Deck 6: Deter the Criminals

Question 1

To this date, Ehrlich's is the only high quality death penalty research that proves the death penalty deters murder.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The fatalistic offender assumes that they will escape arrest and reap the rewards that crime has to offer.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

One of the reasons for being skeptical about how effectively deterrence-oriented policies are translated into practice is that

A) these policies are interpreted differently by police than they are by the courts
B) they are typically avoided by liberal courtroom work groups
C) we haven't had the funding to implement these policies as intended
D) the social stigma attached to crime commission is lost given frequent arrests of African American males

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Scared Straight programs are designed to deter by provoking fear in order to make crime seem more costly than beneficial to juveniles.

Question 5

Evaluations of Scared Straight programs revealed that

A) they were not implemented as intended
B) none of them reduced crime and some had adverse outcomes
C) they were not cost-effective
D) they deterred more chronic offenders than first-time offenders

Question 6

Walker credits much of the decline in the motor vehicle death rate to social policies rather than criminal justice policies.

Question 7

Reasons provided to explain why offenders commit crime when they assess the bad consequences include ALL BUT WHICH of the following

A) offenders consistently underestimate financial rewards of crime
B) offenders act impulsively
C) offenders perceive no legitimate or meaningful work opportunities
D) offenders overestimate the immediate, short-term gains

Question 8

Programs known as __________ exposed juveniles to prison conditions in order to provide direct evidence of the unpleasant consequences of criminal behavior.

A) Brutalization Experience
B) Magic Bullet
C) Scared Straight
D) Diversion

Question 9

It is important to distinguish between

A) the costs and benefits of deterrence based policies in the criminal justice system
B) the deterrent effect of the criminal law and the effect of other social institutions
C) ineffective traditional forms of deterrence and effective modern forms of deterrence
D) the deterrent effect and the effects of prevention-based criminal justice policies

Question 10

Walker proposes that the death penalty does not deter homicides.

Question 11

The theory of deterrence rests on a number of assumptions including

A) severity of punishment is more important than its certainty
B) the notion that the CJS is the only institution able to promote deterrence
C) the use of UCR data to communicate risk of apprehension to potential offenders
D) people have to perceive consequences as unpleasant and act rationally

Question 12

_____(1)_____ deterrence is directed at individual offenders while _____(2)_____ deterrence is directed at society as a whole

A) (1) specific (2) general
B) (1) general (2) specific
C) (1) absolute (2) marginal
D) (1) marginal (2) absolute

Question 13

The "pulling levers" strategy has been shown to be effective in deterring crime because it is focused on select targets.

Question 14

An analysis of Rand Inmate Survey data revealed that the inmates acted rationally in calculating the costs and benefits of crime.

Question 15

The theory of deterrence

A) is the oldest criminal justice theory on record
B) is one of the youngest criminal justice theories on record
C) is simple but its application to actual practice is complex
D) is complex in its requirements but simple to practice

Question 16

Crackdowns are an effective strategy that deters drunk driving for a long period of time.

Question 17

This deterrence type refers to a relative improvement over what we are currently achieving

A) perceptual
B) structural
C) marginal
D) general

Question 18

The typical victim in an alcohol-related crash is the drunk driver who has no criminal justice record of drunk driving.

Question 19

Liberal policy makers favor

A) Eliminating all deterrence-based policies
B) Crackdowns, for their deterrent effect
C) Explaining the results of crime to teens
D) Investing in social policies

Question 20

Liberals typically favor deterrence-oriented policies because they favor prevention.

Question 21

Sellin's comparative research showed that

A) homicide rates increased in states when they abolished their death penalty and decreased when it was reinstated
B) each execution deterred seven or eight murders
C) states with the death penalty did not have lower crime rates than states that did not have the death penalty
D) homicides decreased in the months following an execution

Question 22

The reality of driving after drinking is that

A) it is limited to a few dangerous people
B) innocent bystanders are the typical victims of alcohol-related crashes
C) a small number of people with serious drinking problems and many arrests are responsible for the majority of alcohol-related fatalities
D) drinking and driving is a routine part of a society where driving is universal and drinking is an acceptable social custom

Question 23

The three issues regarding the merits of the death penalty are morality, constitutionality and ________.

A) rationality
B) severity
C) deterrence
D) relevance

Question 24

The National Academy of Science's report has shown

A) the death penalty has a strong deterrence effect on crime
B) the death penalty has moral and constitutional properties
C) there is no conclusive evidence on the deterrent effect of the death penalty
D) the death penalty affects the murder rate

Question 25

The Road Safety Act in England demonstrated

A) initial deterrence decay as there was a decline in traffic fatalities and injuries upon implementation of the law that increased over time
B) a deterrence program based in fear that has a zero-tolerance policy for any traffic infraction
C) the failure of interlock breathalyzer systems in cars
D) how access to public transportation reduces drinking and driving

Question 26

Select the drunk driving myth from the following list

A) people with a serious drinking problem and many arrests frequently beat the system
B) alcohol related does not mean alcohol was the cause of the accident
C) most drivers killed in alcohol-related crashes do not have a history of drunk driving
D) the criminal justice system is tough on drunk drivers

