Deck 6: The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change

Question 1

What were the causes and consequences of the Seven Years' War? Could it have been avoided? Why or why not?

Answer 1

Answers will vary.

Question 2

What was life like for Europe's peasants in the eighteenth century? How did conditions vary depending on region?

Answer 2

Answers will vary.

Question 3

What explains the relatively rapid growth of the Europe's population in the eighteenth century?

Answer 3

Answers will vary.

Question 4

define the following term:
enlightened absolutism

Question 5

define the following term:
patronage

Question 6

define the following term:
Marie Antoinette

Question 7

Discuss the connection between war and political centralization in eighteenth-century Europe during the eighteenth century.

Question 8

define the following term:
Louis XVI

Question 9

To what degree was Prussia a militarized society by the end of the eighteenth century?

Question 10

What role did the nobility play in European politics in the eighteenth century?

Question 11

define the following term:
"pocket boroughs"

Question 12

What role did cities and city dwellers play in shaping eighteenth-century culture?

Question 13

Compare the development of the two Atlantic seaboard states, France and Great Britain. How were they alike? How were they different?

Question 14

Industry became increasingly important during the eighteenth century. Choose one European industry and describe its key features and relationship to the economy and society in which it existed. How did industry influence economic development and social change?

Question 15

define the following term:
natural laws

Question 16

define the following term:
the United Kingdom

Question 17

How did European family structure and life change in the eighteenth century?

Question 18

define the following term:
natural rights

Question 19

In your opinion, how sincere were the enlightened absolutist monarchs in their commitment to Enlightenment ideals? What is the mark of that sincerity or lack thereof? Explain.

Question 20

Imagine that you are a philosophe in the service of Joseph II or Catherine the Great. What advice would you give him or her on the best way to rule Austria or Russia?

Question 21

define the following term:
Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji

Question 22

define the following term:
Silesia

Question 23

define the following term:
Emelyan Pugachev

Question 24

define the following term:
Robert Walpole

Question 25

define the following term:
Atlantic seaboard states

Question 26

define the following term:
Frederick II the Great

Question 27

define the following term:
Joseph II

Question 28

define the following term:
the Hanoverians/the Georges

Question 29

define the following term:
War of the Austrian Succession

Question 30

define the following term:
Maria Theresa

Question 31

define the following term:
Louis XV

Question 32

define the following term:
"Prussian militarism"

Question 33

define the following term:
partitions of Poland

Question 34

define the following term:
serfs

Question 35

define the following term:
Robert Clive

Question 36

define the following term:
Catherine II the Great

Question 37

define the following term:
William Pitt the Elder

Question 38

define the following term:
Frederick William I

Question 39

define the following term:
Junkers

Question 40

define the following term:
"the first servant of the state"

Question 41

define the following term:
agricultural revolution

Question 42

define the following term:
Montcalm and Wolfe

Question 43

define the following term:
beggars

Question 44

define the following term:
peasantry

Question 45

define the following term:
Catherine's Instruction

Question 46

define the following term:
Thomas Gainsborough

Question 47

define the following term:
"banknotes"

Question 48

define the following term:
cottage industry

Question 49

define the following term:
textiles

Question 50

define the following term:
the country house

Question 51

define the following term:
coitus interruptus

Question 52

define the following term:
nobility

Question 53

define the following term:
"little ice age"

Question 54

define the following term:
Treaty of Paris

Question 55

define the following term:
Seven Years' War

Question 56

define the following term:
tithes

Question 57

define the following term:
potatoes and maize

Question 58

define the following term:
Bank of England

Question 59

define the following term:
The French and Indian War

Question 60

define the following term:
"national debt"

Question 61

Which statement best describes the Austrian Empire under Joseph II?

A)It reversed the enlightened reforms of Joseph's mother, Maria Theresa.
B)It rescinded all of Hungary's privileges.
C)It saw the nobility's power permanently stripped away.
D)It witnessed general discontent due to Joseph's enlightened but radical reforms.
E)It saw Austria turn away from any sort of Enlightened Despotism.

Question 62

define the following term:
London

Question 63

The ____ dominated the English House of Lords in the eighteenth century.

