Deck 18: Applied Psychology

Question 1

A psychologist who is interested in studying how flexible work scheduling affects job satisfaction would most likely be a(n)__________ psychologist.

A)industrial\organizational
B)consumer
C)clinical
D)biodata

Answer 1

A

Question 2

One of the earliest attempts to improve worker efficiency was made in 1923 by an engineer who sped up production by standardizing work routines and by stressing careful planning, control, and orderliness. This engineer was

A)Fredrick Taylor.
B)Douglas McGregor.
C)Irving Janis.
D)John Holland.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Industrial\organizational psychologists are often employed by

A)the government.
B)industry.
C)businesses.
D)all of these.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

According to family therapist and rabbi Edwin Friedman, which of the following can be thought of as "the capacity to define oneself to others in a way that clarifies and expands a vision of the future"?

A)self-esteem
B)leadership
C)self-actualization
D)integrity

Question 5

Which of the following was known for developing an approach for improving worker efficiency that came to be known as scientific management?

A)Fredrick Taylor
B)Douglas McGregor
C)Irving Janis
D)John Holland

Question 6

Which part of I\O psychology involves studying jobs to identify underlying skills, which can then guide efforts to select people and train them for those jobs?

A)(human)integration
B)(job)orientation
C)organizational
D)industrial

Question 7

Which psychologists typically work in two major areas:
(1)studying jobs to identify underlying skills, which can then guide efforts to select people and train them for those jobs; and
(2)studying organizations to understand how to create structures and company cultures that will improve worker performance?

A)industrial\organizational
B)environmental
C)comparative
D)sociological

Question 8

Today, versions of Fredrick Taylor's approach to improve worker efficiency by standardizing work routines and careful planning are referred to as

A)psychological efficiency.
B)participative management.
C)job enrichment.
D)scientific management.

Question 9

Which type of psychologist is likely to be interested in studying worker satisfaction and how to motivate people at work?

A)engineering psychologist
B)industrial\organizational psychologist
C)environmental psychologist
D)comparative psychologist

Question 10

Which part of I\O psychology involves creating structures and company cultures that will improve worker performance?

A)(human)integration
B)(job)orientation
C)organizational
D)industrial

Question 11

Community psychology, educational psychology, military psychology, consumer psychology, health psychology, and space psychology are all examples of

A)applied psychology.
B)biopsychology.
C)comparative psychology.
D)developmental psychology.

Question 12

The largest areas of applied psychology are __________ psychology.

A)clinical and counseling
B)business and industrial
C)educational and sports
D)environmental and health

Question 13

Zach is using psychological principles and research methods to determine methods for athletes to reach their peak performance, while Anna is utilizing psychological principles in developing ways to alleviate traffic jams in growing cities. Both of these psychologists are working in the broad field known as __________ psychology.

A)basic research
B)comparative
C)applied
D)forensic

Question 14

The definition of applied psychology is

A)the use of psychological principles to solve practical problems.
B)the use of humanistic methods to solve practical problems.
C)applying psychoanalytic theories to real-world issues.
D)using classic behaviorism with consumers.

Question 15

Jared is a psychologist who is studying the problems that people face at work that could lead to job stress and burnout. Jared is most likely a(n)__________ psychologist.

A)clinical
B)industrial\organizational
C)comparative
D)community

Question 16

If you use psychological principles and research methods to solve practical problems, then you work in a field of psychology that would be referred to as __________ psychology.

A)pure research
B)applied
C)experimental
D)basic research

Question 17

The work of which type of psychologist is likely to affect how you are selected for a job and tested, trained, or evaluated for promotions?

A)engineering
B)industrial\organizational
C)environmental
D)sociological

Question 18

Which are the two main areas of work for industrial\organizational psychologists?

A)designing and implementing new products and personnel information
B)handling personnel difficulties and increasing worker efficiency
C)studying jobs to identify underlying skills and creating structures that will improve worker efficiency
D)human resources and information technology

Question 19

Which type of psychologists studies the behavior of people at work as well as their behavior within the structure and culture of each particular business or company?

A)industrial\organizational
B)environmental
C)comparative
D)sociological

Question 20

Areas of applied psychology include all of the following EXCEPT

A)community psychology.
B)biopsychology.
C)educational psychology.
D)space psychology.

Question 21

Managers who assume that workers must be coerced or goaded into being productive typically use __________ techniques.

A)participative management
B)Theory X leadership
C)management by objectives
D)Theory Y leadership

Question 22

Which of the following is typical of Theory X leadership?

