Deck 22: Black Nationalism, Black Power, Black Arts

Question 1

Which of the following was a Great Society program?

A) the Civilian Conservation Corps
B) the Freedmen's Bureau
C) the Social Security Act
D) Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA)

Answer 1

Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA)

Question 2

Why did the Black Panthers alarm white Americans?

A) They advocated self-defense and frequently patrolled black neighborhoods with guns.
B) They were stressing a return to segregation, which had become unpopular.
C) They advocated violence against all whites, regardless of political views.
D) They hoped to move all African Americans to Africa, thereby removing an important part of the labor force.

Answer 2

They advocated self-defense and frequently patrolled black neighborhoods with guns.

Question 3

How did California demonstrate in 1964 that it was opposed to racial desegregation?

A) It did not-California has always been at the forefront of legislation promoting racial equity.
B) Although it was later declared unconstitutional, Californians approved a law allowing voter registration solely on the basis of race.
C) It passed a state constitutional amendment repealing all legislation banning discrimination in housing.
D) Californians passed a law in that year promoting segregated schools and abolishing some public schools in mostly black areas.

Answer 3

It passed a state constitutional amendment repealing all legislation banning discrimination in housing.

Question 4

What was a primary complaint among black communities that experienced riots from 1965 to 1969?

A) charges of black men raping white women
B) charges of police brutality or unfair, discriminatory practices
C) charges that blacks had been trying to exercise political power
D) charges that food prices were too low in black neighborhoods.

Question 5

What was Malcolm X's view before 1964 about changing black people's status in America?

A) He thought that police did not abuse black people.
B) He rejected integration with whites in any fashion.
C) He felt that real revolution would come only through peace with whites.
D) He hoped to work with the NAACP and Martin Luther King, Jr., to effect change.

Question 6

Why were people surprised by the Detroit riot in the summer of 1967?

A) Detroit had already had a large riot the summer before and things seemed quieter.
B) Detroit had a history of racial confrontations and riots.
C) Detroit was a model city for race relations, especially regarding Motown.
D) Detroit blacks were among the best paid in the country.

Question 7

Why did some politicians oppose the Great Society?

A) They did not want poor people to have access to voting.
B) They felt that the programs ignored poverty issues.
C) They thought the programs benefitted whites too much.
D) Some Democrats thought that the policies favored the rich.

Question 8

What problem did the Kerner Commission blame for the riots of 1967?

A) unfair drafting practices in the U.S.Army
B) widespread hunger among African Americans
C) blacks attempting to make too many gains too fast
D) white racism and the unequal treatment of blacks by whites

Question 9

How did the candidacy of George Wallace fare in the presidential election of 1964?

A) Wallace did surprisingly well in several states outside the South.
B) Wallace received almost no support in any area.
C) Wallace was beaten very narrowly by Johnson in the primaries.
D) Wallace received the support of all the Deep South states, but no others.

Question 10

What was the first political organization to adopt a black panther as its symbol?

A) the Black Panther Party
B) the Democratic Black Activist Party
C) the Africa Free Liberation Party
D) the Lowndes County Freedom Organization

Question 11

How did Malcolm X's views change after his visit to Mecca in 1964?

A) He began to favor segregation and subordination for blacks.
B) He renounced his former view that all whites were evil and racist.
C) He began speaking for the use of violence and force to overcome racism.
D) He began to insist that all blacks move to Africa.

Question 12

Why did the Newark,New Jersey,riot take place in 1967?

A) Newark had the most highly educated black population in the nation.
B) Newark had the highest level of employed mothers with teenaged children.
C) The city had the highest unemployment rate for black men in the nation.
D) Newark was one of the only segregated cities in the North.

Question 13

How did Stokely Carmichael change SNCC around 1965?

A) He expelled all white members.
B) He began to admit whites.
C) He forced all members to renounce nonviolence and Christianity.
D) He set age limits on group members to allow only college-age students to be members.

Question 14

Why did the Great Society programs decline?

A) the election of Richard Nixon
B) the Black Power movement
C) Johnson loss of interest in creating the Great Society
D) Johnson's increased spending on the Vietnam War

Question 15

What did Carmichael say that the slogan "Black Power" meant?

A) reverse discrimination, favoring blacks over whites in all areas and by any means necessary
B) positive self-identity, racial pride, and independent economic and political power
C) the removal of segregation
D) Carmichael never really defined "Black Power."

Question 16

How did President Johnson respond to the riots in the summer of 1967?

