Deck 14: Meditation, Yoga, and Biofeedback

Question 1

During the experience of ____, meditation can evoke mystical or spiritual qualities.This can lead to an experience of an expanded consciousness, more positive thoughts, and a feeling of inner peace that is traditionally associated with the feelings of enlightenment many spiritually minded people seek.

A) time distortion
B) self-transcendence
C) present-centeredness
D) ineffability

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Defusion involves the ____ process where we maintain separateness from unhelpful or disturbing thoughts rather than fusing with them.It refers to how we interact with these thoughts.

A) decentering
B) acceptance
C) engaging
D) disengaging

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In transcendental meditation, a special word called a ____ is given to the novitiate, and this word is silently repeated during meditation.

A) mantra
B) mala
C) sankalpah
D) tantra

Answer 3

A

Question 4

____ means that the mind is focused on what is occurring in the moment and not engaged in thinking about the past or future as we often do in our normal waking state.

A) Present-centeredness
B) Time distortion
C) Self-transcendence
D) Enhanced receptivity

Question 5

Overall, there are six predictable indicators that one is experiencing an altered state during meditation.Though a mediator may not experience all of the indicators, the presence of ____ or more of these indicators suggests the presence of an altered state.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 6

Allen described the experience of ____ as a type of experience that cannot be put into words.Since the right hemisphere is more involved in wordless thinking, it speaks to us in non-word symbols and sensations and its messages may have this quality during meditation.

A) present-centeredness
B) ineffability
C) self-transcendence
D) time distortion

Question 7

A category of biofeedback efficacy called "____ efficacy" includes application to the conditions of certain types of insomnia, anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, and posttraumatic stress disorder), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy, nausea and vomiting, irritable bowel syndrome, asthma, temporomandibular disorders and bruxism, tinnitus, Raynaud's disease and Raynaud's phenomenon, chronic pain, fibromyalgia, and hyperventilation.

A) average
B) good
C) better
D) best

Question 8

Jean Kristeller suggests that the practice of mindfulness meditation can be divided into three aspects that she calls (1) breath awareness, (2) open awareness, and (3) ____ meditation.

A) calm abiding
B) insight
C) guided mindfulness
D) loving kindness

Question 9

For headache, the ____ approach generally uses biofeedback of muscle tension for tension-type headache and biofeedback of physiological indicators of blood flow for migraine.

A) stress management training
B) direct targeted
C) indirect targeted
D) autogenic training

Question 10

In the early 1970s, transcendental meditation was a newly modified transitional form of yoga meditation that was exported to the West by its Indian originator Maharishi Mahesh Yogi.As Benson explains, the Maharishi removed many of what he considered to be nonessential elements of Yoga and created a version that he believed could ____.

A) induce altered states more quickly
B) attract more followers
C) be more easily understood by Westerners
D) shorten the path to enlightenment

Question 11

____ means allowing room for our unpleasant thoughts, images, feelings, and sensations, giving them space rather than ignoring, suppressing, or trying to control or eliminate them.

A) Decentering
B) Acceptance
C) Engaging
D) Disengaging

Question 12

As Hayes and his colleagues explain, ____ is based on six core principles.These are (1) Self as Context, (2) Defusion, (3) Acceptance, (4) Contact with the Present Moment, (5) Values, and (6) Committed Action.

A) Dialectical Behavior Therapy
B) Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
C) Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
D) Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

Question 13

If the fight-or-flight response could be considered the stress response, then the ____ response (a phrase Benson coined and used in his book title by the same name) achieved during meditation would be its natural antidote.

A) middle way
B) present-centeredness
C) stoic
D) relaxation

Question 14

Unlike tension-type headache's relation to skeletal muscle tension, the ____ headache appears to be vascular in origin.

A) Cluster
B) Hormone
C) migraine
D) organic

Question 15

Herbert Benson's ____ meditation, patterned after TM, is a form of meditation with the largest body of research findings.This form of meditation is technically classified as concentrative meditation since the strategy employed is to focus or concentrate on one stimulus.

A) mantra
B) mindfulness
C) Zazen
D) loving kindness

Question 16

Benson attributed the burgeoning popularity of transcendental meditation in the West to the ____.

