Deck 14: White Supremacy Triumphant: African Americans in the South in the Late Nineteenth Century

Question 1

Before "Jim Crow" laws came into effect across the South,__________.

A) blacks and whites mingled freely in many public accommodations
B) whites had already begun to set up some restrictions on black access to public facilities
C) the North had already outlawed all segregation
D) racial etiquette rules were non-existent

Answer 1

whites had already begun to set up some restrictions on black access to public facilities

Question 2

How did blacks react to segregation laws regarding streetcars?

A) They attempted to form separate transportation companies.
B) They held celebrations in cities across the South.
C) They rode motorcycles rather than streetcars, seriously hurting the streetcar companies economically.
D) Streetcar segregation was the form of discrimination that blacks accepted as necessary, due to the high level of violence associated with this mode of transportation

Answer 2

They attempted to form separate transportation companies.

Question 3

How did the railroad companies view the issue of segregation?

A) They opposed the idea mainly because they wanted equal access for blacks.
B) They opposed the idea because they wanted the additional money from blacks buying first-class tickets.
C) They opposed the idea because they did not want to pay the expense of maintaining separate cars.
D) Railroad companies were indifferent to segregation.

Answer 3

They opposed the idea because they did not want to pay the expense of maintaining separate cars.

Question 4

In the Populist Party,which leader openly promoted interracial cooperation as a way of overcoming farmers' problems?

A) Hiram Revels
B) Thomas Watson
C) William Jennings Bryan
D) Teddy Roosevelt

Question 5

What was the problem,in the views of many southern states,with voting laws like literacy tests,poll taxes,and property qualifications?

A) The laws were too subtle; voting should be directly outlawed.
B) Since quite a few blacks owned property, they could still vote.
C) Since blacks could be voting registrars, they could override the tests and admit anyone.
D) The laws might possibly eliminate poor, illiterate white voters as well as black voters.

Question 6

What was the effect of the Plessy v.Ferguson decision?

A) The Supreme Court made the Tenth Amendment ineffective for blacks.
B) The Supreme Court declared that Alabama's segregation laws were acceptable under the Constitution.
C) It demonstrated that the highest court in the land accepted discriminatory treatment of blacks.
D) It eliminated segregation in public facilities.

Question 7

What view did the white farmers' alliances have of black voting?

A) They fully supported blacks voting in all cases.
B) They did not think that blacks should vote, but ironically encouraged them to vote for certain candidates.
C) They thought that blacks should be only agricultural workers and should not participate in politics.
D) They were a white supremacist organization, devoted to terrorism like the Klan, and wanted to keep all blacks from voting.

Question 8

Which of the following was a belief of the Populist Party?

A) The government should own railroads and communication systems.
B) Blacks and whites should be social equals in America.
C) Economic control of the nation should move to bankers and industrialists.
D) The government should become more involved in foreign affairs, particularly in Europe.

Question 9

How does the image of a rural black man voting that appears in Chapter 14 reflect challenges faced by black voters during the late 1800s in the South?

A) Whites are attempting to regulate the opportunity to vote to late at night only.
B) Whites are attempting to stop black men but not black women from voting.
C) Whites are attempting to provide extra voting literature for the black man to read.
D) Whites are attempting to manipulate the black voter through alcohol and violence.

Question 10

To what party did most blacks remain loyal in the post-Reconstruction South?

A) Democrats
B) Populists
C) Republicans
D) Whigs

Question 11

What new twist did Louisiana add in 1898 to make sure whites voted but blacks did not?

A) the poll tax
B) the grandfather clause
C) the literacy test
D) the Eight Box Law

Question 12

How did the Eight Box Law of 1882 contribute to the disfranchisement of blacks?

A) Illiterate voters needed the "help" of white officials to determine where to place their ballots.
B) Voters could choose among only eight white candidates, rather than an open pool of people.
C) Voters were required to prove that they had over eight boxes of personal property, something most poor blacks could not do.
D) Prospective voters had to fill eight boxes with signed petitions, demonstrating community support for their voting rights before they would be registered.

Question 13

What is the pattern of slave vs.free status of black politicians prior to the Civil War?

A) Half were slaves; the other half were free.
B) Most were slaves, living in the deep southern states.
C) Most were free, living in large northern cities.
D) Most were indentured servants living in Europe

Question 14

How were the Democrats becoming divided during the late nineteenth century?

A) Poor and middle-class whites resented party domination by wealthy elite groups.
B) They did not split up; the Democrats remained a solid party.
C) Many Democrats, angry over support of terrorism, began to turn to the Republicans.
D) Black Democrats pushed for more rights, angering some of the whites in the party.

Question 15

Where did the term "Jim Crow" originate?

A) It was a derogatory term used to refer to a black agricultural worker.
B) It was the name of a black minstrel show.
C) It was the name of a routine in a popular white minstrel show that ridiculed black people.
D) It was a reference to a hated type of bird that whites associated with black people.