A)participative management
B)worker autonomy
C)management by objectives
D)job specialization

Question 23

Which of the following refers to maintaining good morale, labor relations, employee satisfaction, and similar aspects of work behavior?

A)I\O quota
B)psychological biodata
C)psychological efficiency
D)work efficiency

Question 24

Jack is a manager of a local company. He is always trying to come up with new work schedules and bonus incentives to encourage his workers to be more productive while cutting costs. Jack's leadership style would be classified as __________ leadership.

A)Type A
B)Type B
C)Theory X
D)Theory Y

Question 25

Versions of Fredrick Taylor's approach to improve worker efficiency are referred to as scientific management, or __________ leadership.

A)Theory X
B)Theory Y
C)Type A
D)Type B

Question 26

Which of the following is defined as maximum output at the lowest cost?

A)I\O quota
B)worker biodata
C)BMI
D)work efficiency

Question 27

A company that focuses on psychological efficiency is LEAST likely to do which of the following?

A)balance productivity with morale.
B)pay employees fairly.
C)use bonuses and time schedules to motivate workers.
D)use management by objectives.

Question 28

Task orientation is to person orientation as

A)job enrichment is to job satisfaction.
B)Theory X leadership is to Theory Y leadership.
C)Theory Y leadership is to job satisfaction.
D)job enrichment is to Theory X leadership.

Question 29

Scientific management, which uses task analysis and job specialization, is also called

A)management by objectives.
B)Theory X leadership.
C)Theory Y leadership.
D)participative management.

Question 30

Theory X leadership is to work efficiency as Theory Y leadership is to

A)inefficiency.
B)psychological efficiency.
C)scientific management.
D)impersonalization.

Question 31

Theory X leadership would tend to emphasize all of the following EXCEPT

A)work efficiency.
B)productivity.
C)task analyses.
D)psychological efficiency.

Question 32

Work efficiency is to psychological efficiency as

A)job enrichment is to job satisfaction.
B)Theory X leadership is to Theory Y leadership.
C)management by objectives is to job enrichment.
D)job enrichment is to Theory X leadership.

Question 33

To increase psychological efficiency, a business manager would be well advised to apply the concepts of

A)Theory X leadership.
B)task analysis and time-and-motion studies.
C)Theory Y leadership.
D)scientific management.

Question 34

Assumptions made by Theory X leaders include which of the following?

A)Time-and-motion studies and job specialization increase productivity.
B)People are industrious, creative, and rewarded by challenging work.
C)Workers must be given some degree of freedom and responsibility in completing their work.
D)All of these statements describe Theory X leadership.

Question 35

Industrial plant managers who conduct time-and-motion studies and task analyses, and who use assembly lines and pay schedules to improve productivity, probably believe in

A)Theory X leadership.
B)Theory Y leadership.
C)psychological efficiency.
D)participative management.

Question 36

In order to cut costs due to an economic downturn in the company, Craig has increased quotas and the number of hours that full-time employees work, while relegating a majority of the workers to part-time status with a cut in their benefits. Craig is most concerned with

A)Theory Y leadership.
B)management by objectives.
C)psychological efficiency.
D)work efficiency.

Question 37

As a manager, you believe that a happy worker is a productive worker, so you try to maintain good morale and labor relations. You are most concerned with

A)work efficiency.
B)psychological efficiency.
C)scientific management.
D)time-and-motion studies.

Question 38

A shortcoming of the Theory X leadership approach seems to be its failure to consider

A)psychological efficiency.
B)work efficiency.
C)management rights.
D)workplace design.

Question 39

Studies have consistently found that

A)psychological efficiency is important because happy workers are productive workers.
B)work efficiency is much more important than psychological efficiency.
C)emphasizing psychological efficiency has led to decreased production.
D)scientific management produces the happiest and most productive workers.

Question 40

Theory X leadership has been used to refer to an approach also known as

A)psychological efficiency.
B)participative management.
C)job enrichment.
D)scientific management.

Question 41

Which type of leader assumes people are industrious, creative, and rewarded by challenging work and that workers' needs and goals can be meshed with the company's goals?

A)Type A
B)Type B
C)Theory X
D)Theory Y

Question 42

Steven is independent, confident, ambitious, objective, dominant, and forceful. Steven would be considered

A)agentic.
B)psychologically androgynous.
C)communal.
D)a Theory Y leader.