A)aristocracy
B)merchants
C)landed gentry
D)peasantry
E)urban poor

Question 64

define the following term:
rentiers

Question 65

Who obtained the most important government offices in Prussia during the reign of Frederick II?

A)High-ranking Lutheran churchmen
B)Members of the nobility
C)University-educated bureaucrats
D)French philosophes
E)Commoners who showed outstanding ability

Question 66

How did Catherine the Great come to the throne of Russia?

A)She was selected by the Russian Orthodox Church.
B)She was elected by the Duma.
C)She acceded to the throne after her husband was murdered.
D)She was named to the throne because her son died when he was very young.
E)She reached the throne after her husband died of old age.

Question 67

What incident sparked Pugachev's rebellion in 1773?

A)A bad harvest that caused massive starvation in Poland
B)Prussia's successful invasion of Russia and taking part of Ukraine
C)Catherine II's favorable policies towards the nobility
D)Catherine II's attempt to bring serfs into the military
E)Peter the Great's imposition of taxes on the people

Question 68

When Louis XIV left the thrown, France faced all of the following conditions EXCEPT ____.

A)a five-year-old successor to the throne. a somber aristocracy.
B)more territorial holdings.
C)an unhappy citizenry.
D)massive debt.

Question 69

What statement best describes the Dutch Republic by the eighteenth century?

A)It established a system of male democracy.
B)It saw the power of the oligarchy considerably reduced.
C)It continued its great economic prosperity of the sixteenth century.
D)It suffered a decline in economic prosperity.
E)It permanently expelled the House of Orange.

Question 70

According to Enlightenment thinkers, what were the fundamental privileges that must not be withheld from any person?

A)Common laws
B)Noble duties
C)Natural rights
D)Basic laws
E)Human obligations

Question 71

What was the name given to a legislative district in England that was controlled by one man or one family?

A)Good neighbor
B)Pocket borough
C)Sinecure
D)Tenured seat
E)Gerrymander

Question 72

Frederick William II invited ____ to live at his court for several years.

A)Tsar Alexander I
B)William Pitt
C)Richard Walpole
D)Robespierre
E)Voltaire

Question 73

Which document summarized the Enlightenment concept of rights in its opening paragraph?

A)Code of Common Law
B)English Bill of Rights
C)American Declaration of Independence
D)United States' Constitution
E)Estates General

Question 74

What was the result of the enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the Great in her Instruction ?

A)They succeeded in abolishing serfdom in all of Russia.
B)They succeeded in establishing an equal system of law for all Russian citizens.
C)They instigated changes in Russian government that sapped the power of the old nobility.
D)They accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten.
E)They abolished three-fourths of the Russian army.

Question 75

Which state gained the most territory as a result of the three partitions of Poland?

A)Austria
B)Prussia
C)England
D)Russia
E)France

Question 76

What statement best describes eighteenth-century France?

A)It thrived under the strong leadership of Louis XV and Louis XVI.
B)It suffered from severe economic depression throughout the century.
C)It was torn apart by a series of civil wars.
D)It lost an empire while acquiring a huge public debt.
E)It brought back the Estates General during the reign of Louis XV.

Question 77

At the heart of Prussian government was the bureaucracy and the

A)clergy.
B)army.
C)court.
D)judiciary.
E)diplomatic corp.

Question 78

Which group dominated the English House of Commons in the eighteenth century?

A)Aristocracy
B)Merchants
C)Landed gentry
D)Peasantry
E)Urban poor

Question 79

What did Austrian emperor Joseph II issue in his effort to reform his domains?

A)Three new court circulars on improved operations for the imperial bureaucracy
B)6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws
C)150 new ranks of imperial bureaucrats
D)At least 350 imperial decrees for the reform of judicial practice in Hungary
E)An edict separating the Austrian government from any connection with the Catholic Church

Question 80

Which statement best describes Catherine the Great of Russia?

A)She followed a successful policy of expansion against the Turks.
B)She instigated enlightened reforms for the peasantry after the revolt of Emelyn Pugachev.
C)She weakened the nobility with her extensive enlightened reforms.
D)She successfully eliminated the power of the Duma.
E)She established a permanent political and military alliance with revolutionary France.