Deck 4: Psychology of Police

Question 1

A police officer who can handle multiple stressful responsibilities without becoming seriously affected by the stress would be considered

A)free of overly emotional reactions.
B)well-adjusted.
C)incorruptible.
D)people-oriented.

Answer 1

well-adjusted.

Question 2

Test batteries used in the selection of police officers typically involve

A)tests of cognitive ability.
B)intelligence tests.
C)tests of personality traits.
D)All of these are correct.

Answer 2

All of these are correct.

Question 3

The Inwald Personality Inventory was designed specifically to

A)identify psychologically unsuitable law enforcement candidates.
B)identify psychologically suitable law enforcement candidates.
C)predict whether someone would make a good detective.
D)work in conjunction with the MMPI.

Answer 3

identify psychologically unsuitable law enforcement candidates.

Question 4

Which of the following tests consist of 26 scales that tap past and present behaviors presumed to have special relevance for law enforcement?

A)Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
B)Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire
C)California Psychological Inventory
D)Inwald Personality Inventory

Question 5

Psychological screening of police candidates assesses

A)levels of psychopathology that may interfere with officers' abilities to perform their duties.
B)specific skills that are directly relevant to police work.
C)Both A and B
D)None of these are correct.

Question 6

Which of the following is not one of the characteristics stated as a psychological quality desirable for police officers?

A)Incorruptible
B)Well-adjusted
C)Logical
D)Authoritative

Question 7

What are the common problems encountered by those who wish to conduct research on the validity of police screening?

A)Applicants try to present themselves in a positive light.
B)Applicants who do poorly on screening evaluations are eliminated from the pool of applicants so one cannot evaluate whether predictions of poor performance would have been valid.
C)Testing actual police performance on the field is time-consuming and expensive.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 8

The most often used test of personality in police screening is the

A)Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
B)California Psychological Inventory.
C)Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire.
D)Inwald Personality Inventory.

Question 9

The most widely employed assessment tool for selecting police officers is

A)the foot patrol observation test.
B)the interview.
C)the MMPI.
D)the clues test.

Question 10

Intelligence tests tend to correlate _________________ with the performance of police recruits in the police academy; intelligence tests tend to correlate _____________ with actual police performance in the field.

A)strongly; strongly
B)weakly; weakly
C)strongly; weakly
D)weakly; strongly

Question 11

Interviews are commonly used in the evaluation of police candidates although their reliability has been questioned. Reliability refers to

A)the skill of the interviewer in validating the performance of the candidate.
B)the degree to which information from the interview is related to relevant criteria.
C)the extent to which an interview yields the same information with different interviewers or on different occasions.
D)None of these are correct.

Question 12

Police officer candidates' level of dedication and commitment to their job may be questioned if he or she has a history of

A)absenteeism.
B)selfishness.
C)corruption.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 13

In 1917, Lewis Terman recommended that no one with an IQ below _____ be accepted as police or firefighters.

A)70
B)80
C)90
D)100

Question 14

Which psychological test attempts to detect deception in test-takers (i.e., find those who try to fake good)?

A)Inwald
B)MMPI
C)Clues test
D)Both A and B

Question 15

According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, in 2016, the percentage of those incarcerated in jails with mental health problems was ____________.

A)55
B)64
C)49
D)58

Question 16

Why are situational tests only used by a small minority of police departments in screening police candidates?

A)They are outdated
B)They are time consuming and expensive.
C)Because of their intensiveness and cost.
D)None of these are correct.

Question 17

To succeed in their jobs, police officers must have

A)good discretion, physical ability, and interpersonal skills.
B)physical ability, sympathy, and integrity.
C)interpersonal skills, discipline, and knowledge.
D)integrity, nonpartisan, and emotional.

Question 18

Generally speaking, courts

A)have upheld the legality of psychological screening of police candidates.
B)have ruled that psychological screening of police candidates violates civil rights acts.
C)have not considered the legality of psychological screening of police candidates.
D)have ruled that psychological screening of police candidates must focus on eliminating individuals who appear least suited for police work and not focus on choosing candidates deemed most psychologically fit.

Question 19

Which approach for fitness-for-duty evaluations is recommended by the International Association for Chiefs of Police?

