Deck 21: The Biology of Chronic Disease

Question 1

Why is hypertension common among elderly people?

A) It arises from years of improper diet.
B) It is due to constant exposure to chronic diseases.
C) As blood vessels age, blood vessels stiffen and lose flexibility.
D) Risk factors tend to increase with increasing age.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Based on this figure, which of the following is the largest risk factor for cancer?

A) alcohol use
B) obesity
C) high blood glucose
D) hypertension

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Obesity is an example of a chronic disease because it

A) can affect people of all ages.
B) is a top cause of death around the world.
C) persists long term and may cause physiological changes.
D) is an infectious disease that can be managed.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is considered normal for systolic pressure?

A) 90
B) 120
C) 140
D) 80

Question 5

Which of the following occurs during systolic pressure?

A) The ventricles contract.
B) The atria contract.
C) Both the ventricles and atria contract.
D) The heart is at rest.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about leptin and obesity is correct?

A) Obese people tend to have unusually low levels of leptin.
B) As a result of low levels of leptin in obese people, food cravings are not regulated adequately.
C) Obese people often develop resistance to leptin and thus appetite is not suppressed.
D) A diet high in saturated fats tends to block leptin production and thus stimulates appetite.

Question 7

Which of the following have a thicker muscular wall?

A) arteries
B) veins
C) capillaries

Question 8

The smallest blood vessels are __________.

A) capillaries
B) arteries
C) veins
D) both arteries and veins

Question 9

As levels of body fat increase, leptin levels __________ and appetite is __________.

A) increase; suppressed
B) increase; stimulated
C) decrease; stimulated
D) decrease; suppressed

Question 10

Blood from the body enters the __________ of the heart.

A) atria
B) ventricles
C) aorta
D) coronary arteries

Question 11

DNA replication occurs during the __________ of the cell cycle.

A) S phase
B) G₁ phase
C) G₂ phase
D) interphase

Question 12

Alex has just given blood at the Red Cross blood drive. Immediately afterward, his systolic blood pressure would likely be __________.

A) a little below 120
B) a little below 80
C) a little above 120
D) much below 80

Question 13

Mutations in which of the following are most likely to lead to cancer?

A) genes that control the cell cycle
B) genes that code for muscle proteins
C) genes that code for nerve cells
D) genes that control for eye color

Question 14

An agent that causes genetic mutations is called __________.

A) a carcinogen
B) cancer
C) a virus
D) a malignant tumor

Question 15

Alex has just given blood at the Red Cross blood drive, and immediately after the event, his blood pressure is a little lower than normal. How might his body respond to this?

A) Arteries can constrict to increase blood pressure.
B) His body is able to immediately manufacture new blood cells.
C) All the lost blood cells are replaced with water.
D) Veins can dilate to reduce blood flow.

Question 16

Although high caloric input is an obvious cause of obesity, which of the following factors also contribute(s) to this disease?

A) an inactive lifestyle
B) a strong genetic component
C) the availability of nonhealthy foods
D) both an inactive lifestyle and the availability of nonhealthy foods

Question 17

Judy had plaque buildup in her arteries. When one of these ruptured, a blood clot traveled to her brain where it blocked blood flow, resulting in death of some of the brain cells. This is an example of __________.

A) a stroke
B) atherosclerosis
C) coronary heart disease
D) a carcinogen

Question 18

Sarah is a little underweight for her size. As a result, her leptin levels will be __________ if she gained a bit more weight.

A) higher than
B) lower than
C) the same as
D) either higher than or the same as

Question 19

All of the following are examples of chronic diseases EXCEPT

A) cancer.
B) diabetes.
C) heart disease.
D) influenza.

Question 20

Which of the following is true about plaques?

A) This is another name for atherosclerosis.
B) They cause narrowing of the arteries.
C) They lead to increased blood flow in the arteries and veins.
D) They are formed primarily of protein.

Question 21

Stacy has a dog that has a tumor on its back leg. This means the _______________.

A) dog has cancer
B) dog has an abnormal mass of cells
C) cells are metastasizing
D) dog has been exposed to a carcinogen

Question 22

The minimum number of mutations that is required before cancer is likely to develop is _____.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 23

In this figure, _____ is the subcutaneous layer, and its function is to __________.

A) C; cushion organs, as well as insulation
B) A; constantly divide to replace skin cells
C) B; provide strength and flexibility
D) A; secrete collagen and elastic fibers

Question 24

David has just been told by his doctor that he has a malignant growth. Which of the following is true?

A) He has a noncancerous tumor.
B) The tumor cells are spreading through his body.
C) He has a single mutation in one of his oncogenes.
D) both (b) and (c)

Question 25

Cancer can be considered an inherited disease if ____________________.