Question 43

Which of the following coined the term Theory X as a way to distinguish the leadership style associated with scientific management from Theory Y, a newer approach, which emphasizes human relations at work?

A)Frederick Taylor
B)Douglas McGregor
C)Irving Janis
D)John Holland

Question 44

Leadership aimed at encouraging employees to exceed expectations and look beyond self-interest to help the organization better compete is called __________ leadership.

A)agentic
B)communal
C)transformational
D)knowledge-based

Question 45

In achieving his or her goals, a transformational leader uses which of the following?

A)individualized consideration
B)intellectual stimulation
C)idealized influence
D)all of these

Question 46

The invisible barrier that has prevented women from moving into leadership positions in the past has been replaced by a labyrinth created by a clash between

A)Type A versus Type B personalities.
B)"brain versus brawn."
C)leadership stereotypes and gender role stereotypes.
D)Theory X leadership versus scientific management styles.

Question 47

Most people expect women to be dependent, nurturing, tender, sensitive, and sympathetic, which are qualities

A)referred to as agentic.
B)referred to as androgynous.
C)referred to as communal.
D)of a Theory X leader.

Question 48

Regarding women in leadership roles, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)As Theory Y leadership styles have become more popular, women are slowly gaining acceptance as leaders.
B)Studies have shown that companies with more women in leadership roles perform better in managing their employees.
C)Studies have shown that companies with more women in leadership roles do not perform as well financially.
D)Most people expect good leaders to be agentic rather than communal.

Question 49

Which is an assumption made by Theory Y leaders?

A)Workers' needs and goals are incompatible with the company's goals.
B)People are industrious, creative, and rewarded by challenging work.
C)Workers must be coerced or goaded into being productive.
D)Time-and-motion studies and job specialization increase productivity.

Question 50

Armando, who is a software engineer, has been working long hours trying to develop a new way to more quickly predict hurricane activity for a satellite weather system. Armando quit his last job because the leadership of that company made him feel like he was "punching the clock." At his new company, the chief executive officer, who happens to be a woman, believes that people are industrious, creative, and rewarded by challenging work. Regarding Armando's current and previous job situations, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)The work efficiency at Armando's new job is probably being measured by time-and-motion studies.
B)Armando is now being scientifically-managed at his new company.
C)Armando's work and psychological efficiency would have been higher had he stayed with his old company.
D)Armando has moved from a job with a Theory X leader to a career with a Theory Y leader.

Question 51

The invisible barrier that in the past has prevented women from moving into leadership positions was called the

A)communal barrier.
B)glass ceiling.
C)stereotype threat.
D)Type X labyrinth.

Question 52

Regarding women in leadership roles, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)If a woman practices the communal Theory Y leadership, she is seen as weak.
B)If a woman acts assertive and confident, she is scorned for "trying to be a man."
C)Studies have shown that companies perform better financially if they have more men who are agentic in leadership roles.
D)Women CEOs are faced with a clash between leadership stereotypes and stereotypes of women.

Question 53

According to traditional gender role stereotypes, most people expect

A)men to be agentic and women to be communal.
B)men to be communal and women to be agentic.
C)men to use scientific management and women to use Theory X leadership.
D)men to use Theory Y leadership and women to use scientific management.

Question 54

In achieving its goals, which type of leadership utilizes idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration?

A)agentic
B)transformational
C)Theory X
D)scientific management

Question 55

Ian is a manager of a local company. He holds departmental meetings daily in order to get input from the employees about ways to improve quality and safety. Ian often works alongside his employees and eats with them at lunch. All employees work as a team to produce the best product possible. Ian's management style would be classified as __________ leadership.

A)Type A
B)Type B
C)Theory X
D)Theory Y

Question 56

A company that applies Theory Y leadership style is likely to use all of the following EXCEPT

A)encouraging people to be industrious and creative.
B)using bonuses and job specialization to increase worker efficiency.
C)meshing the goals of the workers with those of the company.
D)giving workers some degree of freedom and responsibility.

Question 57

Today's harsh economic realities often require more of leaders than being person-oriented. It requires a leadership style that seeks to encourage employees to exceed expectations and look beyond self-interest to help the organization better compete. This new style of leadership is called

A)agentic-style management.
B)Type A leadership.
C)scientific management.
D)transformational leadership.

Question 58

Which type of leader has a person orientation rather than a task orientation and tends to assume that workers enjoy autonomy and are willing to accept responsibility?