A)A psychologist can perform the fitness-for-duty evaluation, but a psychiatrist must provide the needed treatment.
B)Psychiatrists (not psychologists)must perform both the fitness-for-duty evaluation and provide the needed treatment.
C)The psychologist who performs the fitness-for-duty evaluation also provides the needed treatment.
D)The psychologist who performs the fitness-for-duty evaluation does not provide any treatment (an additional mental health professional provides the treatment).

Question 20

There is evidence that reliability in testing is increased by the

A)use of structured interviews.
B)use of intelligence testing.
C)inclusion of role play procedures.
D)use of personality testing.

Question 21

Skeem and Bibeau (2008)found that the use of crisis intervention team programs resulted in

A)officers being inclined to use low-lethality force.
B)an increase in arrests.
C)an increase in costs over that which was expected.
D)None of these are correct.

Question 22

In the Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment, which strategy resulted in the greatest reduction of subsequent offenses?

A)Referral of the whole family to a crisis clinic
B)Ordering one of the parties to leave the residence
C)Trained intervention (but not arrests)by police
D)Arresting the batterer

Question 23

Research by sociologist Linda Teplin revealed that, for comparable nontraffic encounters, police were more likely to

A)arrest an adult, but give a warning to an adolescent.
B)arrest someone who was disrespectful.
C)arrest someone who appeared to be legally intoxicated.
D)arrest someone who appeared to be mentally ill.

Question 24

Which of the following is not identified as a type of hostage situation?

A)The hostage taker is a terrorist with political motivations.
B)The hostage taker wants money.
C)The hostage taker has a mental disorder.
D)The hostage taker, caught in the act of a crime, uses the hostages to bargain for freedom.

Question 25

Carey has a history of mental illness and recently was arrested for committing a crime. Instead of sending her to jail, a decision was made to release Carey into her community so that she can get access to treatment and support services. The fact that Carey was released into the community instead of going to jail means that Carey was part of a

A)prison release program.
B)jail diversion program.
C)mental rehabilitation program.
D)bail out of jail program.

Question 26

Which of the following is not true?

A)As much as half of the incidents of domestic violence involve alcohol or drugs.
B)Family violence and abuse is more common among those with lower socioeconomic status.
C)Women are as likely as men to be violent toward their partners.
D)Family violence is only committed by mentally disturbed or sick people.

Question 27

Dara has been in an abusive relationship for 12 years. Her husband frequently hits her, often after little or no provocation. Dara has been enduring this violence for so long that she has come to believe that she probably deserves the beatings. Her best friend has seen the bruises and has told her to leave her husband, but Dara believes that leaving would be futile. Dara could be said to be experiencing

A)the blaming the victim phenomenon.
B)anomie.
C)learned helplessness.
D)enduring family violence syndrome.

Question 28

Which of the following factors are associated with the risk of family violence?

A)Anomie
B)Alcohol use
C)Society status
D)All of these are correct.

Question 29

Approximately ______ of domestic violence incidences involve alcohol or drugs.

A)10%
B)25%
C)30%
D)42%

Question 30

The "Memphis Model" for crisis intervention is concerned with

A)working with a psychologist for hostage negotiation.
B)increasing officer and consumer safety while attempting to redirect those with mental illness from the judicial system to the mental health system.
C)alleviating the problem of police stress before an officer attempts suicide.
D)how communities can best work with police officers to halt the current trend of criminal activity.

Question 31

Clinicians performing fitness-for-duty evaluations for police officers must often reconcile the conflict between

A)sharing evaluation results with the department and maintaining officer confidentiality.
B)protecting the public and officers' employment rights.
C)officers' right to refuse evaluation and department's need for officers who can perform their jobs safely.
D)None of these are correct.

Question 32

In studying domestic violence, Bard found that

A)a major proportion of domestic disturbance calls involved at least one person who was intoxicated.
B)husbands are much more likely than wives to use violence to resolve differences.
C)extensive training in dealing with domestic violence decreases instances of assault.
D)wives are more likely than husbands to use violence to resolve differences.

