Deck 6: The Proteins and Amino Acids

Question 1

Which of the following foods contains isoflavones?

A) Eggs
B) Broccoli
C) Corn
D) Soy

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which lunch is the lowest in protein?

A) Fruit salad
B) Chili and a roll
C) A low-fat hot dog with mustard
D) A grilled chicken sandwich with tomato

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Disruption of a protein chain's normal shape due to heat or acidity is called:

A) hydrogenation.
B) denaturation.
C) digestion.
D) condensation.
E) hydrolysis.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

An essential amino acid:

A) is not necessary in the diet.
B) must be supplied by the diet.
C) can be made from glucose in the body.
D) can be made from other amino acids in the body.
E) can be made from fat in the body.

Question 5

What is kwashiorkor?

A) A nutrient deficiency disease that results from a lack of dietary protein.
B) The build-up of ketone bodies in the blood.
C) A type of anemia common among vegetarians.
D) A nutrient deficiency disease resulting from an inadequate calorie intake.

Question 6

Which disease occurs most commonly in children after they have been weaned?

A) Kwashiorkor
B) Marasmus
C) Diabetes
D) Hypertension

Question 7

The strategy of combining two plant protein foods in a meal so that each provides the essential amino acids lacking in the other uses:

A) reference proteins.
B) complementary proteins.
C) simultaneous augmentation.
D) bonus protein combining.

Question 8

Edema appears as the result of:

A) excess protein in the diet.
B) drinking too much water.
C) fluid leaking from the blood vessels.
D) a deficiency of linoleic-acid.

Question 9

What happens if the diet is lacking an essential amino acid?

A) The body cells will synthesize it.
B) Proteins will be made but they will lack that particular amino acid.
C) Protein synthesis will be halted.
D) Another amino acid will be substituted for the missing one.

Question 10

The DRI recommend a protein intake of _____ gram(s) per kilogram of desirable body weight per day.

A) 0.2
B) 0.8
C) 1.2
D) 2.6

Question 11

The special proteins that inactivate foreign bacteria and viruses are:

A) enzymes.
B) antibodies.
C) hormones.
D) structural proteins.
E) transport proteins.

Question 12

Enzymes are:

A) activated by high heat.
B) usually, but not always, made of protein.
C) destroyed after they react.
D) specific for a particular reaction.
E) all of the above

Question 13

The quality of a protein depends upon the proportion of:

A) essential amino acids present.
B) essential fatty acids present.
C) nonessential amino acids present.
D) nitrogen to give nitrogen equilibrium.
E) nitrogen to give positive nitrogen balance.

Question 14

If a man consumes 65 grams of protein and 2700 total calories per day, approximately what percentage of calories would he derive from protein?

A) 8
B) 10
C) 15
D) 25

Question 15

Which of the following is true about protein recommendations?

A) An assumption is made that dietary protein is from animal sources only.
B) The DRI is established at 8 grams per kilogram of ideal body weight.
C) The DRI is highest proportionately for adult males.
D) The recommendations are based on amount of lean body mass.
E) a and d

Question 16

A buffer:

A) emulsifies fats.
B) maintains a constant pH.
C) facilitates chemical reactions.
D) protects against plaque build-up.

Question 17

Which element is found in all proteins, but not in carbohydrates or fats?

A) Carbon
B) Iron
C) Nitrogen
D) Calcium
E) Oxygen

Question 18

In what way do soybeans differ from other legumes?

A) They are high in protein.
B) They contain fiber.
C) They contain complete proteins.
D) They are a nutrient-dense food.
E) All of the above

Question 19

Which health benefit is associated with a diet that replaces animal protein with soy protein?

A) Lowers blood cholesterol
B) Helps prevent and treat osteoporosis
C) May decrease the symptoms of menopause
D) All of the above

Question 20

Which type of vegetarian excludes all animal-derived foods?

A) Semi-vegetarian
B) Lactovegetarian
C) Vegan
D) Ovovegetarian
E) Lacto-ovovegetarian

Question 21

When determining the biological value (BV) of proteins, scientists measure the net loss of _____ from the body.

A) calcium
B) zinc
C) carbon
D) nitrogen

Question 22

If amino acids are oversupplied, their amine group is excreted and the fragments that remain are converted to:

A) glucose, glycogen, or fat.
B) sucrose, fiber, and amino acids.
C) fat only.
D) urea and ketones.