Question 27

The announcement effect may change the behavior of

A) the public, but not the police
B) the public and the police
C) the police, but not the public
D) neither the public or the police

Question 28

The risk of arrest for drug sales is

A) 1 in every 45 sales
B) 1 in every 10,000 sales
C) 1 in every 4,500 sales
D) 1 in every 500 sales

Question 29

Current data indicate that

A) 31% of all traffic fatalities are caused by impaired drunk drivers
B) 31% of all traffic fatalities are alcohol related
C) 31,000 people are killed each year by drunk drivers
D) 31% of drivers who have consumed alcohol are impaired by it

Question 30

There are several reasons for thinking that tougher punishment is likely to work with drunk driving, including the fact that

A) the certainty requirement is already being met so a more severe punishment will strengthen the deterrent effect
B) the drunk driver meets all of the assumptions set forth in the theory of deterrence
C) people who drink and drive have a stake in society and feel threatened by the stigma of arrest
D) a & c

Question 31

The larger "regime" of punishments for homicide includes all EXCEPT the following

A) Financial aid to pursue a GED
B) Escaping arrest
C) The death penalty
D) Life without parole

Question 32

It is a myth to think that innocent drivers or bystanders are the typical victims of alcohol related crashes when faced with evidence from the chapter that

A) 66% of people killed have at least three prior drunk driving arrests
B) 66% of people killed are drivers in other cars, some of whom were impaired by alcohol
C) 66% of people killed are the drunk drivers themselves
D) innocent drivers or bystanders are the typical victims of alcohol related crashes

Question 33

The key elements of "pulling levers" that demonstrate how it is a focused application of deterrence include ALL BUT WHICH of the following

A) a focus on a select target group
B) a message that was clearly heard by the target audience
C) delivering on the threats and promises made
D) relying on the perceptions of people in the community

Question 34

Ehrlich's research purported to prove that

A) each execution deterred seven or eight murders
B) each execution contributed to an additional seven or eight murders
C) each execution deterred 17 or 18 murders
D) each execution contributed to an additional 17 or 18 murders

Question 35

According to the National Academy of Science's research, one serious conceptual and empirical flaws in virtually all of the studies on the death penalty is

A) the exclusion of the possibility of clemency
B) the inclusion of other punishments, such as prison terms
C) failure to consider studies from other countries
D) the exclusion of potential murderers' response to the risk of execution

Question 36

The pulling levers strategy focuses on

A) all potential offenders of property and violent crimes
B) offenders and associates known to police
C) offenders in prison who committed a gun-related crime
D) offenders who are sex offenders

Question 37

Among the myths concerning drunk driving is

A) that those with serious drinking problems beat the system
B) a grossly exaggerated bi-annual number of deaths due to drunk driving
C) innocent drivers and bystanders are typically the victims of alcohol-related crashes
D) all of the above

Question 38

The real risk of arrest and punishment is

A) Almost impossible to assess
B) High in rural areas, low in cities
C) Fairly low
D) High in cities, low in rural areas

Question 39

Critics of Ehrlich's death penalty research assert that his formula

A) does not control of the variables that affect the murder rate
B) explains trends between the 1930s and 1960s but does not explain trends between the 1980s and 1990s
C) does not explain trends between the 1930s and 1960s when executions declined while the crime rate declined or remained stable
D) cannot explain trends during the moratorium on the death penalty from 1972-1976

Question 40

Which Supreme Court decision upheld the constitutionality of the death penalty where there were guidelines to control its application?

A) Gregg vs.Georgia
B) Furman vs.Georgia
C) Sellin vs.New York
D) Lovett vs.Virginia

Question 41

Traffic fatality trends reveal that

A) the motor vehicle death rate has declined since 1927 including a 37% decline between 2003 and 2011
B) crackdowns are credited with 50% of the decline in the motor vehicle death rate
C) the motor vehicle death rate has declined but drunk drivers have switched to motorcycles
D) the motor vehicle death rate has increased dramatically since the 1980s

Question 42

One of the main problems with drunk driving crackdowns is that

A) they require long-term behavior change
B) they are unconstitutional
C) the risk of arrest is extremely low
D) people avoid them by taking side streets

Question 43

Explanations for the trends in motor vehicle death rates include

A) safer cars
B) changing attitudes and behavior due to socialization
C) limited driving privileges for teens and raising the legal drinking age to 21
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 44

Data on evasion of the law in drunk driving cases shows that

A) it is more common among prosecutors than judges
B) evasions may be deliberate or unintentional
C) evasion of drunk driving laws is universal
D) evasion does not occur

Question 45

One of the factors undermining the deterrent effect of a crackdown on drunk driving cases in court is that

A) the punishment is delayed so the speedy element of deterrence goes unmet
B) offenders do not perceive the consequences as unpleasant
C) crackdowns reduce the specific deterrent while increasing the general deterrent
D) mandatory sentences may be evaded