Question 33

Lenore Walker proposed that women who endure repeated family violence feel as though they can't protect themselves, and can't do anything to change their situation. These women could be said to be experiencing

A)the blaming the victim phenomenon.
B)anomie.
C)learned helplessness.
D)enduring family violence syndrome.

Question 34

The prevalence of mental illness in incarcerated populations is estimated to be quite high. For example, when examining this issue in New York and Maryland jails, Steadman and colleagues (2009)found that ____________ of male inmates and ______________ of female inmates present with severe mental illness.

A)35%; 20%
B)31; 14.5%
C)14.5%; 31%
D)21%; 40%

Question 35

A criticism of police training discussed is that

A)departments are more concerned about not being sued than properly training officers.
B)it's too difficult to graduate from the training programs.
C)it's too easy to graduate from the training programs.
D)minorities are treated more harshly and so are more likely to drop out.

Question 36

One review of recent studies suggested that the rate of domestic violence was

A)greater in male family members.
B)greater in female family members.
C)comparable between male and female family members.
D)None of these are correct.

Question 37

The police officers trained in crisis intervention

A)reported feeling better prepared for their encounters with individuals with mental illnesses.
B)found that they felt more prepared to arrest individuals with mental illnesses than they had previously.
C)were no longer surprised when victims developed the Stockholm syndrome.
D)were no longer concerned with the prevalence of police brutality.

Question 38

In hostage related incidents, the perpetrator used a barricade to separate himself and his hostages from police in approximately _________ of the incidents.

A)10.5%
B)25.8%
C)30.3%
D)55.8%

Question 39

As of 2010, it was estimated that ____________ of violent offenses in the United States were perpetrated by persons related to or known by the victim.

A)39%
B)60%
C)25%
D)75%

Question 40

Possible suicide or self-harm is one of the reasons for encounters with police in an estimated ____________ of cases.

A)20-30%
B)10-30%
C)5-20%
D)10-20%

Question 41

A victim-precipitated death that occurs when the police are forced to kill a hostage taker is commonly referred to as

A)entrapment.
B)suicide by cop.
C)negligent homicide.
D)None of these are correct.

Question 42

Project Shield, a large study from the National Institute of Justice, asked officers to respond to a series of questions about the negative effects of the stress that they experience. They found that approximately _______ percent of officers reported having thought about committing suicide.

A)one
B)five
C)ten
D)twenty

Question 43

A study of officers who had been in a shooting incident (in many cases someone had been killed)found that, after the incident, almost half of the officers experienced

A)difficulty sleeping and feelings of anger and isolation.
B)depression.
C)feeling demotivated.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 44

According to one study, during the first five years of service, police officers reported being at greater risk for

A)increased anxiety.
B)alcohol abuse.
C)Neither A nor B
D)Both A and B

Question 45

The term for the phenomenon by which hostages come to feel positively about their captors is called

A)the "just world" phenomenon.
B)the hostage association phenomenon.
C)criterial behavior.
D)Stockholm syndrome.

Question 46

Theo was recently arrested in a large city for loitering (a sign outside the place he was standing said, "No loitering" and he was clearly in violation of this). Arresting someone for such a minor offense is in line with what kind of policy?

A)"Zero tolerance"
B)"A clean sweep of the street"
C)"Take control of the street"
D)"Take back the night"

Question 47

Butler, Leitenberg, and Fuselier (1993)have found that including a psychologist in a hostage negotiation team resulted in

A)fewer injuries and deaths to hostages.
B)more peaceful surrenders by the hostage takers.
C)Both A and B
D)None of these are correct.

Question 48

Clifford has been a member of the police department for seven years. He no longer feels that his job is interesting, and he feels like he doesn't get support or acknowledgment from his supervisors. The situation that Clifford is in suggests that it is likely that he is experiencing

A)Stockholm syndrome.
B)enthusiasm loss syndrome.
C)the stale job syndrome.
D)burnout.

Question 49

Police counseling services are usually offered in-house or offered by an outside psychologist. Chapter 4 presents a possible advantage of using an outside psychologist; what is this advantage?

A)An outside officer is usually a Ph.D., whereas an in-house therapist is typically a master's level therapist.
B)An outside psychologist may be better able to protect the confidentiality of the officer.
C)An outside psychologist typically has more experience than an in-house psychologist.
D)There is a shorter wait to get an appointment with an outside psychologist.