Question 23

The recommendations for protein are based on the assumption that the protein eaten will come from:

A) dairy only.
B) animal sources only.
C) plant sources only.
D) plant and animal sources.

Question 24

Which of the following is not a legume?

A) Corn
B) Lentils
C) Peas
D) Kidney beans

Question 25

Which of the following foods is least likely to cause food allergies?

A) Fish
B) Eggs
C) Rice
D) Wheat

Question 26

Why is carbohydrate said to be "protein sparing"?

A) Because if there is not enough protein in the diet, the body cannot digest starch.
B) Because if the diet provides enough carbohydrate for energy, then protein can be used to make new proteins.
C) Because fiber is needed in order to absorb amino acids into the body.
D) Because if the diet provides enough protein, then glucose will be used for energy.

Question 27

When amino acids are degraded for energy, their amine groups are incorporated by the liver into:

A) glucose.
B) fat.
C) ketone bodies.
D) urea.

Question 28

It is recommended that protein provide what percentage of total caloric intake?

A) 5%-10%
B) 10%-35%
C) 35%-45%
D) > 55%

Question 29

From which of the following would you expect the protein to be most easily absorbed by the body?

A) Tuna
B) Lentils
C) Whole-grain bread
D) Pistachios

Question 30

Jill is eating a salad at lunch and suddenly feels stomach cramps. She had told the waiter she was allergic to walnuts and he assured her there were none in the salad. Which of the following might have occurred?

A) There were walnuts added to the salad because the cook forgot to exclude them.
B) Although no walnuts were in the salad, there were cashews, and she is reacting to these tree nuts as well.
C) Jill is experiencing an adverse reaction but not an allergic reaction.
D) The salad dressing contained walnut oil.
E) All of the above are possible.

Question 31

Of all the roles proteins play in the body, which role has the highest priority?

A) Hormone
B) Energy
C) Transport
D) Antibodies

Question 32

In the body, denaturation occurs in the:

A) mouth.
B) esophagus.
C) stomach.
D) liver.

Question 33

The best advice for someone who is a vegetarian is to:

A) find out how much of each essential amino acid is required daily.
B) determine how much of each amino acid is contained in favorite foods.
C) consume a varied diet on a daily basis.
D) take amino acid supplements.

Question 34

When protein reaches the _____, it is made up largely of di- and tripeptides.

A) stomach
B) liver
C) large intestine
D) small intestine

Question 35

Which two minerals need special attention in the diets of all vegetarians?

A) Iodine and iron
B) Iron and zinc
C) Calcium and phosphorus
D) Magnesium and sodium
E) Potassium and manganese

Question 36

A total of _____ amino acids compose the majority of protein in living things and nine are _____ to humans.

A) 15; nonessential
B) 20; essential
C) 25; nonessential
D) 35; essential

Question 37

All of the following are correct about food allergies except :

A) the reaction always involves antibodies, mast cells, and histamine.
B) the reaction can be fatal.
C) there are drugs available to cure food allergy.
D) a prick skin test can be used to diagnose an allergy.

Question 38

Which combination of foods would not provide all the essential amino acids?

A) Oatmeal and whole-wheat toast
B) Rice and beans
C) Cereal with milk
D) Peanut butter on wheat bread
E) Pea soup and crackers

Question 39

Joe is a college student interested in getting more muscular. At his gym a friend suggests that drinking a shake with raw eggs is a good way to build muscle. You tell him that one reason for cooking eggs prior to their consumption is that it releases:

A) biotin and vitamin C.
B) vitamin D and folate.
C) iron and biotin.
D) zinc and magnesium.

Question 40

Soy foods in the diet are not thought to play a role in reducing the risk of which of the following conditions?

A) Heart disease
B) Osteoporosis
C) Certain types of cancer
D) Influenza

Question 41

The foods most associated with anaphylactic reactions include all of the following except :

A) eggs.
B) shellfish.
C) tree nuts.
D) cheese.

Question 42

Which of the following is a reliable source of vitamin B₁₂ for a vegan?

A) Fortified soy milk
B) Seaweed
C) Fermented soy
D) Firm-style tofu

Question 43

Four friends are dining out, and the waiter brings their orders... but one of them is wrong. Which person's order is incorrect?