A) spotlight that the Beatles and other celebrities placed on it
B) spread of Buddhism
C) spread of Hinduism
D) increasing popularity of yoga

Question 17

Cardiologist Herbert Benson reduced mantra meditation to its most basic elements in a form called ____ meditation or relaxation response meditation.

A) mini
B) secular
C) open
D) guided

Question 18

As the walls of the waking self or ego become more permeable during meditation, unconscious thoughts may enter into consciousness.The result is ____ suggestions from the inner unconscious self.

A) distorted
B) corrupt
C) enhanced receptivity to
D) dissolution of

Question 19

____ theory suggests that mantra meditation restricts consciousness of our external world and in-effect temporarily deletes it from our active neural circuitry.

A) Rhythm
B) Blank-out
C) Cerebral hemisphere balance
D) Desensitization

Question 20

Schwartz lists the use of biofeedback as "____ efficacy" for symptom relief in the following conditions: tension-type headache, migraine headache, nocturnal enuresis, fecal or urinary incontinence or other pelvic floor disorders, essential hypertension, and phantom limb pain.

A) average
B) good
C) better
D) best

Question 21

Compare the occurrence of hypometabolic states during sleep to decreases in oxygen consumption during meditation.

Question 22

How would a person with a driven type A personality likely experience meditation?

Question 23

What are some the possible mechanisms underlying the beneficial effect of handwarming on migraines?

Question 24

What does the current literature inform us about using meditation for the treatment of anxiety disorder?

Question 25

What are some of the limitations of meditation?

Question 26

To reach the relaxation response during mediation Benson suggests there must be four elements present, which he later reduced to two.What are these two elements?

Question 27

Describe a theory of why time distortion occurs during meditation.

Question 28

Which blood vessels are likely the cause for migraine pain?

Question 29

According to EEG results, is the meditative state the same or different from the sleep state?

Question 30

Jean Kristeller (2007) suggests that the practice of mindfulness meditation can be divided into three aspects.Describe the first aspect, breath awareness.

Question 31

Describe a theory for why attacks occur in Raynaud's phenomenon.

Question 32

Is biofeedback training for tension-type headache more effective for children and adolescents or adults?

Question 33

Mindfulness involves meta-cognition.What is meta-cognition?

Question 34

Apart from oxygen consumption levels characteristic of a hypometabolic state, what other physiological indicators of relaxation did early investigators find?

Question 35

List the two primary meditational strategies most heavily researched by Western practitioners and investigators.

Question 36

Jean Kristeller (2007) suggests that the practice of mindfulness meditation can be divided into three aspects.Describe the second aspect, open awareness.

Question 37

How can a person recognize that he or she is in a meditative state? List Allen's six indicators of an altered state that may be associated with meditation.

Question 38

Is the meditative state the same as the hypnotic state? Include research evidence in your answer.

Question 39

Baer, Smith, Hopkins, Krietemeyer, and Toney (2006) looked at the primary self-report instruments used to measure mindfulness.What were the three factors that emerged that best predicted psychological symptoms?

Question 40

Describe Raynaud's phenomenon.

Question 41

Describe the experience of using the observing self during mindfulness practice.

Question 42

Describe the cerebral hemisphere balance theory.

Question 43

Describe the rhythm theory.

Question 44

Provide several definitions of mindfulness.

Question 45

Nestoriuc, Rief, and Martin (2008) conducted a meta-analysis that included a total of 53 biofeedback treatment studies of tension-type headache.Nestoriuc et al.(2008) noted that this was the first meta-analytic study with sufficient power to find that the treatments led to significantly reduced muscle tension.Why is this important?

Question 46

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy is based on six core principles.These are (1) Self as Context, (2) Defusion, (3) Acceptance, (4) Contact with the Present Moment, (5) Values, and (6) Committed Action.Describe each core principle.

Question 47

Describe the desensitization theory.

Question 48

What is essential hypertension? A number of behavioral approaches to the treatment of hypertension follow either a single-component or multicomponent protocol.Describe these protocols.

Question 49

How does meditation affect the volume of cerebral gray matter? Cite a research study in your answer.

Question 50

What is mindfulness meditation?