A) He began drafting more black men from those areas for the war.
B) He ignored the riots and hoped that they would die down in the future.
C) He established a commission to investigate the conflicts and arrive at solutions.
D) He declared martial law in large urban areas for the summer and restored the peace.

Question 17

What types of programs did the Black Panthers start in urban areas?

A) programs to increase the prison inmate population
B) programs to educate people about the importance of experimenting with drugs
C) programs to instill racial pride
D) programs to educate blacks about white history

Question 18

What were conditions like for most urban blacks during the 1960s?

A) Economically, most blacks were far worse off than white Americans.
B) Most urban blacks were gaining in status and prestige at the time.
C) Most urban blacks were doing far better than urban whites at the time.
D) Urban blacks and urban whites were at about the same economic level.

Question 19

To what religion or denomination did Malcolm Little convert while in prison?

A) Baptist
B) African Episcopalian Methodist
C) Nation of Islam
D) the Peace Mission Movement

Question 20

What sparked the uprising at Attica Prison in New York?

A) the murder of a black prison guard by white inmates
B) the rape of a white prison nurse by a black inmate
C) George Jackson's killing by a white prison guard
D) the revelation that a leader of the prison inmates was an FBI informant

Question 21

Who was often considered the most popular black writer of the black arts movement?

A) Leroy Jones
B) Richard Wright
C) James Baldwin
D) Martin Luther King, Jr.

Question 22

How did Lyndon Johnson react to the Tet Offensive?

A) He decided to step up military maneuvers in Vietnam.
B) He said he would halt the bombing of South Vietnam.
C) He said he would halt the bombing of North Vietnam to encourage the start of peace negotiations.
D) He announced that he would run for another term as president.

Question 23

What is the connection of poetry to the black arts movement?

A) It combined sounds and rhythms of the street, music, and religious sermons.
B) It was published by a variety of journals in Chicago, Detroit, and New York.
C) It used very formal language to dramatize the effects of white society on black life.
D) The only poetry published was by black men.

Question 24

What event is generally seen as starting the second phase of the black student movement?

A) the Attica Prison Revolt
B) the first sit-ins in the 1960s
C) the Orangeburg Massacre
D) the death of Malcolm X

Question 25

Who found jazz music the most important and influential during the black arts movement?

A) the general black population
B) black intellectuals
C) white intellectuals
D) black women

Question 26

How did King feel about the Vietnam War after 1966?

A) He became more supportive of the war as the United States began defeating the communists there.
B) He never made a public statement about the war.
C) He was increasingly critical of the war as well as the idea that blacks should fight for a country that wouldn't guarantee or protect their civil rights.
D) He vacillated constantly over the war and never really came to a firm position before his death.

Question 27

How did Johnson feel about U.S.involvement in Vietnam?

A) He thought if he fought the war in Vietnam, he would gain more support for his domestic programs.
B) He was very excited about the war and a chance to beat the communists and prove American military superiority.
C) He had mixed feelings.He did not want to lose the war to the communists, but he knew it would hurt his Great Society programs.
D) Johnson had repeatedly looked for ways to get out of Vietnam since taking office.

Question 28

How did the Vietnamese see the Americans after the defeat of the French in 1954?

A) as liberators from French domination
B) as role models in the attempt to restore democracy
C) as freedom fighters, helping them win their independence from China
D) as another white colonial power attempting to keep them from independence

Question 29

Who murdered Martin Luther King,Jr.?

A) Don L.Lee
B) Richard Daly
C) Louis Farrakhan
D) James Early Ray

Question 30

Why was Berry Gordy significant in black music and life?

A) He was the first black presidential candidate and founded Motown.
B) He contributed to the civil rights movement through the production of black music and by financing important ventures.
C) He helped to stop Detroit race riots, both in 1957 and 1967, by appealing to the black community and police to avoid violence.
D) He was the primary politician behind the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Question 31

How did Vietnam affect black participation in the armed forces?

A) Vietnam witnessed a return to segregated military forces.
B) Blacks were relegated to menial tasks and rarely fought in combat roles.
C) Blacks refused to serve in the Vietnam War, thinking it was a white man's war.
D) Blacks served in increasing percentages and were sent out for combat frequently.

Question 32

Why was Project 100,000 formed?

A) a program designed to increase the number of draftees for the Vietnam War by lowering standards
B) a program designed to help 100,000 more young blacks get into traditionally white colleges and universities
C) a program to give money to the poorest 100,000 families in America, most of them black
D) a program to give medical insurance to the 100,000 people injured in urban riots during the 1960s

Question 33

Which college created the first black studies department in 1968?

A) University of California at Berkeley
B) San Francisco State College
C) Harvard University
D) University of Alabama

Question 34

Who was the "Godfather of Soul"?