A) Lenny, a vegan who is served a bean burrito with guacamole
B) Minnie, an ovovegetarian who is served a mushroom-tomato omelet
C) Vinny, a lactovegetarian who is served spinach quiche (egg-based pie)
D) Penny, a lacto-ovovegetarian who is served a fruit plate with yogurt

Question 44

What would be the best way for Denarius to modify his prize-winning chili recipe to make its protein content more healthful?

A) Replace the canned diced tomatoes with fresh diced tomatoes
B) Replace the extra lean ground beef with ground turkey (with the skin ground in)
C) Reduce the amount of kidney beans and add more ground beef
D) Reduce the amount of ground beef and add more kidney beans and celery

Question 45

Why do vegans need to take care to get enough dietary zinc?

A) Zinc is not widespread in plant foods
B) The vitamin C in plant foods hinders the absorption of zinc
C) The form of zinc in plants is less readily absorbed than the form in animals
D) Binders in plant foods may reduce zinc's availability to the body

Question 46

The _____ dismantles proteins into amino acids and short peptides, which are further broken down and absorbed by cells in the lining of the _____.

A) stomach; stomach
B) stomach; small intestine
C) small intestine; large intestine
D) mouth; stomach

Question 47

A food contains 12 grams of protein, 21 grams of carbohydrate, and 3 grams of total fat. What is the percentage of calories from protein in this food?

A) 17%
B) 30%
C) 54%
D) It is impossible to determine.

Question 48

Maria is at her ideal weight of 125 pounds. How much protein would you recommend she consume daily?

A) 31 grams
B) 45 grams
C) 100 grams
D) It is impossible to determine.

Question 49

Tim is a 24-year-old college student who found out he is allergic to shrimp. What advice could you give Tim?

A) Eat shrimp only in small amounts.
B) Eat shrimp mixed with other foods to mask it.
C) He should not eat shrimp at all.
D) He should wait a few years and see if he outgrows the allergy.

Question 50

Which mineral is most likely to be lacking in a vegan diet?

A) Potassium
B) Calcium
C) Sodium
D) Chromium

Question 51

Which is the only food below that contains negligible protein?

A) Pears
B) Whole milk
C) Edamame
D) Flounder

Question 52

Which of the following correctly describes the average American's protein intake?

A) Inadequate intake of low-quality protein
B) Excess intake of high-quality protein
C) Inadequate intake of high-quality protein
D) Excess intake of low-quality protein

Question 53

Which statement is incorrect about kwashiorkor?

A) It occurs when there is a deficiency of protein but calories are adequate.
B) It stunts a child's growth.
C) It can make a child look like a wizened little old person.
D) Edema occurs, enlarging the belly.
E) a and b

Question 54

The main difference between a food intolerance and a food allergy is:

A) the involvement of the immune system.
B) the development of hives.
C) the development of intestinal cramps.
D) the development of a migraine headache.

Question 55

Animals fed an excess of protein experience a protein overload effect which includes:

A) enlargement of their livers and kidneys.
B) faster growth of hair and nails.
C) growing taller than animals not fed excess protein.
D) larger brain size.

Question 56

Which statement below is false ?

A) Regular consumption of vegetables with whole grains promotes iron deficiency.
B) Regular sun exposure can prevent vitamin D deficiency in vegans.
C) Dark greens, whole grains, mushrooms, and legumes are good riboflavin sources.
D) Dried figs, almonds, sesame seeds, and broccoli are good calcium sources.

Question 57

Legumes are rich in all the following except :

A) protein.
B) fat.
C) fiber.
D) B vitamins.

Question 58

Which vitamin is most likely to be lacking in a vegan diet?

A) Folate
B) Vitamin C
C) Vitamin B₁₂
D) Thiamin

Question 59

Which type of vegetarian would eat scrambled eggs but not drink a glass of milk?

A) Vegan
B) Lacto-ovovegetarian
C) Ovovegetarian
D) Semivegetarian

Question 60

Your friend LaTonya says she wants to make sure she's getting enough protein without getting too much. What advice would you give her?

A) "At least 2/3 of each meal should consist of animal-based foods such as fish, lean poultry, or nonfat dairy."
B) "Drink nonfat milk with every meal and snack and eat yogurt for breakfast every day."
C) "At least 2/3 of each meal should consist of plant-based foods such as legumes, vegetables, and whole grains."
D) "Be sure to eat at least 6 oz. lean meat every day."

