Deck 21: The Freedom Movement

Question 1

What amendment did the NAACP claim southern states were violating when they lacked black graduate education facilities or refused admittance to blacks?

A) the First Amendment
B) the Tenth Amendment
C) the Fourteenth Amendment
D) the Twenty-First Amendment

Answer 1

the Fourteenth Amendment

Question 2

Who was chosen to lead the new Montgomery Improvement Association?

A) E.D.Nixon
B) Rosa Parks
C) Martin Luther King, Jr.
D) Jo Ann Robinson

Answer 2

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Question 3

What is true about school desegregation under Brown by 1960?

A) About 75 percent of all school systems had been desegregated.
B) Only 17 school systems had been desegregated.
C) All but a few schools in Alabama and Mississippi had been desegregated.
D) No school systems were desegregated under Brown at that time.

Answer 3

Only 17 school systems had been desegregated.

Question 4

Because he was perceived as a communist,whom did the FBI stop warning after uncovering threats to his life?

A) Bayard Rustin
B) Marcus Garvey
C) W.E.B.Du Bois
D) Martin Luther King, Jr.

Question 5

How was the case of Briggs v.Elliot different from prior NAACP cases in education?

A) It involved medical-school education, rather than law school.
B) It was the first case to involve elementary-school education.
C) It was the first successful desegregation case.
D) It was a loss for the NAACP and resulted in large setbacks.

Question 6

How do most white Americans view the 1950s?

A) as a difficult time of repression and racial violence
B) as a time of stable families and great prosperity
C) as a time of great musical developments by blacks
D) as a frightening time of worries about nuclear holocaust

Question 7

What did the Supreme Court decide in Sweatt v.Painter?

A) Blacks had no right to be admitted to white law schools if the school had a separate facility of any kind.
B) Sweatt had to be admitted to the main law school, not simply given space in the basement of the university.
C) Elementary education should not be segregated, as it had a negative effect on young schoolchildren and promoted racism.
D) The NAACP had no right to fund the legal education of black students at white schools.

Question 8

What did the Brown II decision say?

A) Schools should desegregate "with all deliberate speed."
B) The Brown decision should be ignored because it was issued without due care.
C) The president should enforce the Brown decision with all the resources at his command.
D) African Americans should not have to tolerate segregation in any public facility.

Question 9

What provoked whites in Money,Mississippi,to lynch Emmett Till?

A) Till attempted to register to vote in rural Georgia.
B) Till raped a white woman in a large southern city.
C) He breached social etiquette-the boy called a white woman "Baby."
D) Till was married to a white woman and had several children in the North with her.

Question 10

When Rosa Parks was arrested,how long did E.D.Nixon and Jo Ann Robinson initially plan for the boycott to last?

A) one year
B) one month
C) one week
D) one day

Question 11

What effect did the lynching of Emmett Till have on young black Americans?

A) It frightened many.Young people would take only a small role in the civil rights movement because of their fear.
B) It made many young black men turn to violence, crime, and terrorism.
C) Because Till had been a war hero, many young blacks enlisted in the army.
D) It infuriated many of them and caused them to fight its ever happening again.

Question 12

What event sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

A) the leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr.
B) a dispute over police brutality in the city
C) the violence against black men on the buses
D) the arrest of Rosa Parks, a civil rights activist

Question 13

What Montgomery group was pivotal in the effectiveness of the boycott?

A) The children of the city were pivotal because they persuaded adults to avoid the buses.
B) The women of the city, who funded and organized the boycott, were pivotal.
C) Martin Luther King, Jr., was the only reason the boycott became a major success.
D) The ministers, who were united behind the cause and took great personal risks, were pivotal.

Question 14

What was the result of the Brown case?

A) The court declared that separate educations for blacks and whites were not equal, therefore overturning the Plessy case.
B) Blacks were once again denied a right to equal educational opportunities.
C) The Supreme Court agreed that segregation was bad but refused to issue a decision in the matter.
D) All educational facilities, both private and public, had to be desegregated immediately.

Question 15

What group was pivotal in early organizing and protest against the segregated buses in Montgomery?

A) League of Women Voters
B) Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
C) Southern Christian Leadership Conference
D) Women's Political Council

Question 16

How did President Eisenhower react to the Brown decision?

