Deck 12: The Meaning of Freedom: The Promise of Reconstruction

Question 1

What was a common feature of many sharecropping agreements?

A) Most of the time landowners accepted a share of the crop for rent.
B) Sharecropping agreements spelled out blacks' rights to vote and other constitutional rights.
C) Landowners prevented blacks from growing cotton.
D) Laborers could quit or strike.

Answer 1

Most of the time landowners accepted a share of the crop for rent.

Question 2

How is the Southern Homestead Act an example of reconstruction land policies passed by Congress?

A) The land was sold at high prices to elite black families.
B) The land was of high quality and black farmers developed it into tobacco fields.
C) The land was of poor quality and unsuitable for farming.
D) None of the land was made available to black families.

Answer 2

The land was of poor quality and unsuitable for farming.

Question 3

What purpose did churches serve for African Americans?

A) The church allowed African Americans to comingle with whites.
B) The church filled spiritual needs in difficult times and allowed for the development of black music.
C) Because the church was a very wealthy institution, it often provided loans to its members, helping them through difficult times.
D) The church provided an area for white leadership to develop and for the development of white culture and ideas.

Answer 3

The church filled spiritual needs in difficult times and allowed for the development of black music.

Question 4

Who became president after Abraham Lincoln was assassinated?

A) Lyndon Johnson
B) Andrew Johnson
C) John Danielson
D) William Sherman

Question 5

What was the first concern of many African Americans once they achieved freedom?

A) forming churches
B) retaliating against former masters
C) reuniting with lost family members
D) moving to the northern cities

Question 6

How is the Port Royal experiment in land distribution an example of the failures of Reconstruction?

A) The land was obtained by Native American tribes instead of African Americans.
B) The land stayed under black ownership and control.
C) The land remained in the hands of the federal government.
D) The land soon reverted to private white ownership.

Question 7

How did some former masters react to the emancipation of their slaves?

A) Some were tremendously hurt and surprised when their slaves chose to leave after freedom.
B) Many were hopeful for their slaves' chances in freedom.
C) Many whites reacted with violence against slaves.
D) Most masters fled the country after the end of the war.

Question 8

What were the terms of Special Field Order #15?

A) It set aside some land between Charleston and Jacksonville for former slave use.
B) It was issued by General Sherman and allowed some former slaves to use army mules.
C) It set aside lands along the coast from Charleston, South Carolina, to Jacksonville, Florida, for former slaves.
D) The order forced former slaves to work in repairing the wartime damages to southern cities.

Question 9

Which of the following is true about the Port Royal Experiment?

A) Ex-slaves began to work the land around Port Royal, and some were able to purchase property.
B) It was a southern experiment to re-institute slavery but the experiment failed when Lincoln discovered it.
C) It was an attempt to force slaves into industrial labor in the North.
D) Blacks there were immediately forced on ships to go to Africa.

Question 10

What general conclusion can historians draw from the image of a Freedmen's School that appears on the opening page of Chapter 12?

A) Children of varying genders and ages attended the schools.
B) Black women were the exclusive teachers of the schools.
C) Adult men had no role to play in the schools.
D) The schools were primarily in urban areas and made of brick.

Question 11

Which of the following was a limitation of the Freedmen's Bureau?

A) Congress appropriated extensive funding for the Bureau.
B) There were too many personnel involved.
C) The Freedmen's Bureau was given huge responsibilities but insufficient funds to carry out its tasks.
D) The Freedman's Bureau was not supported by any whites in the North.

Question 12

What was the problem with the labor contracts for many blacks?

A) There were few problems because of the beneficial attitudes of many Freedmen's Bureau workers.
B) They were rarely done voluntarily or on an equal basis with white employers.
C) Blacks refused to sign them, thinking that whites were trying to trick them into slavery again.
D) White landowners simply refused to obey their terms of contracts.

Question 13

Why did the Freedmen's Bureau try to get blacks to sign labor contracts with white landowners?