A) at least one mutation is inherited
B) a family member has some type of cancer
C) all members of the family share the same gene
D) a person inherits a tumor suppressor gene from one of his parents

Question 26

Vance Alexander is a professor of epidemiology and environmental medicine at Washington State University's School of Veterinary Medicine. He and his team reported that they had found an association between the risk of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder in Scotties and the terriers' exposure to lawns treated with commonly used herbicides. The study was based on a survey of owners of 83 Scottish terriers, all of which were about the same age and had bladder cancer. The dog owners documented their terriers' housing, exposure time to the lawn, and information on the lawn treatment used. Those results were then compared to a group of 83 unexposed similarly aged Scotties that were undergoing treatment for unrelated ailments. Dr. Alexander found the occurrence of bladder cancer was between four and seven times higher in the group of dogs exposed to the herbicides. Dr. Alexander stated that Scotties seem to have a genetic susceptibility to this type of cancer. "We choose the Scottish terrier because we had done a previous study to show that this breed had a higher risk of bladder cancer compared to all other breeds-about 18-fold greater risk." If scientists were able to identify a specific gene mutation that was strongly correlated with bladder cancer in dogs, this might be considered a __________.

A) plaque
B) genetic marker
C) loci
D) germ cell

Question 27

Prior to the S phase of the cell cycle, a cell passes through a regulatory checkpoint. If mutations are detected in the cell, the __________ will initiate cell death.

A) tumor suppressor genes
B) oncogenes
C) DNA repair genes
D) metastatic cells

Question 28

Vance Alexander is a professor of epidemiology and environmental medicine at Washington State University's School of Veterinary Medicine. He and his team reported that they had found an association between the risk of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder in Scotties and the terriers' exposure to lawns treated with commonly used herbicides. The study was based on a survey of owners of 83 Scottish terriers, all of which were about the same age and had bladder cancer. The dog owners documented their terriers' housing, exposure time to the lawn, and information on the lawn treatment used. Those results were then compared to a group of 83 unexposed similarly aged Scotties that were undergoing treatment for unrelated ailments. Dr. Alexander found the occurrence of bladder cancer was between four and seven times higher in the group of dogs exposed to the herbicides. Dr. Alexander stated that Scotties seem to have a genetic susceptibility to this type of cancer. "We choose the Scottish terrier because we had done a previous study to show that this breed had a higher risk of bladder cancer compared to all other breeds-about 18-fold greater risk." What would be considered the control group in this experiment?

A) the Scottish terriers exposed to herbicide
B) the Scottish terriers without cancer
C) any type of dog that does not have cancer
D) all dogs that are exposed to herbicides

Question 29

Which of the following is incorrectly paired?

A) lumpectomy-removal of metastasized cells
B) radiation therapy-ionizing radiation that kills cells
C) chemotherapy-drugs that often target processes associated with cell growth
D) mastectomy-surgery that results in removal of the entire breast

Question 30

Vance Alexander is a professor of epidemiology and environmental medicine at Washington State University's School of Veterinary Medicine. He and his team reported that they had found an association between the risk of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder in Scotties and the terriers' exposure to lawns treated with commonly used herbicides. The study was based on a survey of owners of 83 Scottish terriers, all of which were about the same age and had bladder cancer. The dog owners documented their terriers' housing, exposure time to the lawn, and information on the lawn treatment used. Those results were then compared to a group of 83 unexposed similarly aged Scotties that were undergoing treatment for unrelated ailments. Dr. Alexander found the occurrence of bladder cancer was between four and seven times higher in the group of dogs exposed to the herbicides. Dr. Alexander stated that Scotties seem to have a genetic susceptibility to this type of cancer. "We choose the Scottish terrier because we had done a previous study to show that this breed had a higher risk of bladder cancer compared to all other breeds-about 18-fold greater risk." What might be the best treatment for bladder cancer?

A) radiation therapy
B) surgery
C) chemotherapy
D) gene therapy

Question 31

Vance Alexander is a professor of epidemiology and environmental medicine at Washington State University's School of Veterinary Medicine. He and his team reported that they had found an association between the risk of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder in Scotties and the terriers' exposure to lawns treated with commonly used herbicides. The study was based on a survey of owners of 83 Scottish terriers, all of which were about the same age and had bladder cancer. The dog owners documented their terriers' housing, exposure time to the lawn, and information on the lawn treatment used. Those results were then compared to a group of 83 unexposed similarly aged Scotties that were undergoing treatment for unrelated ailments. Dr. Alexander found the occurrence of bladder cancer was between four and seven times higher in the group of dogs exposed to the herbicides. Dr. Alexander stated that Scotties seem to have a genetic susceptibility to this type of cancer. "We choose the Scottish terrier because we had done a previous study to show that this breed had a higher risk of bladder cancer compared to all other breeds-about 18-fold greater risk." In this study, genetic susceptibility likely means

A) the dogs' genes are promoting cancer.
B) they do not have any functional tumor suppressor cells.
C) that additional mutations occur very quickly, leading to cancer.
D) there is a mutation in one of the genes associated with cell division.

