health Services in Perspective

Question 1

Those who are healthier generally live longer than those who are sicker, but by the end of their lives, their cumulative health expenditures are less.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Each year we spend more on medical care, but the returns decrease over time.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

We spend about what percent of our health care dollars on education and prevention?

A) 10
B) 50
C) 90
D) 75

Answer 3

10

Question 4

While we are living longer, we are also experiencing fewer chronically ill individuals who are consuming less health resources.

Question 5

The burden of disease is growing as well as the prevalence, with more individuals requiring assistance in the form of canes, walkers, wheelchairs, or other medical equipment.

Question 6

Which of the following is a public health effort?

A) Sewage systems
B) Farmers' markets
C) Low-cost insurance
D) None of the above

Question 7

Which of the following was NOT a major cause of death from the sixteenth to the early twentieth centuries?

A) Pneumonia
B) Tuberculosis
C) Heart disease
D) Diarrhea and enteritis

Question 8

Why is there a sustained increase in demand for health care services when those funds could be spent elsewhere and produce better returns?

A) Patients are not rational consumers.
B) Patients do not usually pay for care at the time they receive it.
C) Health care is a business, and providers are willing to offer services that may be of marginal value in the aggregate but may benefit an individual patient.
D) All of the above

Question 9

When was the first sanatorium for tuberculosis treatment opened?

A) 1900
B) 1890
C) 1940
D) 1910

Question 10

Health care costs have increased faster than general inflation almost every year.

Question 11

Modern medicine is not synonymous with health care.

Question 12

We are not getting as much value out of treatments for heart attacks as we did 20 years ago.

Question 13

Health care expenditures are greater for those who live longer or are healthier.

Question 14

We spend about what percent of our health care dollars on public health measures?

A) 10
B) 3
C) 15
D) 25

Question 15

Health care services, like many other goods and services, have diminishing marginal returns.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes our health care expenditures since 1990?

A) They have doubled.
B) They have more than tripled.
C) They have decreased by 50 percent.
D) They have stayed the same.

Question 17

When insurance is paying for care, patients are less likely to question if they are getting enough "value" for the service.

Question 18

Many treatments improve our daily quality of life without contributing to gains in life expectancy.

Question 19

We are not getting adequate returns on our investment in medical care, although demand for health care is increasing.

Question 20

It is easy to precisely estimate the costs of fraud, waste, and defensive medicine.

Question 21

Human beings use five modes of mediation between them and their vulnerability to disease. What are the two main categories into which these modes are divided?

A) Nontechnical and technical
B) Holistic and naturopathy
C) Rustic and modern
D) Modern and futuristic

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the high-tech approach?

A) Rapidly rising expenditures
B) Concentration of resources in acute hospitals
C) The nursing shortage
D) A medical education system that emphasizes specialty training and cures rather than primary care and prevention

Question 23

Which of the following describes an increase in blood pressure and an increase in cholesterol level?

A) Lifestyle or behavioral factors
B) Normal age-related factors
C) Chronic illnesses with long durations
D) None of the above

Question 24

What are the leading causes of death today?

A) Heart disease, cancer, and stroke
B) Pneumonia, diabetes, and cancer
C) Heart disease, diabetes, and chronic respiratory disease
D) Cancer, stroke, and obesity

Question 25

The __research industry is interested in self-preservation, which includes its continued quest for cures, as opposed to emphasizing prevention.

Question 26

Why did nutrition levels drop and infection rates increase in early agricultural development?

A) We consumed less protein, causing an imbalance.
B) We used most of our clean water for crops instead of consumption.
C) We were inferior farmers living closer together.
D) We did not know how to preserve food for the winter.

Question 27

The top three causes of death (heart disease, cancer, and stroke) are largely related to __factors.

Question 28

The first advances in increasing life expectancy came from __health efforts.

Question 29

Humans are not genetically programmed to endure the stresses and consequent illness of life in an industrialized, __society.

Question 30

___medicine increases costs, but does not really help the practitioner treat the patient and may even harm the patient.

Question 31

In 2010, the crude death rate in the United States was estimated to be 8.38 per ______.