A) Berry Gordy
B) Chuck Berry
C) Miles Davis
D) James Brown

Question 35

What was a goal of the Poor People's Campaign?

A) to help poor people gain access to health care
B) to help poor people clean up their neighborhoods
C) to secure a federally guaranteed minimum income for everyone
D) to receive better treatment from police, who constantly victimized poor blacks

Question 36

Why did King begin plans for the Poor People's Campaign in 1967?

A) After working briefly in Chicago, he realized that racial discrimination and economics were closely linked.
B) His advisors notified him that he was losing support among poor people in the cities because he had done little to help their economic situation.
C) The Poor People's Campaign was actually a program initiated by Lyndon Johnson.
D) King hoped to gain the support of the poor when he ran for president in 1968.

Question 37

Why was the black arts movement criticized?

A) for being racist against whites and Asians
B) for being overly concerned with racial equality
C) for being too male-centered and homophobic
D) for taking advantage of working-class people

Question 38

Who was the leader of the Vietnamese Communists in 1945 and after?

A) Kim Il Sung
B) Nguyen Minh
C) Vo Nguyen Giap
D) Ho Chi Minh

Question 39

What did the black arts movement see as the role of art in black life?

A) Art should be uplifting and simply provide an escape from everyday life's worries.
B) Art should be combined with involvement in politics and community life to help blacks gain status.
C) Art had no role in culture, and blacks should focus on combating political and social discrimination.
D) All art forms came originally from Africa.

Question 40

Why did jazz become so important to many blacks?

A) Jazz was very controlled and rhythmic, and stressed classical learning.
B) Jazz required greater understanding of art and literature than any other music form.
C) Jazz challenged Western views of music and gave blacks self-expression.
D) Jazz was invented in Europe.

Question 41

During the Carter administration, Congress increased social welfare programs to balance the budget and raised funding for school lunch programs and student financial aid.

Question 42

The rise of black power and the Voting Rights Act enabled blacks to engage in the electoral process and achieve political influence over polices that impacted black communities.

Question 43

The results of the 1980 presidential race included reelection for Jimmy Carter in part because 90 percent of blacks voted for him.

Question 44

How did the Voting Rights Act impact black voting power outside the South?

A) It had virtually no impact-blacks there had been voting and getting significant political power for some time.
B) It had a widespread effect, as blacks voted to demonstrate political power and voice.
C) It had a marginal effect because the courts failed to enforce it.
D) It had no effect because the Voting Rights Act only applied to the South.

Question 45

The Watergate break-in exemplifies the excesses of power undertaken by President Nixon and his inner circle of loyalists during the early 1970s.

Question 46

What did the "Moynihan Report" view as the main source of economic and civil problems among blacks?

A) the "breakdown" of the black family, with too many families led by single women
B) police brutality in the cities
C) the lack of role models for black children
D) the laziness and lack of work ethic among most blacks

Question 47

How does Shirley Chisholm's speech to the House of Representatives in 1969 reflect black viewpoints about the Vietnam War by the late 1960s?

A) She was indifferent, as were most blacks to the impact of the war.
B) She praised the U.S.effort in Vietnam as socially uplifting to African Americans and the Vietnamese.
C) She lambasted the federal government for wasting human lives and taxpayer dollars on the war in Vietnam.
D) She ignored the Vietnam War entirely in her speech and focused on the domestic problems of President Carter.

Question 48

What was the main difference between the winning mayoral campaigns of Carl Stokes and Richard Hatcher?

A) Hatcher openly espoused racism and segregation, while Stokes stood for black civil rights.
B) Hatcher won with a very small percentage of white votes, while Stokes won through an interracial effort.
C) Stokes ran as a Black Panther, while Hatcher ran as a Democrat.
D) Hatcher was endorsed and supported by Martin Luther King Jr.

Question 49

What issues did George Wallace,a candidate in the 1968 presidential election,stress?

A) He pressed for additional rights for blacks and the initiation of affirmative action programs in the states.
B) He stressed using more blacks in the military in Vietnam.
C) He denounced desegregation and civil rights and approved of repression of demonstrators.
D) He proved that black women were treated unfairly in defense industries.

Question 50

Who became the first black mayor of a major American city in 1967?

A) Vernon Jordan of Jackson
B) Richard Daley of New York City
C) Carl Stokes of Cleveland
D) Martin Luther King of Atlanta

Question 51

The 1970s were a decade of recessions and economic instability.

Question 52

Without black votes,Jimmy Carter could still have carried his native South in the presidential election of 1976.