Question 16

What was the result of the popularity of the Populist Party among blacks in the South?

A) Blacks were able to gain substantial numbers of political offices and dominate politics in the South.
B) Since blacks were completely excluded from formal participation in politics, they could not vote for Populists.
C) Southerners realized that blacks were a potent political force and that they would have to share power politically.
D) It heightened fears of white southerners that African Americans might gain political power.

Question 17

How did the Southern Farmers' Alliance deal with race?

A) It was an interracial organization and allowed blacks leadership roles and equal rights in membership.
B) It was an interracial group but refused to allow blacks any leadership roles.
C) It chose not to include blacks, who had to form their own organization.
D) It chose not to include blacks and forbid them from forming their own organization.

Question 18

Why is the year 1892 significant in United States history?

A) The Populists failed to run a candidate for the presidency for the first time in 12 years.
B) The Populists eliminated the black vote in that year.
C) In the 1892 election, when Democrats carried every southern state and sought to destroy the Populist challenge, there was an explosion of violence: 235 people were lynched in the U.S.
D) Southerners embraced all of the Populists' ideas.

Question 19

How did Democrats limit black political power in the South?

A) They created oddly shaped congressional districts to prevent blacks from being elected to office.
B) They refused to seat elected blacks in the House or Senate.
C) They restricted black politicians' rights in various ways during their tenure in office.
D) They generally wanted blacks to vote.

Question 20

What were "grandfather clauses"?

A) voting restriction clauses which held that someone could vote only if his father or grandfather had been able to vote before a certain time, usually the end of slavery
B) limitations on voting to those people who were grandfathers
C) limitations on voting to those who could prove that their grandfathers had been residents of the state as well; because blacks moved around so much after Reconstruction, they rarely qualified
D) a clause requiring all grandfathers to vote before their sons

Question 21

Examine Map 14-1.What factors explain the dominant trend in black population numbers in the American West during the late 1800s?

A) Southern weather prompted black westerners to move to the South.
B) Southern food motivated black westerners to move to the South.
C) Southern white corporations lobbied Congress to force blacks to migrate westward.
D) Southern racism motivated blacks to migrate westward.

Question 22

What was the stated reason given by whites for many lynchings?

A) White people were afraid of blacks gaining political power.
B) Blacks had murdered a white man.
C) A black man had raped a white woman.
D) Blacks had started some sort of violent protest.

Question 23

Examine the 1878 photograph of an African American family awaiting a steamboat that appears in Chapter 14.What does the photograph reveal about the experiences of black migrants during the era?

A) Migrants always traveled by water.
B) Migrants could not take any belongings with them when they moved.
C) Migrants traveled with only meager belongings and built temporary shelters in which to rest while they waited for transportation.
D) Children rarely accompanied their parents if a family decided to migrate.

Question 24

What was the result of black protest of segregated transportation?

A) In a few cities, they reversed segregation, but not permanently.
B) Southern officials paid no attention to the protests.
C) Blacks who protested got some significant gains but would not see further action until the 1960s.
D) Blacks refused to protest segregated transportation, fearing outbreaks of violence.

Question 25

What is true about the number of lynchings in the South over the period 1889-1932?

A) Two or three people were lynched, on average, every week for thirty years.
B) It was actually very small, although the black press constantly reported false occurrences.
C) About ten people were lynched daily, in the South alone.
D) No statistics were ever kept about the numbers of lynchings.

Question 26

What were the actual reasons for many lynchings?

A) In many cases, blacks had committed crimes, and whites were impatient for justice.
B) Many times, blacks who were lynched had competed economically with whites.
C) Lynchings occurred only because the lowest element of white society felt threatened by blacks.
D) Often, blacks who were lynched had started some sort of violent protest in urban areas.

Question 27

What incident prompted the racial violence in Wilmington,North Carolina?

A) The KKK held a very large parade in the city's downtown area.
B) The editor of a local black newspaper wrote an editorial that condemned white men for the sexual exploitation of black women and suggested that black men had sexual liaisons with rural white women.
C) Blacks decided that only violence would end segregation.
D) A young black woman decided that she would sit in the white section of a streetcar.

Question 28

What was "Liberia Fever"?

A) a disease similar to malaria that killed many of the black migrants to that country
B) a strong desire to leave America for the African colony of Liberia
C) an interest in African culture and artifacts
D) a ship that took many people to Africa, until white southerners sank it shortly after the Civil War

Question 29

Examine the Pullman Compartment Cars advertisement that appears in Chapter 14.What view of black people is conveyed by the advertisement's image?

A) Blacks despise white people.
B) Blacks are the social equals of whites.
C) Blacks are superior intellectually to whites.
D) Blacks are expected to be subservient to whites.