Question 32

__medicine occurs when providers order additional or "unnecessary" tests to protect themselves in case of a lawsuit.

Question 33

An __cost is the value of an alternative decision that was forgone once a choice has been made.

Question 34

Which of the following does NOT fall into the nontechnical category?

A) Compassion
B) Clinical trials
C) Religion
D) Magic

Question 35

Most of our burden of disease and causes of death now are related to __illnesses with long durations and few changes or slow progressions.

Question 36

Modern medicine approaches the treatment of diseases using sophisticated technology, investing large amounts of money, and focusing on curative treatments. Which of the following is NOT one of the five main reasons for our reliance on the high-tech approach?

A) Technical response
B) Desire to live longer
C) Space shot mentality
D) Inertia

Question 37

Which of the following was NOT a factor responsible for the decline in mortality and improvement in health status currently enjoyed in the twenty-first century?

A) Availability of insurance
B) Improved nutrition
C) Clean water
D) Appropriate sewage disposal

Question 38

We spend about what percent of our health care dollars on acute and chronic care treatment?

A) 10
B) 50
C) 90
D) 75

Question 39

__and compulsory immunization for diphtheria were not introduced until the 1940s.

Question 40

In response to the increased costs associated with health care, the United States health care system has employed which of the following strategies?

A) Shifting from fee-for-service and indemnity coverage to managed care
B) Standard protocols and formularies of treatment
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above
Completion
Complete each statement.

Question 41

Match the term to the definition or description:
Occurs when providers order additional or "unnecessary" tests to protect themselves in case of a lawsuit

A)Defensive medicine
B)Diminishing marginal returns
C)Mechanistic approach to the treatment of disease
D)"Flat-of-the-curve" medicine
E)Inertia
F)Leading causes of death

Question 42

Match the term to the definition or description:
A law of physics that states that a body in motion, left to itself, will keep moving (similarly, a body at rest will stay at rest if it is left to itself)

A)Defensive medicine
B)Diminishing marginal returns
C)Mechanistic approach to the treatment of disease
D)"Flat-of-the-curve" medicine
E)Inertia
F)Leading causes of death

Question 43

Match the term to the definition or description:
Heart disease, cancer, and stroke

A)Defensive medicine
B)Diminishing marginal returns
C)Mechanistic approach to the treatment of disease
D)"Flat-of-the-curve" medicine
E)Inertia
F)Leading causes of death

Question 44

Match the term with the definition or description:
50 percent of the life expectancy gains from 1960-2000 (almost 7 years for newborns) were attributable to this.

A)Medical care
B)Preventive public health
C)"Way-of-life factors"
D)Space shot mentality

Question 45

Match the term to the definition or description:
Treatment approach is based on the assumption that humans operate as "machines."

A)Defensive medicine
B)Diminishing marginal returns
C)Mechanistic approach to the treatment of disease
D)"Flat-of-the-curve" medicine
E)Inertia
F)Leading causes of death

Question 46

Match the term to the definition or description:
The point in many health care treatments where we do not get any additional increase in health status for additional spending

A)Defensive medicine
B)Diminishing marginal returns
C)Mechanistic approach to the treatment of disease
D)"Flat-of-the-curve" medicine
E)Inertia
F)Leading causes of death

Question 47

Match the term with the definition or description:
Trends over the past 20 years show a decrease in the number of motor-vehicle deaths, especially those related to alcohol.

A)Medical care
B)Preventive public health
C)"Way-of-life factors"
D)Space shot mentality

Question 48

Match the term with the definition or description:
Measures have been the most cost-effective health care interventions to date

A)Medical care
B)Preventive public health
C)"Way-of-life factors"
D)Space shot mentality

Question 49

Match the term with the definition or description:
Investing large amounts of money to achieve success

A)Medical care
B)Preventive public health
C)"Way-of-life factors"
D)Space shot mentality

Question 50

Match the term to the definition or description:
For each additional dollar spent, we obtain less of a gain in output, whether it is measured by increased life expectancy, lower mortality, or better quality of life.

A)Defensive medicine
B)Diminishing marginal returns
C)Mechanistic approach to the treatment of disease
D)"Flat-of-the-curve" medicine
E)Inertia
F)Leading causes of death