Deck 4: Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: the Scientific Revolution and the Emergence of Modern Science

Question 1

define the following term:
"God's handiwork"

Answer 1

Answers will vary.

Question 2

define the following term:
geocentric conception

Answer 2

Answers will vary.

Question 3

define the following term:
Ptolemaic conception

Answer 3

Answers will vary.

Question 4

define the following term:
the Empyrean Heaven

Question 5

Compare the methods used by Bacon and Descartes. How did each thinker contribute to the development of the scientific method?

Question 6

In what ways did the fifteenth-century Renaissance contribute to the sixteenth and seventeenth-century Scientific Revolution?

Question 7

In what ways did Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton challenge prevailing ideas about the structure of the universe? What elements of that cosmology did they leave intact?

Question 8

define the following term:
"natural philosophers"

Question 9

define the following term:
Aristotle

Question 10

Why did the Catholic Church view Galileo as a threat to its power and authority?

Question 11

What was rationalism? Why is Descartes considered the founder of "modern rationalism"?

Question 12

define the following term:
epicycles

Question 13

How was the new scientific knowledge spread in the seventeenth century?

Question 14

In what ways was the work of Isaac Newton the culmination of almost two centuries of scientific research and development?

Question 15

define the following term:
Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 16

What were the key features of medieval cosmology?

Question 17

How did women contribute to the beginnings of modern science? How did most male scientists view women in general and female scientists in particular?

Question 18

How did Pascal view the relationship between science and religion?

Question 19

define the following term:
alchemy

Question 20

What did Vesalius and Harvey contribute to a scientific view of medicine? Be specific and give examples.

Question 21

define the following term:
Galen

Question 22

define the following term:
On the Fabric of the Human Body

Question 23

define the following term:
three laws of motion

Question 24

define the following term:
William Harvey

Question 25

define the following term:
Isaac Newton

Question 26

define the following term:
Principia

Question 27

define the following term:
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

Question 28

define the following term:
universal law of gravitation

Question 29

define the following term:
Johannes Kepler

Question 30

define the following term:
Galenic hypotheses

Question 31

define the following term:
heliocentric conception

Question 32

define the following term:
world-machine

Question 33

define the following term:
The Starry Messenger

Question 34

define the following term:
Andreas Vesalius

Question 35

define the following term:
Galileo Galilei

Question 36

define the following term:
the Inquisition

Question 37

define the following term:
"spyglass"

Question 38

define the following term:
hermetic magic

Question 39

define the following term:
Scientific Revolution

Question 40

define the following term:
On the Motion of the Heart and Blood

Question 41

define the following term:
René Descartes

Question 42

define the following term:
Maria Winkelmann

Question 43

define the following term:
rationalism

Question 44

define the following term:
scientific method

Question 45

define the following term:
"I think therefore I am"

Question 46

define the following term:
empiricism

Question 47

define the following term:
Antoine Lavoisier

Question 48

define the following term:
Cavendish's Grounds of Natural Philosophy

Question 49

define the following term:
Margaret Cavendish

Question 50

define the following term:
Francis Bacon

Question 51

define the following term:
"music of the spheres"

Question 52

define the following term:
French Royal Academy of Sciences

Question 53

define the following term:
Pensées

Question 54

define the following term:
Robert Boyle

Question 55

define the following term:
Blaise Pascal

Question 56

define the following term:
metallurgy

Question 57

define the following term:
Francis Bacon's inductive method

Question 58

define the following term:
English Royal Society

Question 59

define the following term:
Cartesian dualism

Question 60

define the following term:
Discourse on Method

Question 61

By what other name is the Ptolemaic conception of the universe?

A)God's master plan
B)The geocentric conception
C)The lunacentric conception
D)The expanding universe
E)The pantheistic theory

Question 62

What existed at the center of the heliocentric conception of the universe?

A)The heavenly bodies
B)The sun
C)The earth
D)God
E)Human beings

Question 63

Which statement best describes the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century?