Question 30

Why did a group of blacks in Nashville,Tennessee,form a black-owned bus company in 1905?

A) The governor asked local blacks in the state to form their own bus line.
B) Local white-owned bus companies had gone out of business in the city.
C) The safety record of other bus companies was very poor.
D) Local blacks wanted to establish a transportation alternative to counter the discrimination posed by segregated buses.

Question 31

What do the actions of Homer Plessy tell us about black people and segregation?

A) Blacks were very afraid of the KKK during this period.
B) Blacks were testing the laws by getting arrested and trying cases in court.
C) Blacks would risk being sent to jail rather than test segregation laws.
D) Blacks would protest with outright violence and murder when provoked.

Question 32

Where were black migrants of the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century most likely to go?

A) Kansas
B) Africa
C) Oklahoma or Arkansas
D) the North

Question 33

If lynching victims were predominantly male,how did black women experience white-generated violence?

A) Many were subjected to rape by white men.
B) Whites actually lynched black men and women in equal numbers.
C) Black women were always cheated out of their earnings by whites.
D) Black women had to endure threats of violence against their children.

Question 34

Examine the Chapter 14 photograph of Jesse Washington,a17-year-old who was accused of the murder and rape of a white woman in Waco,Texas,in 1916.What does the photograph reveal to be typical of lynchings?

A) Victims of lynchings were always surrounded by trees.
B) Lynchings were often a social phenomenon, carried out before large crowds of jeering white observers.
C) Blacks and whites would gather to aid in the lynchings of black men.
D) Lynchings occurred only at night.

Question 35

Why did some southerners oppose migration?

A) Whites were happy that blacks were leaving because they wanted to discontinue the cotton industry.
B) Some African-American leaders felt that the South offered the best political and employment opportunities for blacks.
C) Opponents of migration argued that blacks should stay because political equality in the South would allow blacks to become rich landowners.
D) No one really opposed migration for blacks from the South.

Question 36

How did whites expect blacks to behave after the Civil War?

A) Black men were supposed to keep their hats on in the presence of a white person.
B) Black and white people could shake hands, but only if the black person looked the white person in the eye.
C) Black men were never to look at, and certainly never to touch, white women.
D) Blacks should behave coldly in the expectation that whites would treat them with respect.

Question 37

Why was political and mob violence still common in the South by the 1890s?

A) Black Republicans used violence to win elections against ex-Confederate leaders.
B) White Republicans used violence against blacks to finally end Reconstruction.
C) White Democrats used violence against Republicans to seize control of the southern states.
D) White Democrats used violence to help the federal government gain power in the southern states.

Question 38

With regard to lynching,what pattern was exhibited in the South?

A) Whites were actually lynched in greater numbers but without much of the violence.
B) Only blacks were lynched.
C) Lynchings were a way to prove white supremacy.
D) Lynchings were not an issue most southern blacks worried about.

Question 39

Examine the Chapter 14 drawing of a white conductor evicting a well-dressed black man from a railroad car to allow a white woman and child to sit.How would elite blacks have viewed the drawing?

A) They would have approved of the image for its emphasis on black equality.
B) They would have seen the image as depicting a typical form of discrimination impacting blacks at that time.
C) They would have tolerated and accepted the image because they realized nothing could be done about such situations.
D) They would have argued that the black man should physically assault the white conductor.

Question 40

What was an "Exoduster"?

A) a black person who moved to the western United States in search of a better life than in the South
B) a white person who advocated destroying the black race
C) a black person who wanted to migrate to Africa
D) an African person who came to America shortly before the Civil War

Question 41

The legal case of __________ v.__________ upheld Louisiana segregation law,effectively establishing the legal basis for segregation by race.

Question 42

Black women had a better chance than black men of finding regular work in a town,although it was usually as a domestic or cleaning woman.

Question 43

What was a typical characteristic of sharecropping for blacks?

A) Blacks generally could dispute the landowner's valuation of crops or goods.
B) Black men were forced to accept the white man's word in disputes over crop prices or the value of goods provided to the sharecroppers.
C) Cotton brokers and gin owners paid equal prices to blacks and to whites for cotton.
D) Contracts had to be written and had to be filed in court.

Question 44

The result of lynching as a social phenomenon by 1932 included approximately 3,745 recorded murders,with many lynching episodes unreported.

Question 45

The relationship between literacy and voting in Mississippi under the new state constitution in 1890 meant that illiterate voters could vote if it was proven that they could understand the Constitution if it was read to them.

Question 46

Black migrant pioneers formed all-black towns in the West after the Civil War and most of the towns survived into the twenty-first century.

Question 47

Race riots during the era were started primarily by blacks seeking revenge against whites.

Question 48

What is true about most rural black families in the South after Reconstruction?