Question 61

Children with marasmus look very wasted, whereas children with kwashiorkor do not.

Question 62

Vignette #1 John has started working out at the local gym and has been buying protein-packed snack bars and other high-protein foods. He started at 180 pounds and has increased his weight to 195 pounds. He is convinced the extra weight is all muscle. His wife, Jill, thinks that the there may be risks involved with eating extra protein. They decide to find out more about how much protein they need and explore the risks associated with consuming too much as well as too little protein. Thinking about what you have read in your nutrition text, answer the following questions. Jill's research into the risks of excess protein should lead her to give what advice to John?

A) Eating twice the RDA will help John safely gain muscle mass quickly.
B) Eating excess protein necessitates that John increase his calcium intake.
C) There have been no adverse reports in animals or humans to suggest excess protein is a problem.
D) The only risk of excess protein intake is marasmus.

Question 63

Essential amino acids are those that the healthy adult body can make for itself, given the needed parts.

Question 64

Vignette #1 John has started working out at the local gym and has been buying protein-packed snack bars and other high-protein foods. He started at 180 pounds and has increased his weight to 195 pounds. He is convinced the extra weight is all muscle. His wife, Jill, thinks that the there may be risks involved with eating extra protein. They decide to find out more about how much protein they need and explore the risks associated with consuming too much as well as too little protein. Thinking about what you have read in your nutrition text, answer the following questions. Now that John is eating protein bars and shakes, he is consuming more protein and calories daily than he requires. What most likely happens to the excess protein?

A) It is converted to muscle tissue.
B) It is stored until needed.
C) It is converted to fat for energy storage.
D) It is converted to glucose for energy.

Question 65

Vignette #2 Maggie and her mom are in the supermarket shopping for dinner. Maggie wants to try soy burgers for dinner. Her mother doesn't want to try them and says, "What is the big deal about soy? Why should we try soy burgers?" Maggie has learned about the benefits of soy while taking a nutrition course and begins to explain to her mom why soy might be good for both of them. Let's see if you know as much as Maggie about soy by answering the following questions. Maggie shows her mother a health claim on the soy burger package. How much soy protein does the new health claim for food labels suggest be eaten daily, and what is the possible benefit mentioned on the label?

A) 15 grams; reduced risk of prostate cancer
B) 20 grams; reduced risk of diabetes
C) 25 grams; reduced risk of heart disease
D) 30 grams; reduced risk of breast cancer
E) 35 grams; reduced risk of osteoporosis

Question 66

What is immunoglobulin E (IgE)?

A) A specialized immune cell that stores important substances
B) A type of antibody that circulates through the blood
C) A chemical produced by mast cells
D) A fragment of food that can cause an adverse reaction

Question 67

Vignette #1 John has started working out at the local gym and has been buying protein-packed snack bars and other high-protein foods. He started at 180 pounds and has increased his weight to 195 pounds. He is convinced the extra weight is all muscle. His wife, Jill, thinks that the there may be risks involved with eating extra protein. They decide to find out more about how much protein they need and explore the risks associated with consuming too much as well as too little protein. Thinking about what you have read in your nutrition text, answer the following questions. Assuming that John's ideal weight is 180 pounds, calculate his recommended protein intake (RDA).

A) 71 grams
B) 65 grams
C) 144 grams
D) Not enough information is provided.

Question 68

Vignette #1 John has started working out at the local gym and has been buying protein-packed snack bars and other high-protein foods. He started at 180 pounds and has increased his weight to 195 pounds. He is convinced the extra weight is all muscle. His wife, Jill, thinks that the there may be risks involved with eating extra protein. They decide to find out more about how much protein they need and explore the risks associated with consuming too much as well as too little protein. Thinking about what you have read in your nutrition text, answer the following questions. John has been eating a typical high-protein diet ever since he began working out regularly. Which of the following most likely characterizes his diet?

A) It is often low in fruits, vegetables, and grains.
B) It is often high in saturated fat.
C) It is often too high in fiber.
D) b and c
E) a and b

Question 69

People can get enough protein from plant foods alone.

Question 70

Vignette #2 Maggie and her mom are in the supermarket shopping for dinner. Maggie wants to try soy burgers for dinner. Her mother doesn't want to try them and says, "What is the big deal about soy? Why should we try soy burgers?" Maggie has learned about the benefits of soy while taking a nutrition course and begins to explain to her mom why soy might be good for both of them. Let's see if you know as much as Maggie about soy by answering the following questions. Maggie's mother is going through menopause. Why might soy products be of benefit to her?

