Deck 15: European Expansion: Economic and Social Transformations

Question 1

Which of the following is not a match?

A)Leif Erikson and Canada
B)Vasco da Gama and India
C)Cortés and Mexico
D)Balboa and Peru
E)Magellan's crew and circumnavigation of the earth

Answer 1

Balboa and Peru

Question 2

Within ten years of Columbus's arrival in the New World, the Portuguese had explored as far as

A)the Cape Verdi Islands.
B)the Gold Coast of Africa.
C)the mouth of the Congo River.
D)the southern tip of Africa.
E)India via the Cape of Good Hope.

Answer 2

India via the Cape of Good Hope.

Question 3

The age of exploration and commercial expansion

A)created a rudimentary world economy.
B)contributed to an unprecedented dynamism in European civilization.
C)set the stage for European domination of most of the globe by 1900.
D)initially produced an economy largely based on subsistence agriculture, Asian spices, African slaves, and American gold.
E)All of these

Answer 3

All of these

Question 4

Early modern Europe was comparable to societies of the underdeveloped world ("Third World") today in that

A)elites were reluctant to invest abroad.
B)the Church still controlled about one-third of the land.
C)there was a wide gap between a small, wealthy elite, and the general population, which was quite poor.
D)nationalism had not yet developed.
E)it was tied to tradition and lack dynamism.

Question 5

The use of gunpowder in Europe

A)began as an import from China.
B)was initially concentrated on breaking down fortifications.
C)became more common with the development of handheld firearms.
D)became increasingly sophisticated due to frequent and protracted wars.
E)All of these

Question 6

A key technological development that facilitated Western overseas expansion was the

A)great-gunned sailing ship.
B)galley.
C)trebuchet.
D)the stirrup.
E)armillary sphere.

Question 7

Portuguese expansion was aided particularly by the financial investment and expertise of

A)Venetian shipmakers.
B)Genoese merchants.
C)the royal family.
D)the church's missionary orders.
E)a large merchant class.

Question 8

All the following apply to Columbus except

A)he was Italian from Genoa.
B)he worked for the Portuguese before being employed by Queen Isabella.
C)he reached the Caribbean in 1492.
D)only at the end of his life did he realize that he had discovered a previously unknown continent.
E)he believed the West Indies were in the Far East.

Question 9

That a mythical Christian kingdom existed in Africa was

A)a story Cortés brought back from Mexico.
B)probably related to tales of Atlantis.
C)the impetus behind Magellan's voyage.
D)part of the legend of Prester John.
E)dismissed as nonsense by Henry the Navigator.

Question 10

In addition to a desire to expand abroad, Europe overseas expansion was made possible by

A)the technological advantages Europeans had over Muslim and Far Eastern states.
B)the political unity furnished by the Holy Roman Empire.
C)the religious unity furnished by the Papacy.
D)a sense of desperation caused by the Black Death.
E)All of these

Question 11

The most important factor in the Spanish conquest of Mexico and Peru was

A)the use of gun powder.
B)exploitation of indigenous rivalries.
C)European diseases.
D)the horse.
E)religion.

Question 12

The conquering ethos of the hidalgos class was evident in

A)its defeat of Granada in 1492.
B)its expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492.
C)its conquest of large parts of the Americas.
D)the activities of Cortés and Pizarro.
E)All of these

Question 13

European naval superiority was first demonstrated by the major Portuguese victor over a Muslim fleet off the coast of

A)Mauritania.
B)India.
C)Ceylon.
D)Java.
E)Arabia.

Question 14

Portugal was particularly well-suited for overseas expansion for all the following reasons except

A)the country possessed a long coastline and being hemmed in by Castile, it looked outward to sea for new opportunities.
B)its large nobility looked for new lands to conquer.
C)it already was Northern Europe's closest supplier of subtropical products like cork, fruit, wine, and olive oil.
D)a sunny climate encouraged ocean travel.
E)its monarchy sought to continue the Reconquista into a more general war against the Muslims.

Question 15

In the 15th century, the Portuguese created a commercial empire that

A)grew sugar cane on its Atlantic islands for export to Europe.
B)sold cloth and slaves to the Africans in exchange for gold.
C)made great profits selling African gold in Europe.
D)imported African slaves domestically and elsewhere in southern Europe.
E)All of these

Question 16

Encomiendas were

A)land grants.
B)royal grants of authority over Native Americans.
C)estates willed to younger sons of the Spanish nobility.
D)official letters from the Spanish king designating his chosen agents.
E)equivalent to estancias.