A) They thought that signing the contracts was in the best interests of blacks.
B) They were pressing for economic stability in areas that needed labor to produce crops.
C) They hoped to break the spirit of the South by showing how blacks could become economically independent.
D) The Freedmen's Bureau had absolutely no role in helping blacks with labor contracts.

Question 14

How is the issue of freedom for blacks connected to the subject of land after the Civil War?

A) Blacks had no interest in land issues after receiving freedom.
B) Blacks wanted to leave the South and secure land in the northern states after receiving freedom.
C) Blacks wanted their own private lands after receiving freedom.
D) Blacks wanted southern whites to retain cotton lands despite blacks being free.

Question 15

Which denomination grew rapidly in the South after Reconstruction?

A) Catholic
B) African Methodist Episcopal
C) Episcopalian
D) Methodist

Question 16

What was the main purpose of the Freedmen's Bureau?

A) to free the slaves in the South
B) to help blacks find jobs in the North
C) to help assist the newly freed slaves in their transition to freedom
D) to press for civil and political rights for blacks

Question 17

What happened to Circular 13 and Special Field Order #15?

A) They were both revoked and the land was returned to whites.
B) They both served as models of black freedom for the rest of the country.
C) They were generally ignored, as northern whites were just as racist as Southerners.
D) They continued as they had during the war, but had little effect because they were of such small scale.

Question 18

How is the end of slavery related to the condition of southern black families in 1865?

A) Blacks were disappointed in losing their white masters, leading to a disintegration of the black family.
B) Blacks were delighted that slavery was over, enabling families to move back to Africa
C) Blacks were indifferent about freedom, and many moved to Mexico
D) Blacks were overjoyed about freedom, and many began to search for lost family members.

Question 19

Which of the following statements accurately describes of black Presbyterian,Congregational,and Episcopal churches after the Civil War?

A) They were formed only after the Civil War by freed blacks.
B) Their services were more rowdy and vocal than slave religious ceremonies had been.
C) Their membership included the more prosperous, and lighter skinned, blacks in society.
D) They died out after the Civil War.

Question 20

What characteristics did some black and white ministers preach against in their sermons to newly freed slaves?

A) lack of wealth and lack of a desire to work hard
B) blacks' refusal to stand up for their political rights
C) the increasing level of violence among many former slaves
D) lack of morals, drinking, and gambling

Question 21

What form did violence take in the South in the first months after the Civil War ended?

A) It was used only against individuals, when whites saw blacks as violating the racial order.
B) It primarily comprised mobs of whites lynching black men.
C) It mainly comprised blacks attacking whites
D) It was widespread and took many forms at many levels of brutality.

Question 22

What were some of the limitations of black teachers in the South?

A) They were often former house slaves and had no knowledge about the lives of agricultural workers.
B) They were often poorly educated themselves.
C) They were highly educated and frequently became very frustrated with their students.
D) They had some education but were generally forced into teaching; therefore, they put little effort into their teaching.

Question 23

Which of the following statements is true about the importance of education to blacks after Reconstruction?

A) They did not really consider it very important because many realized they would be able to get work only as field hands.
B) They saw education and freedom as closely linked and often went to great lengths to form schools and attend them.
C) They thought it was important but felt as though they had to accomplish other things before whites would allow them an education.
D) Blacks already had access to education in the United States and school attendance and attitudes did not change after Reconstruction.

Question 24

What were the terms of Johnson's reconstruction plan?

A) Johnson never came up with his own reconstruction plan and simply accepted the one offered by Congress.
B) The Confederate states had to formally accept the Thirteenth Amendment and repudiate Confederate war debts.
C) The Confederate states had to recognize civil and political rights for blacks.
D) The South would pay reparations to the North and to each slave for his or her lifetime of labor.

Question 25

Which of the following is true about racially integrated schools in the South in the decades following Reconstruction?