A) He supported it, and used his resources to desegregate the schools.
B) He fought the decision at every turn and never assisted blacks in any way.
C) He did not accept the ruling completely and refused to back it entirely.
D) Eisenhower was unable to enforce Brown because he was so unpopular in office.

Question 17

How does the life and career of Constance Baker Motley symbolize the struggle that black professionals waged during the era?

A) She was easily accepted to the nation's highest law schools and jobs.
B) She became the Democrats' top lawyer in the defense of segregation in schools.
C) She struggled to overcome racial barriers to educational and career advancement.
D) Her career was destroyed by the combined efforts of the Ku Klux Klan and the U.S.Congress.

Question 18

Which of the following cases involved a young woman who had been denied admission to a law school because she was black?

A) Gaines v.Canada
B) Sweatt v.Painter
C) Sipuel v.Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
D) Brown v.Board of Education

Question 19

What did the Supreme Court decide in the case of Browder v.Gayle?

A) Whites had a right to segregate under the Fourteenth Amendment.
B) Blacks had no right to sue a private facility for discrimination.
C) Segregation in public transportation was unconstitutional.
D) Law schools had to be open to both blacks and whites.

Question 20

How did the boycott affect the bus system?

A) It did not-whites were able to compensate by riding the buses more regularly.
B) The marches and protests completely disrupted the bus routes.
C) It had a dramatic effect-it reduced bus ridership by 65 percent.
D) It affected the bus system slightly, but it was the lawsuit that was the most effective.

Question 21

Why was Rosa Parks arrested on December 1,1955?

A) for organizing the bus boycott
B) for sitting in the white section of the bus
C) for refusing to move from her seat for a white man
D) she was assisting with marches and demonstrations over the boycott

Question 22

Which of the following is true about the Civil Rights Act of 1957?

A) The act outlawed poll taxes and literacy tests.
B) The act created a commission to study infringements on black voting.
C) The act provided an enforcement mechanism for school systems that refused to integrate.
D) The act outlawed all discrimination in employment.

Question 23

How did white violence impact the development of the civil rights movement?

A) It made no impact.
B) It helped to end the movement.
C) It revealed southern racism to the larger public, extending the movement.
D) It found approval as a tactic by the federal government, ending the movement.

Question 24

What group did students form to continue their activism?

A) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
B) Southern Christian Leadership Conference
C) Congress of Racial Equality
D) Southern Regional Congress

Question 25

How did many local residents of the southern towns support the students' efforts?

A) Southerners never supported black efforts.
B) Many southerners moved North at this time as a protest against the South.
C) They supported them through economic boycotts of offending businesses.
D) They supported them by donating substantial amounts of money to black colleges.

Question 26

What adult proved very influential in the formation of SNCC?

A) Martin Luther King, Jr.
B) Ella Baker
C) Bayard Rustin
D) Jackie Robinson

Question 27

What group did Martin Luther King,Jr.,form to continue the civil rights struggle begun with the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

A) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
B) Montgomery Bus Boycott League
C) Southern Christian Leadership Council
D) Congress of Racial Equality

Question 28

What is true about the sit-in in Greensboro,North Carolina,in February of 1960?

A) It was a completely spontaneous effort, with little planning beforehand.
B) It was the first time the sit-in tactic had been used.
C) It sparked similar activities and support from the student community.
D) It was a complete failure generally.

Question 29

What group began to come to the forefront of the civil rights movement beginning in 1960?

A) older blacks
B) northern whites
C) college students
D) gays and lesbians

Question 30

How did whites in Alabama react to the Freedom Riders passing through their state?

A) They paid little attention because the riders were peaceful and made no trouble.
B) They reacted violently, bombing the buses and beating the riders and bystanders.
C) They generally supported the black students, as long as they were peaceful and quiet.
D) They overwhelmingly supported the students with donations of food, clothes, and money.

Question 31

Which of the following is true about the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

A) It was a spontaneous action with little planning, history, or effort behind it.
B) The bus boycott was a result of years of activism and organization.
C) The bus boycott damaged the city's buses but was ultimately unsuccessful.
D) It was planned, led, and organized entirely by the capable Martin Luther King, Jr.

Question 32

Why did the NAACP decide not to use Claudette Colvin's arrest as a test case on the buses?