Question 50

Roger is a police officer in New York, and one day, while watching for speeders, his radar indicated that a black Lincoln Continental with the license plate NY-2 was going 70 mph when the speed limit was 50 mph. Roger decided to ignore this car. Roger's inaction is an indication of

A)the police department's general level of lethargy.
B)the police department's general level of apathy.
C)the fact that New York doesn't have a quota system for speeding tickets.
D)how police tend to treat politically powerful figures.

Question 51

A study of the duties of a police officer showed that one activity was conducted more frequently than others. Which of the following is the most frequently conducted activity?

A)Crime fighting
B)Maintaining order
C)Detective work
D)Providing services

Question 52

The police have just received a call that a group with a political agenda is threatening to release dangerous bacteria into the subway unless the police meet their demands. This threat is an example of

A)chemiterrorism.
B)bioterrorism.
C)subversive terrorism.
D)suicide terrorism.

Question 53

Successful hostage negotiators require

A)to isolate the hostages from the perpetratorand cordon off the area.
B)an understanding of the dynamics of the situation so that it is used to end the incident with minimum violence.
C)skills to divert the kidnapper and arrest him/her.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 54

The Bill of Rights

A)is a part of the Declaration of Independence.
B)is a collection of Supreme Court decisions dealing with 13 individual rights.
C)is the term for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution.
D)is Amendments 1-10 plus Amendment 14 to the U.S. Constitution.

Question 55

Police officers often experience stress related to the "life in a fishbowl" phenomenon which refers to

A)feeling isolated from family and peers due the hours and demands of the job.
B)building inappropriate attachments to their fellow officers.
C)being constantly in the public eye and having their behavior evaluated.
D)being forced into early retirement due to burn out.

Question 56

A police officer that is callous to crime victims is showing the ______________ commonly found in those experiencing burnout.

A)emotional exhaustion
B)depersonalization
C)reduced personal accomplishment
D)seven-year-syndrome

Question 57

Team policing is characterized by

A)having police officers patrol in pairs to decrease the chance of physical attack.
B)having police officers work more closely with store owners in their neighborhoods.
C)shifting decision making from a centralized authority to front-line officers.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 58

Police officers who need to obtain mental health treatment sometimes do not seek treatment because they are afraid that they would be viewed as not up to doing their job. One possible way to reduce this problem is to

A)provide routine mental health checks for all officers.
B)provide mandatory weekly group counseling sessions for all officers.
C)offer mental health services through a peer counseling program.
D)None of these are correct.

Question 59

Which of the following factors associated with burnout tends to be more likely to affect the police officer's behavior at home?

A)Emotional exhaustion
B)Depersonalization
C)Reduced personal accomplishment
D)Seven-year syndrome

Question 60

Which of the following has been associated with decreases in burnout?

A)Clarifying criteria for promotion
B)Decreasing formal education
C)Restricting feedback about reasonable use of force
D)Pairing officers who have different policing orientations

Question 61

Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects citizens from unreasonable search and seizure?

A)First
B)Fourth
C)Fifth
D)Sixth

Question 62

The case of Tennessee v. Garner (1985)struck down a Tennessee law that allowed

A)police officers to shoot to kill an unarmed suspect fleeing a crime scene.
B)police officers to work more than 16 hours in one day.
C)police officers to refuse to testify against other police officers.
D)spouses to patrol together as police officers.

Question 63

What provision of the law of the U.S. Constitution protects citizens against unreasonable search and seizure of persons or property?

A)The First Amendment
B)The Third Amendment
C)The Fourth Amendment
D)The Fifth Amendment

Question 64

Protection against "cruel and unusual punishment" is promised by which amendment to the U.S. Constitution?

A)Fourth
B)Fifth
C)Sixth
D)Eighth

Question 65

Which of the following is true of police officers' training in the United States?

A)Critics complain that graduation is too easy, given the burnout rate of on-the-job police officers.
B)Smaller jurisdictions have training programs that last longer than those in most major cities.
C)All police officers are required to complete at least some college education.
D)During rigorous selection procedures, most trainees fail or simply drop out of the training.