Question 32

The family of BRCA genes is associated with some forms of __________ cancer.

A) breast
B) ovarian
C) prostate
D) all of these

Question 33

Vance Alexander is a professor of epidemiology and environmental medicine at Washington State University's School of Veterinary Medicine. He and his team reported that they had found an association between the risk of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder in Scotties and the terriers' exposure to lawns treated with commonly used herbicides. The study was based on a survey of owners of 83 Scottish terriers, all of which were about the same age and had bladder cancer. The dog owners documented their terriers' housing, exposure time to the lawn, and information on the lawn treatment used. Those results were then compared to a group of 83 unexposed similarly aged Scotties that were undergoing treatment for unrelated ailments. Dr. Alexander found the occurrence of bladder cancer was between four and seven times higher in the group of dogs exposed to the herbicides. Dr. Alexander stated that Scotties seem to have a genetic susceptibility to this type of cancer. "We choose the Scottish terrier because we had done a previous study to show that this breed had a higher risk of bladder cancer compared to all other breeds-about 18-fold greater risk." With Scotties that have a genetic susceptibility to cancer, the mutated gene would be an example of a(n) __________.

A) oncogene
B) carcinogen
C) type of receptor
D) plaque

Question 34

Which of the following are involved with tumor suppression?

A) oncogenes
B) tumor suppressor genes
C) DNA repair genes
D) both tumor suppressor genes and DNA repair genes

Question 35

Vance Alexander is a professor of epidemiology and environmental medicine at Washington State University's School of Veterinary Medicine. He and his team reported that they had found an association between the risk of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder in Scotties and the terriers' exposure to lawns treated with commonly used herbicides. The study was based on a survey of owners of 83 Scottish terriers, all of which were about the same age and had bladder cancer. The dog owners documented their terriers' housing, exposure time to the lawn, and information on the lawn treatment used. Those results were then compared to a group of 83 unexposed similarly aged Scotties that were undergoing treatment for unrelated ailments. Dr. Alexander found the occurrence of bladder cancer was between four and seven times higher in the group of dogs exposed to the herbicides. Dr. Alexander stated that Scotties seem to have a genetic susceptibility to this type of cancer. "We choose the Scottish terrier because we had done a previous study to show that this breed had a higher risk of bladder cancer compared to all other breeds-about 18-fold greater risk." As with people, cancer is much more common among dogs that are obese and have low activity levels. Obesity and activity level are thus considered __________ for cancer in dogs.

A) carcinogens
B) risk factors
C) indicators
D) oncogenes

Question 36

Skin cancer usually occurs in layer A, which is the __________, and is most often caused by _____.

A) epidermis; UVA
B) epidermis; UVB
C) dermis; UVA
D) dermis; UVB

Question 37

Which of the following is incorrectly paired?

A) tumor-mass of cells resulting from uncontrolled growth
B) metastasize-cancerous cells spreading throughout the body
C) oncogenes-mutated forms of genes that regulate cell growth
D) tumor suppressor gene-mutated form of a gene that suppresses growth

Question 38

Erica is taking birth control pills that have high levels of estrogen. Which of the following is true about estrogen?

A) Having high levels of estrogen is a risk factor associated with breast cancer.
B) Estrogen moves into the DNA to signal cell division.
C) The production of estrogen decreases when females reach puberty.
D) All of these are true.

Question 39

Vance Alexander is a professor of epidemiology and environmental medicine at Washington State University's School of Veterinary Medicine. He and his team reported that they had found an association between the risk of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder in Scotties and the terriers' exposure to lawns treated with commonly used herbicides. The study was based on a survey of owners of 83 Scottish terriers, all of which were about the same age and had bladder cancer. The dog owners documented their terriers' housing, exposure time to the lawn, and information on the lawn treatment used. Those results were then compared to a group of 83 unexposed similarly aged Scotties that were undergoing treatment for unrelated ailments. Dr. Alexander found the occurrence of bladder cancer was between four and seven times higher in the group of dogs exposed to the herbicides. Dr. Alexander stated that Scotties seem to have a genetic susceptibility to this type of cancer. "We choose the Scottish terrier because we had done a previous study to show that this breed had a higher risk of bladder cancer compared to all other breeds-about 18-fold greater risk." The herbicide is an example of a __________.

A) risk factor
B) carcinogen
C) type of radiation
D) chemotherapy

Question 40

Sandra has spent quite a bit of time in the sun. UVA has led to mutations in some of her cells, but this damage was repaired by __________.

A) DNA repair genes
B) oncogenes
C) tumor suppressor genes
D) all of these