A) Colvin was a white woman who tried to sit in the black section of the bus, and they wanted a black woman arrested.
B) Colvin and her parents were not part of the local black social elite.
C) Colvin was too old and in unstable health, and they did not feel she would make it through an arduous trial.
D) Colvin had already had her life threatened by white supremacists in Montgomery and Birmingham.

Question 33

Why did the SCLC object to the tactics and methods of SNCC?

A) They thought that SNCC was too conservative in accepting segregation.
B) They wanted the students to work solely on issues for younger children.
C) They thought that SNCC was too radical and disrupted race relations.
D) They wanted less control of the movement.

Question 34

How did Orville Faubus react to the Brown decision?

A) He completely accepted it.
B) He attempted to build a new school for blacks to keep them from integrating.
C) He decided to do nothing and was quickly voted out of office by a white supremacist majority of the state.
D) He tried to keep blacks from attending the local high school by posting National Guardsmen there.

Question 35

What was the outcome of the Freedom Rides?

A) All of the students made it successfully to New Orleans.
B) The students who persevered through Alabama were arrested in Mississippi.
C) The students were able to get the buses desegregated after some legal effort.
D) The students decided not to continue because they had been frightened so badly.

Question 36

What facilities did Atlanta students specifically target?

A) private, restricted clubs
B) government-owned facilities, which should have been willing to serve all customers
C) Woolworth's lunch counters
D) swimming pools and outdoor parks

Question 37

Why did students form the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee rather than join the SCLC?

A) They thought that Martin Luther King, Jr., was a communist.
B) They didn't agree with the leadership structure of the SCLC.
C) They thought that older people did not know anything about segregation.
D) They were sympathetic to white interests regarding the civil rights movement.

Question 38

What tactic did college students begin to employ beginning in 1960?

A) the protest bombing
B) the boycott
C) the musical concert benefit
D) the sit-in

Question 39

Why did the SCLC form?

A) to train black activists in violent protest
B) to help get voting rights for whites
C) to raise money for civil rights efforts across the country
D) to work to spread the ideas of all religions

Question 40

What were the Freedom Rides?

A) an attempt by whites to destroy the SCLC and SNCC
B) an attempt to gain voting rights for blacks
C) an interracial ride by students on public transportation through the South
D) an effort by the Kennedy administration to publicize black problems in the North

Question 41

Early in his administration,how did John F.Kennedy aid the cause of civil rights?

A) He appointed numerous blacks to important administrative positions.
B) He allowed his brother to put force into the Justice Department's civil rights litigation.
C) He required government agencies to stop discrimination in federally supported housing.
D) He eliminated segregation in the military, the postal service, and the federal marshal office.

Question 42

For most white Americans, the 1950s were an era of unparalleled decline in income and living standards.

Question 43

What is the relationship between the march from Selma to Montgomery in 1965 and the Edmund Pettus Bridge?

A) They marchers were allowed to cross peacefully, a great achievement for King.
B) They marchers were highly criticized by most middle-class and upper-class blacks.
C) The police beat the demonstrators, which was captured on television and accelerated the movement.
D) The marchers received notice of the passage of the Civil Rights Act, and the protest became a great celebration.

Question 44

Why did African Americans support John F.Kennedy in the 1960 presidential election?

A) Many did not-he was seen as a typical racist from the South.
B) Kennedy, as governor of Massachusetts, had hired many blacks into important offices.
C) He made several important gestures, including helping King get released from prison.
D) Kennedy promised to desegregate the military and housing, and to allow black churches to be exempt from taxation in the South.

Question 45

What does Map 21-1 reveal regarding the impact of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 on black voting patterns by 1971?

A) The Voting Rights Act made no impact on black voting patterns.
B) The voting Rights Act led to a decrease in black voters.
C) The voting Rights Act led an increase in black voters.
D) The Voting Rights Act led to a decrease in white voters.

Question 46

How is King's "Letter from Birmingham Jail" an example of a strategic turning point in the civil rights movement?

A) He justified the use of direct action as a way to force change to unjust laws.
B) He justified the use of violence in civil rights organizing.
C) He revealed he was converting from Christianity to the Muslim faith.
D) He foreshadowed his own assassination, noting that he was ready to die for his cause.

Question 47

In his speech for the 1963 March on Washington,Martin Luther King,Jr.,cast aside his prepared remarks and made a passionate speech; his passionate delivery and his declaration of the rights of black people gave the speech its great power.