Question 17

Which of the following was not a major factor in the outward thrust of European power during the age of expansion?

A)The crusading spirit in Christianity
B)Peasant land hunger
C)The search for land and riches by an overpopulated nobility
D)International rivalry among consolidated monarchies
E)The profit motive among merchants

Question 18

The first new areas settled by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century were

A)the Balearic Islands.
B)Tunisia and adjacent North African towns.
C)the Orkneys.
D)Madeira, the Canary Islands, and the Azores.
E)Gibraltar and Algeciras.

Question 19

A major obstacle for increased profit in medieval European trade with the Far East was

A)a fear of China, Japan, and India.
B)religious; Christian merchants were too devout to do business with non-Christians.
C)Venetian and Muslim middlemen.
D)a lack of demand for imported goods.
E)wars in Asia.

Question 20

Between 1450 to 1750, Western Europe entered a period of economic expansion that

A)resumed the growth pattern of the High Middle Ages and transformed it.
B)had little impact on people's values.
C)immediately improved the standard of living for the average person.
D)further contracted the supply of money.
E)restored the old feudal system.

Question 21

Which of the following incorrectly describes the fate of the 11 or 12 million Africans forcefully moved to the New World?

A)13 to 30 percent died during the trans-Atlantic passage.
B)About one in twenty were sent to British North America; by 1830, though, North American slaves accounted for a third of all slaves in the New World.
C)Upon arrival, they were auctioned off naked and greased to improve their appearance.
D)In Brazil and the West Indies, slaves were worked to death and then replaced.
E)Generally, slaves worked eleven hour days seven days a week.

Question 22

Among the business innovations that contributed to the development of modern capitalism were all of the following except

A)maritime insurance.
B)joint-stock companies.
C)the antecedent to the modern check.
D)the elimination of double-entry bookkeeping.
E)business techniques developed in southern Europe.

Question 23

Of the following, who were the earliest slave traders in Africa?

A)Muslims of the North Africa and the Near East
B)The Portuguese
C)The Spanish
D)The Dutch
E)The British

Question 24

The main cause of the Price Revolution in sixteenth-century Europe, according to the author, was

A)silver imported from new Spanish conquests in the Americas.
B)the growing population of Europe.
C)discovery of new silver mines in Bohemia.
D)the periodic reappearance of the plague.
E)the import of Montezuma's gold into Spain.

Question 25

In the seventeenth century, the only region where the majority of the population lived in the cities was

A)northern Italian cities.
B)the Netherlands.
C)France.
D)England.
E)the Rhineland.

Question 26

Bartolomé de Las Casas defended the rights of Indians in the America and stated that they often surpassed Europeans in their

A)choice of rulers.
B)military discipline.
C)care for the poor
D)sexual conduct.
E)All of these

Question 27

Between 1500 and 1600, the native population of the New World may have

A)dropped from 20 million to 2 million.
B)may have risen slightly due to European immigration.
C)fluctuated around 15 million.
D)dropped from 20 million to 12 million.
E)None of these

Question 28

As agriculture changed in England

A)peasants lost their hereditary rights to land and were forced either to rent, work as day laborer or leave.
B)the principle of primogeniture helped to keep properties intact and profitable.
C)yeoman became crucial as a class of profitable renters and productive farmers.
D)wages in cottage industries fell as labor became cheaper.
E)All of these

Question 29

Factors that contributed to the permanent division of Spanish American societies into a small privileged elite and impoverished masses include

A)depressions that ruined smaller Spanish landowners.
B)the persuasion of newly Christianized Indians to cede much of their land to the Church.
C)increasing control of royal officials and their associates over the native population.
D)decline of the hidalgo class.
E)All of these

Question 30

Beginning in the 1540s, the position of the indigenous population in Spanish America improved because

A)the crown established the encomiendas.
B)crown officials assumed authority over the population.
C)Spanish control waned.
D)prices rose in Europe.
E)plantations were introduced.

Question 31

The Price Revolution affected markets in Europe

A)by eliminating regional specialization.
B)by offering new opportunities for profit and greatly expanding markets.
C)by forcing greater local self-sufficiency in an effort to stave off inflation.
D)in no discernable pattern.
E)stifling the production of non-food items.