Question 66

When researchers questioned community residents about the effects of community-based policing, they found that these residents

A)showed less interest for fear of crime than those in neighborhoods with traditional policing.
B)had stronger feelings of attachment to the community than those in neighborhoods with traditional policing.
C)were not ready to join hands with the police due to their hardliner stance towards African Americans.
D)None of these are correct.

Question 67

Citizens' groups have become increasingly critical of the police. According to Chapter 4, what are the two types of concerns?

A)How the police perform certain duties (e.g., interrogations); prevalence of police brutality
B)Alleviating the "life in a fishbowl" phenomenon; prevalence of police brutality
C)Police make too many arrests; alleviating the "life in a fishbowl" phenomenon
D)Police do not work enough with the community; police make too many arrests

Question 68

Which of the following is true of the Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment?

A)Subsequent offending was reduced by almost 50% when the suspect was arrested.
B)Subsequent offending rates were still higher than those achieved by nonarrest alternatives.
C)Its findings did not change public opinion about the value of arresting domestic batterers.
D)Subsequent to the experiment many cities preferred informal counseling to immediate arrest as their response.

Question 69

Trapped criminal is a type of situation related to __________.

A)suicide by cop
B)hostage taking
C)racial discrimination
D)hazing

Question 70

What policy dictates that people will behave lawfully when they perceive those enforcing laws are acting on legitimate authority?

A)Procedural justice
B)Community-based policing
C)Team policing
D)Zero-tolerance

Question 71

The community-based policing services, a division of the U.S. Department of Justice, received _________ funds in 2015.

A)$148 million
B)$1.42 billion
C)$208 million
D)$495 million

Question 72

Which of the following was originally preferred over arrest as a psychologically sophisticated response by police to family disturbances?

A)Crisis intervention
B)Couple counseling
C)Immediate advice for couple
D)Arresting the suspected batterer

Question 73

In the context of counter-terrorism, which of the following is true of the idea that some "at risk" individuals will be released and observed to see if they are involved in terrorist activities?

A)It is highly time consuming and produces little or no results.
B)It is illegal in most western nations.
C)It is unacceptable as a method validating a risk assessment measure.
D)It is unacceptable from a public safety standpoint.

Question 74

The _________ requires that police officers concentrate more time on apprehension and arrest activities.

A)zero-tolerance policy
B)Miranda rights
C)crisis Intervention policy
D)fair treatment policy

Question 75

What feelings do hostages experiencing Stockholm syndrome have?

A)They come to fear law enforcement as much as they fear the lawmakers.
B)They convert to their captors' ideological view and remain unshakable in their newfound beliefs.
C)They develop a strong sense of powerlessness induced by prolonged captivity.
D)They suffer as a consequence of the lawbreakers working in isolation from them.

Question 76

Which of the following is true of the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT)program that was started in Memphis?

A)The program, started by the Memphis Police Department, was designed to increase officer and consumer safety.
B)It attempted to redirect those with mental illness from the mental health system to the judicial system.
C)The program invites psychological counselors to assist law enforcement officers in cases involving mental disorders.
D)Many police departments around the United States have started their own CIT programs, all based on the "Memphis Model."

Question 77

Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution grants defendants the right to a speedy and public trial?

A)First
B)Fourth
C)Fifth
D)Sixth

Question 78

Which of the following has a review of the existing studies on Crisis Intervention Team (CIT)revealed?

A)CIT is an ineffective way to link individuals with mental illnesses with indicated mental health treatment.
B)The training component of CIT may have a favorable impact on officers' attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge about these interactions.
C)CIT-trained officers report feeling poorly prepared for their encounters with individuals with mental illnesses.
D)CIT may have a lower arrest rate but higher associated criminal justice costs than other diversionary approaches.

Question 79

The case of Patricia Hearst, a newspaper heiress who was kidnapped in 1974, is a good example of ____________.

A)zero-tolerance
B)police brutality
C)the Stockholm syndrome
D)procedural justice

Question 80

What does the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantee?

A)Provides guarantees for persons accused of a crime
B)Guarantees all citizens "due process"
C)Protects the right to keep and bear arms
D)Protects citizens against unreasonable search and seizure of persons or property