A) Because of limitations to funding, the first schools after Reconstruction were generally integrated, although students attended separate classrooms that were divided by race.
B) No integrated schools were established immediately after Reconstruction.
C) Racially integrated schools faced very high levels of violence from whites.
D) Only Upper South states had racially integrated schools.

Question 26

What do Fisk,Hampton,Tougaloo,and Avery Colleges have in common?

A) They all began as all-white colleges and became black institutions after the war.
B) They had nothing in common since each college was founded at different times, by different people, and for different reasons.
C) They taught only literature and writing to blacks.
D) They were black schools established by religious organizations, along with the Freedmen's Bureau, after the Civil War.

Question 27

How did Johnson treat the former Confederates?

A) He granted blanket amnesty and pardons to former Confederates willing to swear allegiance to the United States.
B) He treated them very harshly.
C) He ignored them and hoped that blacks would gain political power in the South.
D) He refused to pardon them but would allow them to vote if they swore allegiance to the United States.

Question 28

Why was there so much violence in the South after Reconstruction?

A) Blacks became increasingly frustrated with their lack of political rights and frequently resorted to violence.
B) The federal government was angry at white southerners.
C) White southerners were frustrated by their loss during the Civil War and resented blacks acquiring freedom and status.
D) Confederates never officially disbanded their army, therefore southerners continued to fight against the North.

Question 29

How do events in New Orleans in July 1866 reflect the tenor of race relations in southern cities at that time?

A) Whites resisted the attempts of frustrated blacks to leave the South.
B) Whites created integrated organizations to peacefully unite with freed slaves in churches.
C) Whites resisted black efforts at gaining equality and resorted to mob action and murder.
D) Whites wanted to assist blacks in gaining rights, but blacks resisted their efforts with violence.

Question 30

How was Lincoln changing his opinion of blacks shortly before he was assassinated?

A) He suggested that perhaps some blacks who were educated or veterans should be able to vote.
B) He thought that not only should all blacks be free, but also that they should enjoy the same political and social rights as whites.
C) He thought that the federal government should give each freed black "forty acres and a mule."
D) He was really not changing his mind at all and was always more concerned with the southern states than the black people in them.

Question 31

How is the American Missionary Association reflective of the general efforts of white philanthropic groups to help blacks in the South during Reconstruction?

A) It sponsored a program to assist blacks in moving to Canada and Africa.
B) It helped bring European generals to the South to train black troops.
C) It helped southern whites obtain lands to provide jobs for blacks.
D) It worked with the federal government to establish black colleges.

Question 32

Examine the image of a shackled black man standing in front of a courthouse that appears in Chapter 12.How does the scene recall the era of slavery?

A) He is preaching a sermon to a group of whites interested in black culture and religion.
B) He is being freed by his former master.
C) He is waiting to be taken by Republicans to the northern states to freedom.
D) He is being auctioned off to the highest bidder under terms of the black codes.

Question 33

Which of the following was true of the "black codes"?

A) They kept blacks from purchasing property and testifying in court.
B) They denied blacks the right to serve on juries.
C) They restricted black occupations and labor with employment contracts, corporal punishment, and high occupation fees.
D) They gave blacks the right to vote.

Question 34

How is the Syracuse Convention an example of black self-help efforts during Reconstruction?

A) Black leaders met and demanded that ex-slaves receive lands held by the former Confederacy.
B) Black leaders met and proclaimed the right of blacks to participate in American politics.
C) Black leaders met and proclaimed deference to southern whites on the issue of economic rights.
D) Black leaders met and proclaimed deference to southern whites on the issue of political rights.

Question 35

How did Andrew Johnson's becoming president affect blacks?

A) It did not affect them.Johnson followed all of Lincoln's plans and initiated none of his own.
B) Johnson felt that blacks should not vote or have a role in government and were vastly inferior to whites.He destroyed many of their hopes.
C) Johnson felt that blacks were the social and political equals of whites and that they should be given the same rights as whites.
D) Johnson was president only for a few months and therefore had little effect.