Question 32

The primary motive for the nobility to engage in enclosure was

A)the desire to convert their manors into profit making businesses tied to the market.
B)the need to protect environmentally sensitive land from peasant encroachment.
C)the desire to prevent peasants from leaving the land.
D)the need to more precisely define boundaries between manors.
E)to improve record keeping.

Question 33

The significant expansion of trade and commerce in the early modern period was fueled by

A)the price revolution.
B)the growth in population.
C)higher incomes for merchants, landlords, and some peasants.
D)the growth of the state.
E)All of these

Question 34

African suppliers of slaves for the Europeans

A)performed the actual enslavement of their fellow Africans.
B)typically sold two males for every female, according to demand.
C)built armies to capture other peoples to sell to the Europeans.
D)increasingly bought guns from Europeans, which caused "a spiral of mounting violence."
E)All of these

Question 35

The Dutch greatly improved agricultural productivity by

A)following the English example with enclosure.
B)changing the old three-field system of crop rotation to use peas, beans and pasture to replenish the soil.
C)convertible husbandry which converted traditional crops into exportable crops.
D)reclaiming land from the sea.
E)importing new crops from their tropical colonies.

Question 36

Which of the following cannot be associated with the Price Revolution?

A)Expanding trade and industry
B)Wide-ranging changes in agriculture
C)A general optimism and effective action by governments to control inflation
D)Exceptionally rapid inflation of cereal prices
E)The influx of silver from the New World

Question 37

Which two countries were in the forefront of European commercial expansion in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

A)The United Provinces and England
B)Spain and Portugal
C)France and Spain
D)Belgium and Italy
E)England and France

Question 38

The domestic system of cottage production, as the author called it, did all the following except

A)offer earnings opportunities for peasants who had been forced off the land.
B)help industrial capitalism develop.
C)help to convert the old master-apprentice relationship into an owner-worker relationship.
D)maintain the quality standards, high pay for producers and good working conditions of the guilds.
E)tie local production to a larger market.

Question 39

Traditional agriculture before the Price Revolution typically involved

A)peasants possessing certain hereditary rights to use land in a lord's manor.
B)manors held by the landlords but worked by the peasants.
C)fees paid and services performed by the peasants.
D)peasant access to pasture land, woods, and ponds collectively known as "commons."
E)All of these

Question 40

Which of the following had, by the eighteenth century, captured at least 50 percent of the slave trade?

A)France
B)Britain
C)Portugal
D)The Netherlands
E)Spain

Question 41

According to the author, which country became the first great consumer society by practicing widespread conspicuous consumption of non-essential goods?

A)United Provinces
B)Italy
C)France
D)England
E)Germany

Question 42

A theme common to the carnival, the Feast of Fools and the charivari was

A)a rare celebration of abundance.
B)a world or situation turned upside down.
C)mockery of novelty.
D)dark supernatural forces.
E)mockery of the Church.

Question 43

A modern explanation for why the majority of people accused of witchcraft were women holds that

A)witchcraft comes from women's insatiable carnal lust.
B)the abandonment of the cult of the Virgin Mary by the Protestants fanned misogyny.
C)the pressure of population growth led to a greater consumption of mind-altering substances.
D)the decline in the sense of communal responsibility for its weaker members led to suspicion and hostility.
E)contact with previously undiscovered societies in the New World led to a crisis in faith.

Question 44

What was the significant shift in policy in the mid-seventeenth century that enabled the English to eventually take the lead in commerce from the Dutch?

A)The king and Parliament decided that English should concentrate on the lucrative slave trade.
B)The king decided to back policy more favorable to the business class.
C)After its revolution, Parliament adopted pro-business legislation.
D)Parliament imposed Puritanism on England.
E)England decided to directly attack the Spanish Empire in the New World.

Question 45

Which of the following statements is inaccurate?

A)Witchcraft had been a part of traditional village life.
B)Traditional witchcraft was divided into two varieties: white and black.
C)In the Middle Ages, the Church began to associate witchcraft with submission to the Devil.
D)As printed material became more available persecution of witches decreased.
E)Witches were thought to sacrifice infants.