A) They contain phytoestrogens such as isoflavones that greatly reduce estrogenic activity and may prevent breast cancer.
B) They contain genistein and daidzein, the same compounds used in hormone replacement therapy.
C) They contain high levels of dietary fiber and complete protein that may reduce the incidence of hot flashes.
D) They contain phytoestrogens such as isoflavones that may reduce the incidence of hot flashes.
E) All of the above

Question 71

Vegans are at particular risk for a vitamin C deficiency.

Question 72

Vignette #2 Maggie and her mom are in the supermarket shopping for dinner. Maggie wants to try soy burgers for dinner. Her mother doesn't want to try them and says, "What is the big deal about soy? Why should we try soy burgers?" Maggie has learned about the benefits of soy while taking a nutrition course and begins to explain to her mom why soy might be good for both of them. Let's see if you know as much as Maggie about soy by answering the following questions. The phytoestrogens, soy protein, and soy polysaccharides found in soy foods might play a beneficial role in _____.

A) diabetes
B) diverticulosis
C) kidney stones
D) obesity
E) gallstones

Question 73

Vignette #2 Maggie and her mom are in the supermarket shopping for dinner. Maggie wants to try soy burgers for dinner. Her mother doesn't want to try them and says, "What is the big deal about soy? Why should we try soy burgers?" Maggie has learned about the benefits of soy while taking a nutrition course and begins to explain to her mom why soy might be good for both of them. Let's see if you know as much as Maggie about soy by answering the following questions. Which type of cancer might a diet rich in soy foods prevent based on epidemiological studies?

A) Leukemia
B) Prostate
C) Kidney
D) Lymphoma
E) a and d

Question 74

Bonnie, who has a peanut allergy, peruses the refreshment table a bridal shower. She sees a plate stacked with sandwich triangles: some made with peanut butter, and some with pimento cheese. Which statement is true?

A) It is safe for Bonnie to try a peanut butter triangle if she only eats half of it
B) It is not safe for Bonnie to eat a sandwich because of potential cross-contamination
C) It is safe for Bonnie to try a sandwich triangle as long as she chooses pimento
D) It is not safe for Bonnie to eat a sandwich because you can't tell from the pimento cheese label whether it contains peanuts

Question 75

Depending on the circumstances, protein in the diet can be converted to either glucose or fat.

Question 76

Vignette #2 Maggie and her mom are in the supermarket shopping for dinner. Maggie wants to try soy burgers for dinner. Her mother doesn't want to try them and says, "What is the big deal about soy? Why should we try soy burgers?" Maggie has learned about the benefits of soy while taking a nutrition course and begins to explain to her mom why soy might be good for both of them. Let's see if you know as much as Maggie about soy by answering the following questions. What is special about soy protein?

A) It contains a lot of amino acids.
B) It is the only vegetable food that contains complete protein.
C) It can raise blood cholesterol levels when added to an omnivorous diet.
D) It is lower in calories than most other vegetables.

Question 77

Which of the following is a good way to boost the isoflavone content of a meal?

A) Use soy sauce to marinade vegetables prior to grilling them
B) Replace olive oil with soybean oil in a salad dressing
C) Replace cubed chicken with cubed firm tofu in a stir-fry
D) Order hummus instead of edamame as an appetizer

Question 78

The building blocks of proteins are called amino acids.

Question 79

In human beings, diets high in animal protein necessitate higher intakes of calcium.

Question 80

Vignette #1 John has started working out at the local gym and has been buying protein-packed snack bars and other high-protein foods. He started at 180 pounds and has increased his weight to 195 pounds. He is convinced the extra weight is all muscle. His wife, Jill, thinks that the there may be risks involved with eating extra protein. They decide to find out more about how much protein they need and explore the risks associated with consuming too much as well as too little protein. Thinking about what you have read in your nutrition text, answer the following questions. Jill and John are out to dinner and deciding what to order. Which of the following choices most closely follows the guidelines for selecting protein sources from your text?

A) Thai mixed vegetables with shrimp and rice
B) Lasagna with ground turkey
C) A low-fat hotdog on a bun with a salad
D) A turkey club sandwich