Question 36

Which of the following was a black college established after the Civil War?

A) Morehouse
B) Hampton
C) Cheyney University
D) Wilberforce University

Question 37

Which black man was selected from South Carolina to participate in the 1864 Republican National Convention?

A) Frederick Douglass
B) Earl Little
C) Robert Smalls
D) Booker T.Washington

Question 38

What was the sentiment of northern teachers,black or white,who came to the South to teach?

A) They rarely felt any connection to their students, often simply coming South for the paycheck.
B) They maintained full respect for their students' lack of knowledge.
C) Some emphasized teaching cleanliness and manners over academic subjects.
D) They often came from Europe to teach in the South.

Question 39

How did whites react to blacks attempting to establish schools in the South?

A) by using violence, including killing teachers
B) by building schools with blacks in cooperation
C) by donating private funds to help the schools
D) by establishing integrated schools

Question 40

How were the concepts of freedom and education interrelated in the minds of blacks after the Civil War?

A) to become free meant that education could be postponed until later in life?
B) to become educated meant that one was free to exploit other blacks
C) to remain illiterate was to remain enslaved
D) to seek an education was to waste the time that freedom provided

Question 41

Why did Andrew Johnson veto the Freedmen's Bureau Bill?

A) He did not think that it granted enough political rights to blacks.
B) He felt it would increase the federal bureaucracy too much.
C) He wanted Congress to expand the bureau.
D) He though it did not provide enough free land for blacks.

Question 42

The end of slavery created initial social opportunities for blacks to create segregated religious institutions.

Question 43

How did radical Republicans respond to Andrew Johnson's vetoes of Senator Lyman Trumbull's bills?

A) They impeached him.
B) They tried to remove him from office but the effort failed by one vote.
C) They accepted his vetoes.
D) They lacked the political power to do anything.

Question 44

The operations of the African Methodist Episcopal (AME)Church provide a poor example of black self-help efforts in the arena of religion during Reconstruction.

Question 45

Democrats swept the 1866 congressional elections and achieved two-thirds majorities in the House and Senate.

Question 46

The idea that blacks had no rights in the U.S.,as declared in the Supreme Court decision in the Dred Scott case,was fully scuttled when Congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 47

Following slavery,the church became the most important institution among African Americans other than the family because it filled spiritual needs and offered charity to those in need.

Question 48

What was the significance of the Election of 1866?

A) Republicans gained two-thirds majorities in both the House and Senate and could now override any presidential veto.
B) Republicans gained simple majorities in both the House and Senate and could now override any presidential veto.
C) Democrats gained strength because Americans saw the impeachment attempt of the president as a political sham.
D) A new independent party, the National Democrats, gained significant power through the black vote.

Question 49

Sometimes Freedmen's School teachers,especially those who were white,became frustrated with recalcitrant students who did not readily absorb middle-class values.

Question 50

What types of arguments did blacks use at conventions to try to persuade whites to give them more rights?

A) They reminded whites that blacks disdained America because of slavery.
B) They asked for free land.
C) They asked that whites live by the terms of the Declaration of Independence.
D) They said they would be content with being subservient, but wanted freedom.

Question 51

Why did many northern congressmen oppose the land bill introduced by Thaddeus Stevens in Congress in late 1865?

A) They thought that it was too mild a punishment for Confederate officers who had fought against the Union during the Civil War.
B) They viewed the property rights of white southerners as more important than granting land to blacks.
C) They felt that taking away land already owned by blacks was unfair.
D) They did not want land taken away from their state park system.

Question 52

How did the First Reconstruction Act impact black political power in the South?

A) It stipulated that all adult males in former Confederate states were eligible to vote.
B) It had no effect because it was a weak, ineffective piece of legislation.
C) It took the vote away from many blacks because it required literacy in order to vote.
D) It allowed all blacks to vote, giving them tremendous power in both houses of Congress.

Question 53

Why did many blacks meet in conventions in 1865 and 1866 across the South?