A) Many were achieving high-school level educations.
B) Their diet was adequate, although not up to today's standards.
C) They generally stayed in the South, under conditions of desperate poverty.
D) Rural black families often had some level of savings, although they were never rich.

Question 49

Many white and black Americans took advantage of the Homestead Act of 1862 to migrate west and buy cheap land taken from Native Americans by the federal government and sold at low prices.

Question 50

Why did most rural black families remain close to involuntary servitude by the late 1800s?

A) They granted power to their former owners in order to avoid work.
B) They lacked education, land, and political access to improve their lives.
C) They wanted their children to know what it felt like to struggle to survive.
D) They wanted to develop domestic and agricultural skills for future prosperity.

Question 51

The concept of political ___________ was the key to white efforts to subdue black political and economic efforts at community development in the late 1800s.

Question 52

Blacks in the city of __________,Tennessee,formed their own bus company in 1905 as an example of boycott efforts to defeat Jim Crow segregation in the late 1800s.

Question 53

The results of the Wilmington race riot included the destruction of a newspaper office.

Question 54

Some black leaders continued to advocate for migration to Liberia into the late 1800s.

Question 55

What was the pattern of cotton cultivation by the late 1800s?

A) Large farm families had an advantage because they had more people to labor in the fields.
B) Technological developments made the picking of cotton much easier and less labor intensive.
C) Cotton gins were still generally operated under water or by animal power.
D) Cotton plants needed no help or cultivation until harvesting.

Question 56

The legal system became increasingly white after Reconstruction.

Question 57

What is the pattern of black land ownership between 1870 and 1900?

A) It fell as the government took land away from blacks.
B) It fell as many blacks left the area or were forced to give up land because of debts.
C) It remained stagnant over the time period.
D) It increased at enormous rates.

Question 58

What was a "crop lien"?

A) Merchants, in exchange for goods and products needed at a general store, would have a legal claim to part of the black family's crop.
B) These were crops planted in an African style, leaning against a fence.White farmers frequently thought black agricultural techniques were inefficient and backwards.
C) This was the use of a year's crop to pay a gambling debt.
D) It meant that crops were used to get a loan from a bank.

Question 59

What is true about the justice system in the South after Reconstruction?

A) Some blacks were allowed to serve on juries, as long as they were prominent leaders and showed proper deference to whites.
B) Black defendants always received very harsh punishments, regardless of whom they knew or whom they worked for.
C) Blacks often were not charged with crimes like adultery and bigamy because white people considered such offenses typical black behavior.
D) Generally, the southern justice system was balanced regarding blacks and whites.

Question 60

Examine the image of sharecroppers that appears in Chapter 14.How is the image reminiscent of the slave era?

A) A black woman and two children are working together.
B) Blacks are shown wearing hats and long clothing.
C) No whites are shown in the image.
D) A group of blacks is shown tending a cotton crop.

Question 61

How did the Populist Party react to race issues? How did southern whites respond to Populism and its racial messages?

Question 62

Why did some blacks accept segregation? Why did most oppose it?

Question 63

White southerners devised the convict __________ system that provided very cheap (and mostly black)prison labor for private white businessmen in the local community.

Question 64

Examine Map 14-1.What socioeconomic factors explain why some states or territories saw a larger increase in black population than others? What economic and political activities attracted blacks to these western places?

Question 65

After emancipation,white southerners sought to maintain that dominance through a pattern of racial ?????????__________that determined how black and white people dealt with each other in their day-to-day affairs.

Question 66

Why did black voting decline across the South after Reconstruction? How did state politics and changes in state government influence this trend?

Question 67

In a system similar to slavery and known as debt __________,a black family would get into debt and would not be allowed to leave the land until it had paid off the money owed.

Question 68

The Phoenix __________ ________ is an example of mob violence inflicted by whites on blacks to control the black community during the late 1800s.

Question 69

The "Exodusters" were the 40,000 black migrants who headed to the state of __________ from 1865 to 1880.

Question 70

How did the southern court system at this time reflect the dominant values of whites toward blacks in southern society?

Question 71

What survival options did blacks possess when economic,social,and political conditions deteriorated in the South in the late 1800s? What were the most common reactions blacks demonstrated in the face of these challenges?

Question 72

How did the black farmers in the Colored Farmers' Alliance view economic issues differently than whites?

Question 73

Why did sharecropping arise and why and how did it benefit whites over blacks?

Question 74

In July 1900,a major race riot broke out in the southern city of __________ __________,resulting in the deaths of at least thirteen blacks and seven whites.

Question 75

What do the violent riots in Texas,North Carolina,and New Orleans reveal about living conditions for blacks in the late nineteenth century? What provoked the violence? What were the effects of these actions for blacks and whites?

Question 76

Why did lynching take place and what were the effects of lynching on blacks?

Question 77

By 1900 African Americans possessed 1.5 million acres in the state of __________ worth $11 million.