A)It was stimulated by a revived interest in Galen and Aristotle.
B)It directly resulted from reaction and revolt against the social and historical conditions of the Middle Ages.
C)It was largely due to a monastic revolution.
D)Although an innovative phase in western thinking, it was based upon the intellectual and scientific accomplishments of previous centuries.
E)It marked a complete break with the past.

Question 64

Why did Copernicus prefer the heliocentric model?

A)As a Protestant, he felt free to disagree with the Pope.
B)It earned him lots of money and fame.
C)It made the planetary orbits easier to calculate.
D)He regarded the Sun as the most powerful god
E)The sun is the source of all energy on earth.

Question 65

How did Kepler build upon the foundation established by Copernicus?

A)Kepler used data to derive laws of planetary motion that confirmed Copernicus's heliocentric theory, but that showed the orbits were elliptical.
B)Kepler observed the heavens and proved that planetary motion was circular around the sun.
C)Kepler used magic to prove that the earth moved in a manner based on geometric figures, trying to bring harmony of the human soul into alignment with the universe.
D)Kepler demonstrated that the motion of the planets is steady and unchanging.
E)Kepler discovered the three laws of thermodynamics.

Question 66

Why was Galileo convicted of heresy in 1633?

A)For denying the existence of God
B)For dropping heavy objects from the Leaning Tower of Pisa
C)For receiving money from the Medici
D)For claiming that Copernicus was in league with the Devil
E)For ridiculing the Ptolemaic model in print

Question 67

According to Leonardo da Vinci, what subject was the key to understanding the nature of things?

A)Astronomy
B)Art
C)Biology
D)The Bible
E)Mathematics

Question 68

Knowledge of ____ was crucial to Renaissance painters.

A)statistics
B)trigonometry
C)calculus
D)geometry
E)algebra

Question 69

What was the general conception of the universe before Copernicus?

A)It was orderly with heaven at the center and the earth circling around it.
B)The earth was the stationary center and heavenly spheres orbited it.
C)The earth rested on the shell of a giant tortoise.
D)It could not be revealed according to God's will.
E)The world was both flat and infinite.

Question 70

Kepler, Galileo, and Newton were all interested in

A)alchemy.
B)painting.
C)Islam.
D)radioactivity.
E)the ancient Aztecs.

Question 71

What was the title of Copernicus's most important book?

A)On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
B)Novum Organum
C)Principia
D)On the Motion of the Heart and Blood
E)The Great Instauration

Question 72

The heliocentric theory

A)had little immediate impact.
B)sparked an immediate and violent debate.
C)was quickly accepted by the Church.
D)made Copernicus a wealthy man.
E)had little long-term impact on astronomy.

Question 73

Who was the first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by telescope?

A)Galileo
B)Copernicus
C)Galen
D)Kepler
E)Newton

Question 74

Whose work represented the culmination of the attack on Ptolemaic-Aristotelian cosmology?

A)Copernicus
B)Newton
C)Kepler
D)Galileo
E)Bacon

Question 75

Kepler believed that the orbits of the planets were

A)elliptical.
B)circular.
C)random.
D)unknowable.
E)variable.

Question 76

Which statement applies to scholars devoted to Hermeticism?

A)They believed that the world was a very recent creation still imperfect.
B)They credited the devil with control over the dark secrets of nature.
C)They saw the world as a living embodiment of divinity where humans could use mathematics and magic to dominate nature.
D)They retreated from study of the natural world to concentrate on mastery of theories of magic.
E)They believed that in the future human beings would become gods.

Question 77

Galileo used his telescope to discover

A)the temperature of the Sun.
B)the geography of Neptune.
C)Jupiter's moons.
D)gravity.
E)the size of the universe.

Question 78

define the following term:
Cavendish's Observations upon Experimental Philosophy

Question 79

Who sought to discover the "music of the spheres"?

A)Galileo
B)Kepler
C)Newton
D)Galen
E)Harvey

Question 80

Copernicus believed that

A)the earth was larger than the sun.
B)the sun was motionless.
C)there was no such thing as crystalline spheres.
D)Galileo was wrong about the structure of the solar system.
E)the stars did not really exist.