Question 48

The Montgomery bus boycott set an example for future civil rights protests by blacks throughout the South.

Question 49

How did President Kennedy react to the challenges to federal authority posed by southern governors Ross Barnett and George Wallace?

A) He approved of their decisions to allow students to attend universities.
B) He dispatched federal marshals to ensure that black students were admitted to universities.
C) He refused to do anything, allowing them to deny admission to black students.
D) He told them verbally he supported their actions, disappointing his black supporters.

Question 50

Because the ballot was deemed the critical weapon needed to complete school desegregation and equal access to public accommodations,the SCLC focused on securing voting rights for black people.

Question 51

Why did the Civil Rights movement begin to change in the early 1960s?

A) the Albany Movement and the Birmingham March
B) the Albany Movement and King's assassination
C) Nixon's election to the presidency and the Vietnam War
D) Kennedy's assassination and the bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham

Question 52

In 1955 and early 1956,desegregation of education proceeded without hindrance in Maryland,Kentucky,Delaware,Oklahoma,and Missouri.

Question 53

Who did many African Americans initially support in the election of 1960?

A) John F.Kennedy
B) Richard Nixon
C) George Wallace
D) Lyndon B.Johnson

Question 54

Why did COFO recruit northern white students to help with Freedom Summer?

A) There were no black students interested.
B) They thought the white students would give the project more media attention.
C) They thought the white students were more experienced in organizing activities.
D) They wanted some younger people to balance the age ratio.

Question 55

Which state was generally seen as the symbolic center of racism and violence in 1964?

A) Florida
B) Georgia
C) Arkansas
D) Mississippi

Question 56

The results of Kennedy's efforts to woo black voters through campaign statements supporting black protests were unsuccessful in the 1960 presidential campaign.

Question 57

Although women occupied the top leadership positions in the Montgomery Bus boycott, men were the key to its effectiveness.

Question 58

The results of the Montgomery bus boycott included blacks returning to riding segregated buses.

Question 59

A year after the Brown decision, in May 1955, the Supreme Court issued a second ruling, commonly known as Brown II, which addressed the practical process of desegregation.

Question 60

The results of the civil rights movement indicate the failure of the tactic of non-violent civil disobedience.

Question 61

Why is the decade of the 1950s known as the era of prosperity and prejudice?

Question 62

What was the relationship between the NAACP strategy regarding graduate education and grade-school education? How did the organization change its strategy over time?

Question 63

Why were the sit-ins organized? What results did the sit-ins achieve?

Question 64

How do events at Little Rock High School in 1957 reveal the approach to civil rights practiced by the Eisenhower administration? How did Little Rock shape the civil rights movement?

Question 65

An all-white jury acquitted the two men who lynched Emmett Till in __________.

Question 66

In 1944 the Supreme Court decided in the case of __________ v.Allwright that white primaries unconstitutional.

Question 67

The relationship of __________ __________ to the civil rights movement is akin to the relationship of mother to children.

Question 68

On August 28, 1963 nearly 250,000 marchers gathered before the __________Memorial to support the civil rights bill and the movement at large.

Question 69

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned discrimination in places of __________ accommodation, including restaurants, hotels, gas stations, and entertainment facilities, as well as schools, parks, playgrounds, libraries, and swimming pools.

Question 70

The response of white southerners to the Brown decision was massive __________.

Question 71

What challenges did the civil rights movement experience in 1963? What strategies did King choose to utilize?

Question 72

Both President _________ and President Kennedy took decisive action in their responses to challenges to their authority during the civil rights movement.

Question 73

The Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR)led by the Rev.Fred __________ orchestrated campaigns of boycotts,pickets,and demonstrations during the civil rights movement.

Question 74

What was the relationship between Martin Luther King,Jr.,and the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

Question 75

How does the life of Rosa Parks reflect the African-American experience during the era?

Question 76

Why did the lynching of Emmett Till take place? What effect did it have on the civil rights movement?

Question 77

Why were blacks disappointed with the Civil Rights Act of 1957?

Question 78

White Citizen's __________ formed in numerous southern cities after the Brown decision to "preserve the southern way of life."

Question 79

The backlash of the __________ decision on the NAACP included the closing of over 200 of its branches.

Question 80

How did people outside the city of Montgomery assist with the boycott?