Deck 3: The Human Body: a Nutrition Perspective

Question 1

Identify the four basic tastes. Give an example of one food that exemplifies each of these basic taste sensations.

Answer 1

Most cells in the body have receptors that bind to only specific molecules. The tongue also has receptors that bind to molecules and provide the sensation of taste that is specific for those molecules. Four types of tastes have been identified, namely, sweet, sour, salt, and bitter.
The taste of honey exemplifies sweet taste, while that of citrus peel or cocoa exemplifies bitter taste. The taste of lemon or buttermilk exemplifies sour taste and that of seafood or French fries exemplifies salty taste.

Question 2

Bile is formed in the ________ and stored in the __________.

A) stomach, pancreas
B) duodenum, kidney
C) liver, gallbladder
D) gallbladder, liver

Answer 2

In the given problem, we are asked to identify the organs where bile is produced and stored.Bile is comprised of water, electrolytes, pigments, cholesterol, phospholipids, acids and other salts. The bile acids, pigments and cholesterol are produced by the hepatocytes, which are the cells of the liver. During meals, these are excreted into small canals called as canaliculi which run through the liver and join into ductules and ducts that finally empty into the common hepatic duct. When not required instantly the elements of the bile are diverted towards the gall bladder by the cystic duct. Thus, bile which is not required immediately, gets stored in the gall bladder.
Hence, options "a", "b" and "d" are incorrect and option "c" is the correct option.
Answer:

Question 3

What is one role of acid in the process of digestion? Where is it secreted?

Answer 3

The sight of food and the activity of chewing causes secretion of juices, including hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Water in the parietal cells of the gastric lining hydrolyses to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. The hydrogen cells are expelled out of the cells in exchange for the potassium ions and go on to make hydrochloric acid in the lumen of the stomach.
The hydrochloric acid performs the following functions:
1. It renders a pH of 1.5 to 3.5 in the stomach. This acidic pH kills the bacteria in the food.2. The strong pH of the acid also denatures proteins by destroying their physical form. Proteins such as amylase that comes from the saliva is denatured and deactivated.3. It activates certain enzymes by converting them their precursors, such as pepsinogen in converted to pepsin. Pepsin causes breakdown of tertiary and secondary proteins to primary proteins.

Question 4

Much of the digestion that occurs in the large intestine is caused by

A) lipase.
B) pepsin.
C) saliva.
D) bacteria.

Question 5

Wesley notices that at family gatherings his parents, uncles, aunts, and older siblings typically drink excessive amounts of alcohol. His father has been arrested for driving while intoxicated, as has one of his aunts. Two of his uncles died before the age of 60 from alcohol abuse. As Wesley approaches the age of legal drinking, he wonders if he is destined to fall into the pattern of alcohol abuse. What advice would you give to Wesley concerning his future use of alcohol?

Question 6

Contrast the processes of active absorption and passive diffusion of nutrients.

Question 7

The stomach is protected from digesting itself by producing

A) bicarbonate.
B) a thick layer of mucus.
C) hydroxyl ions to neutralize acid.
D) antipepsin that destroys enzymes.

Question 8

Nexium ("the purple pill") acts as a(n)

A) H 2 blocker.
B) laxative.
C) analgesic.
D) proton pump inhibitor.

Question 9

Are You Taking Care of Your Digestive Tract?
People need to think about the health of their digestive tracts. There are symptoms we need to notice, as well as habits we need to practice to protect it. The following assessment is designed to help you examine your habits and symptoms associated with the health of your digestive tract. Put a Y in the blank to the left of the question to indicate yes and an N to indicate no.
_______ 1. Are you currently experiencing greater than normal stress and tension?
_______ 2. Do you have a family history of digestive tract problems (e.g., ulcers, hemorrhoids, recurrent heartburn, constipation)?
_______ 3. Do you experience pain in your stomach region about 2 hours after you eat?
_______ 4. Do you smoke cigarettes?
_______ 5. Do you take aspirin frequently?
_______ 6. Do you have heartburn at least once per week?
_______ 7. Do you commonly lie down after eating a large meal?
_______ 8. Do you drink alcoholic beverages more than two or three times per day?
_______ 9. Do you experience abdominal pain, bloating, or gas 1½ to 2 hours after consuming milk products?
_______ 10. Do you often have to strain while having a bowel movement?
_______ 11. Do you consume less than 9 (women) or 13 (men) cups of a combination of water and other fluids per day?
_______ 12. Do you perform physical activity for less than 60 minutes on most or all days of the week (e.g., jog, swim, walk briskly, row, stair climb)?
_______ 13. Do you eat a diet relatively low in fiber (recall that significant fiber is found in whole fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts and seeds, wholegrain breads, and whole-grain cereals)?
_______ 14. Do you frequently have diarrhea?
_______ 15. Do you frequently use laxatives or antacids?
Add up the number of yes answers and record the total. If your score is from 8 to 15, your habits and symptoms put you at risk for experiencing future digestive tract problems. Take particular note of the habits to which you answered yes. Consider trying to cooperate more with your digestive tract.

Question 10

Identify two accessory organs that empty their contents into the small intestine. How do the digestive substances secreted by these organs contribute to the digestion of food?

Question 11

Identify at least one function of the 12 organ systems related to nutrition

Question 12

The study of how food impacts health through interaction with genes is

A) nutrigenomics.
B) epidemiology.
C) immunology.
D) genetics.

Question 13

The lower esophageal sphincter is located between the

A) stomach and esophagus.
B) stomach and duodenum.
C) ileum and the cecum.
D) colon and the anus.

Question 14

In which organ systems would the following substances be found?
chym , plasma , lymph , urine

Question 15

Create Your Family Tree for Health-Related Concerns
Adapt this diagram to your family tree. Under each heading, list year born, year died (if applicable), major diseases that developed during the person's lifetime, and cause of death (if applicable). Figure 3-21 provides one such example.
You are likely to be at risk for any diseases listed. Creating a plan for preventing such diseases when possible, especially those that developed in your family members before age 50 to 60 years, is advised. Speak with your physician about any concerns arising from this exercise.

Question 16

Energy production that takes place in the cytoplasm is anaerobic metabolism because it does not require

A) water.
B) oxygen.
C) anabolic steroids.
D) anaerobic bacteria.

Question 17

Draw and label parts of the cell, and explain the function of each organelle as it relates to human nutrition.

Question 18

Describe the nutrition-related diseases for which genetics or family history is considered to be an important risk factor.

Question 19

A muscular contraction that propels food down the GI tract is called

A) a sphincter.
B) enterohepatic circulation.
C) gravitational pull.
D) peristalsis.

Question 20

Trace the flow of blood from the right side of the heart and back to the same site. How is blood routed through the small intestine? Which class of nutrients enters the body via the blood? Via the lymph?

Question 21

Bicarbonate ions (HCO 3 - ) from the pancreas

A) neutralize acid in the stomach.
B) are synthesized in the pyloric sphincter.
C) neutralize bile in the duodenum.
D) neutralize acid in the duodenum.

Question 22

Explain why the small intestine is better suited than the other GI tract organs to carry out the absorptive process.

Question 23

Most digestive processes occur in the

A) mouth.
B) stomach.
C) small intestine.
D) large intestine.
E) liver.