Question 53

What occurred in Boston when a judge ordered several schools to desegregate by busing students to different areas?

A) Whites accepted the proposal enthusiastically.
B) Black parents and students rioted against police, with much racial violence continuing.
C) White parents and students rioted against police, with much racial violence continuing.
D) President Nixon refused to enforce the order, making it ineffective.

Question 54

In the 1976 election, ninety percent of African-American voters favored Jimmy Carter, a soft-spoken, religious Democrat, over President Gerald Ford.

Question 55

Why did colleges begin to form black studies departments in the late 1960s and early 1970s?

A) They began to feel that black studies were important, even before blacks became students there.
B) They were forced to form black studies departments by the Supreme Court.
C) More blacks entered white colleges and began to demand courses of relevance to them.
D) Local NAACP groups demanded such programs or they would riot and form protests.

Question 56

How is Ernest Green an example of a successful black civil rights activist during the era?

A) He was a rioter in the late 1960s who reformed and became a nonviolent activist.
B) He was a Baptist minister who defied southern segregationists and lynch mobs on many occasions.
C) He was a Little Rock Nine student who became the assistant secretary of labor under President Carter.
D) He was a veteran of World War II who founded many chapters of the NAACP throughout the South.

Question 57

The black middle class grew during the 1970s: In 1970, 4.7 percent of black families had incomes of more than $50,000.By 1986 the number had almost doubled to 8.8 percent.

Question 58

During the 1970s,the gap between the incomes of the upper 20 percent of African Americans and their white counterparts narrowed,but the gap between black men and women at the bottom of the economic ladder and their white counterparts expanded.

Question 59

Most African Americans found Carter's overall record unsatisfactory because he failed to help Democrats in Congress pass either full-employment or universal health care bills.

Question 60

Why did the Orangeburg Massacre take place?

A) Students protested a lynching of a local political activist.
B) Students at a predominantly black college protested a bowling facility.
C) The police attempted to stop college students from voting in a local town.
D) White politicians in the area attempted to reintroduce segregation in schools.

Question 61

President Jimmy Carter appointed Andrew__________,former congressman from Georgia and a longtime political ally,as ambassador to the United Nations.

Question 62

How did Nixon relate to black struggles and the civil rights movement during his political tenure? In what ways did he symbolize the post-World War II Republican agenda regarding race relations?

Question 63

The results of Nixon's "__________ strategy" entailed alignment of the Republican Party with the white southern backlash against the civil rights movement,weakening the New Deal coalition.

Question 64

How did the policies of the Great Society relate to the challenges impacting blacks in the 1960s?

Question 65

Why did the war in Vietnam frustrate Johnson and his War on Poverty?

Question 66

Why and how were the 1970s an era of economic growth for many poor and working-class blacks?

Question 67

President Jimmy Carter acknowledged his debt to the black electorate by appointing blacks to highly visible posts, such as Patricia _________ as secretary of housing and urban development, making her the first black woman to serve in the cabinet.

Question 68

Both Martin Luther King,Jr.,and __________ _________ were assassinated in 1968.

Question 69

What is the relationship of the Kerner Commission to the urban riots of the late 1960s? How did its recommendations reveal the limitations of government reforms up to that time?

Question 70

Why did Malcolm X develop the types of views he had regarding the improvement of blacks' position in society? Who did he inspire and who were his critics?

Question 71

What was the connection of Stokely Carmichael to SNCC over time?

Question 72

Why was the Moynihan report so harshly criticized? What does this response reveal about the progression of race relations at that time?

Question 73

President Nixon's naming of Daniel Patrick Moynihan,one of President Johnson's experts on social policy,to be his __________ policy adviser illustrates his willingness to innovate in policies affecting African Americans.

Question 74

The Justice Department under the Carter administration chose cases to prosecute under the Fair __________Act that involved widespread discrimination,to make the greatest possible impact.

Question 75

Educational __________ in the North reflected residential segregation in cities like Boston where schools in black neighborhoods received less funding than their white counterparts.

Question 76

The "__________ Report" included the idea that the inner city had destroyed the black family.

Question 77

A sluggish economy diminished Carter's popularity, but it was the __________ hostage crisis in 1979 that doomed his chances for reelection.

Question 78

The __________ Convention of 1972 uncovered the political tensions that had developed within the black community since the civil rights movement had achieved major successes during the 1960s.

Question 79

What types of actions did Jimmy Carter take regarding black issues? What was the overall effect of his presidency upon African Americans?

Question 80

How did the goals and tactics of the civil rights movement change during the late 1960s?