Question 46

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
royal hegemony

Question 47

Emerging European global hegemony

A)decimated the population of the New World.
B)moved large numbers of Africans to the New World.
C)brought weapons and a new staple crop, manioc, to Africa.
D)contributed to a major African influence on culture, society, and politics.
E)All of these

Question 48

Capitalism in early modern Europe required all the following except

A)the ability of individuals to make the main economic decisions.
B)democracy.
C)a well-developed market.
D)the freedom to obey the law of supply and demand.
E)favorable conditions for risk-taking, that is, incentives to invest and reinvest.

Question 49

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
hidalgos

Question 50

Which of the following did not have a significant impact on the business climate in the United Provinces?

A)Small land area
B)Weak feudal culture and values
C)Primogeniture
D)High urbanization
E)Appreciation for commercial values

Question 51

The two outstanding successes of Dutch commerce in the seventeenth century were

A)domination of the wool trade with England and the spice trade with the East Indies.
B)the spice trade with the East Indies and the trade in sugar from the West Indies.
C)domination of the Baltic grain trade and the spice trade with the East Indies.
D)the spice trade from the East Indies and export products from domestic cottage industries.
E)the trade in sugar from the West Indies and domination of the Baltic grain trade.

Question 52

Changes in the distribution of wealth contributed to the growth of capitalism because

A)the accumulation of wealth in the hands of the wealthy invited investment.
B)the widening gap between rich and poor lowered the price of labor.
C)as merchants acquired wealth, they were able to outmaneuver and eventually marginalize the guilds.
D)accumulation of wealth invited further accumulation of wealth.
E)All of these

Question 53

Which of the following would not be considered part of popular culture?

A)Carnival
B)Charivari
C)Tournament
D)Puppet shows and cockfights
E)Religious pageants

Question 54

The greatest loss of economic potential during this period occurred in

A)northern Italy.
B)Spain.
C)the Netherlands.
D)France.
E)the Baltic region.

Question 55

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Amerindians

Question 56

Mercantilism effectively stimulated economic development except by

A)drawing wealth into a country through a favorable balance of trade.
B)subsidizing new industries.
C)putting the poor to work.
D)growing foreign markets.
E)chartering overseas trading companies.

Question 57

France benefitted significantly from commercial and industrial expansion but it fell behind the English mainly because

A)continuous wars sapped its economic resources.
B)guilds remained stronger and the nobility were more contemptuous of commerce.
C)as a land power, France had fewer commercial opportunities.
D)France remained Catholic.
E)France experienced a bloody civil war between king and the parlements.

Question 58

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
encomenderos

Question 59

According to the author, England's commercial development benefitted most from

A)primogeniture.
B)placing profits from trade in the agricultural sector.
C)the weakness of the landed nobility.
D)primogeniture and investing profits from trade in the agricultural sector.
E)the weakness of the landed nobility and the Protestant work ethic.

Question 60

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the elite

A)generally stopped participating in popular events.
B)became fearful of the masses.
C)believed that it could change popular culture, ridding it of paganism and disorder.
D)recruited the state to impose a new puritanism on popular culture.
E)All of these

Question 61

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
"triumph of Lent"

Question 62

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
The author states that "the transformations considered in this chapter were among the most momentous in the world's history." What were those transformations and why were they momentous?

Question 63

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
copyhold

Question 64

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
primogeniture

Question 65

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Explain the changes in the New World resulting from contact with Europe.

Question 66

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
capitalism

Question 67

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
price revolution

Question 68

Instructions: Please use this outline map of the world to answer the question(s).
Locate and label: Europe, the Aztec Empire, the Inca Empire, Africa, India, and China.

Question 69

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
skepticism

Question 70

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
open-field system

Question 71

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
mercantilism

Question 72

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
consumerism

Question 73

Instructions: Please use this outline map of the world to answer the question(s).
Trace the routes of Columbus, Da Gama, and Magellan.

Question 74

Instructions: Please use this outline map of the world to answer the question(s).

-Show the slave trade, the trade in spices, the trade in sugar, and the trade in weapons.

Question 75

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
convertible husbandry

Question 76

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Write an essay commenting on the main factors that influenced European expansion.

Question 77

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).
Locate at least three towns that had a population of 30,000 or more and two cities of at least 200,000.

Question 78

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).
Show the most urbanized area during the Renaissance and the most urbanized area in the seventeenth century.

Question 79

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
enclosure

Question 80

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
charivari