A) They met to elect black leaders and black political candidates.
B) They convened in order to protest the black codes.
C) Blacks were never allowed to meet in large groups anywhere in the South at that time.
D) They met to organize trips to Africa to escape the harsh situation in America.

Question 54

What did the Joint Committee on Reconstruction find?

A) Blacks were grossly inferior to whites and should have remained as slaves.
B) Southern states were carrying out reconstruction goals to the best of their ability despite federal policies.
C) Blacks were being treated very poorly; southern whites were largely defiant.
D) Blacks needed education to be able to gain political rights for themselves.

Question 55

How did women's suffragists view the Fourteenth Amendment?

A) They enthusiastically supported the amendment because it offered gains for women.
B) Because women could not vote, they had no opinion on the Fourteenth Amendment.
C) They felt betrayed and angry because the Fourteenth Amendment included only men.
D) They felt that working for black men should be their first priority, and they gladly accepted the terms of the amendment.

Question 56

In 1869 a black Baltimore longshoreman,Isaac Myers,organized the National Colored Labor Union.

Question 57

Although freedmen appreciated the dedication of the black teachers affiliated with northern missionary societies,they usually preferred white teachers in their schools.

Question 58

In 1867 black longshoremen struck and walked off the job in New Orleans,Mobile,Savannah,Charleston,and Richmond.

Question 59

What did the Fourteenth Amendment accomplish?

A) It made all people born in the United States citizens.
B) It pardoned many of the people Johnson had pardoned.
C) It made the black codes constitutional.
D) It explicitly gave black men the right to vote.

Question 60

The Democrats broke with Johnson in 1866,defied him in 1867,and impeached him in 1868 (failing to remove him from office by only one vote in the Senate).

Question 61

Special Field Order #15 was issued by General William T.___________.

Question 62

How are Abraham Lincoln's aims and initial policies regarding Reconstruction related to President Andrew Johnson's goals and policies on Reconstruction?

Question 63

The first __________ _________ __________ in U.S.history was initiated by Senator Lyman Trumbull but failed to include Native American people under its provisions.

Question 64

What is the connection between the Thirteenth Amendment and Reconstruction?

Question 65

General Oliver __________ was put in charge of the Freedmen's Bureau when it was created in 1865.

Question 66

What were some characteristics of sharecropping agreements? How were they fashioned in a particular manner to benefit white land owners?

Question 67

Who were the radical Republicans? What made them different from most white people?

Question 68

Why did the church become such an important institution for blacks?

Question 69

Senator Lyman Trumbull early 1866 proposal made citizens of all persons born in the United States,except __________,and entitled them to rights protected by the U.S.government.

Question 70

The __________ __________ were social,fraternal,and patriotic groups that attracted black people in the late 1860s; they gave people an opportunity to sharpen leadership skills and gain a political education.

Question 71

The issue of __________ plagued the South during Reconstruction and caused its eventual demise as a set of federal policies to help black people.

Question 72

In what ways did black sit-ins and strikes reflect black attitudes about rights during Reconstruction?

Question 73

Why were the black codes passed? What rights or limitations did they grant?

Question 74

Major Martin R.__________ was a black military officer who worked with the freedmen in the South Carolina Sea Islands during Reconstruction.

Question 75

The full name of the Freedmen's Bureau was the Bureau of Refugees,Freedmen,and ___________ Lands

Question 76

The concept or system of __________ included no wages and emerged during Reconstruction as a compromise land and labor arrangement between southern whites and blacks.

Question 77

How did white Southerners react to Radical Reconstruction?

Question 78

In what ways is the passage of the Freedmen's Bureau Bill and the Civil Rights Bill of 1866 linked to President Andrew Johnson?

Question 79

The concept of universal manhood __________ resulted ironically in part from the obstructionism of President Andrew Johnson.

Question 80

Why did southern whites use violence to suppress the efforts of southern blacks to achieve equality with whites during Reconstruction?