A)Type A
B)Type B
C)Theory X
D)Theory Y

Question 59

Most people expect good leaders to be independent, confident, ambitious, objective, dominant, and forceful, which are qualities

A)referred to as agentic.
B)referred to as androgynous.
C)referred to as communal.
D)of a Theory Y leader.

Question 60

An employer who lets employees make as many decisions as possible about what they do with their time probably believes in

A)Theory X leadership.
B)Theory Y leadership.
C)scientific management.
D)industrial biodata.

Question 61

Regarding management by objectives, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Workers choose the specific goals they will meet, although the specific method for reaching this goal is set by executive management team.
B)Workers become confused and productivity decreases when workers are required to devise methods for meeting quotas.
C)Workers are free to choose within limits how they will achieve their goals.
D)Workers tend to get stressed by receiving feedback about their progress toward their goals.

Question 62

If you are given specific goals to meet and are allowed free choice of how you will meet the goals, you are working under which approach?

A)management by objectives
B)scientific management
C)management by skills
D)Theory X leadership

Question 63

When transformational leaders encourage their employees to see their work as meaningful and challenging, they are utilizing a way of achieving goals referred to as

A)idealized influence.
B)inspirational motivation.
C)intellectual stimulation.
D)individualized consideration.

Question 64

Which of the following has been shown to increase productivity, involvement at work, and job satisfaction, and to reduce job-related stresses?

A)participative management
B)task-analyzed management
C)scientific management
D)job specialization

Question 65

The leadership approach in which employees at all levels are directly involved in decision making is called

A)Theory X leadership.
B)participative management.
C)scientific management.
D)leaderless group enrichment.

Question 66

One of the anticipated consequences of the use of shared leadership is

A)the increased interest in formalizing employer-employee relationships through negotiated contracts.
B)that workers are able to anticipate and respond to the needs of their employer.
C)that workers develop preferences for specialization in performing a single task very well.
D)that workers come to view work as a cooperative effort.

Question 67

Shared leadership, also called participative management, has been shown to do all of the following EXCEPT

A)increase productivity.
B)create greater job involvement.
C)increase job satisfaction.
D)increase job-related stress.

Question 68

When transformational leaders encourage their employees to work ethically, emphasizing values, such as trust, they are utilizing a way of achieving goals referred to as

A)idealized influence.
B)inspirational motivation.
C)intellectual stimulation.
D)individualized consideration.

Question 69

Which of the following is most associated with Theory Y and transformational leadership styles?

A)management by authority figure
B)participative management
C)scientific management
D)work efficiency

Question 70

A group of employees who work together toward shared goals is called a

A)Theory X management group.
B)scientific management group.
C)quality circle.
D)self-managed team.

Question 71

Two techniques that make Theory Y and transformational leadership styles effective are

A)shared leadership and management by objectives.
B)time-and-motion studies and task analysis.
C)scientific management and variable pay schedules.
D)job specialization and task analysis.

Question 72

Carlos works for a company in which he is given a goal of making a certain number of items, while reducing waste by a specific percentage. However, Carlos is allowed the freedom to choose how he will achieve these goals. Carlos' company is utilizing

A)management by objectives.
B)scientific management.
C)job specialization and task analysis.
D)Theory X leadership.

Question 73

Mark is the CEO of a company, who takes into account his employees' needs by using flextime within the company, so they can attend their children's school activities. He also generously provides his employees with professional development opportunities, which not only improve their skills but enrich the company as well. Because of his encouragement, the employees have been able to "think outside the box" to help the company be competitive within a global market and to have a very profitable year. Mark is exhibiting which type of leadership style?

A)Theory X
B)scientific management
C)transformational
D)communal-agentic

Question 74

Regarding management by objectives, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)In management by objectives, specific goals are set and workers are free to choose within limits how they will achieve their goals.
B)Management by objectives allows workers to feel more independent and encourages them to take personal responsibility for their work.
C)In management by objectives, workers are especially productive since they know what their target goals are and receive feedback about their progress toward these goals.
D)Management by objectives is an important part of the leadership style known as scientific management.

Question 75

In achieving his or her goals, a transformational leader uses all of the following EXCEPT

A)idealized influence.
B)inspirational motivation.
C)job specialization.
D)intellectual stimulation.

Question 76

Miguel works for a company in which he and the employees at all levels take part in decisions that affect the entire company. Miguel and his fellow employees are more involved with their work and have less job stress and greater job satisfaction. They have come to view work as a cooperative effort and not as something imposed on them by an egotistical leader. This leadership approach at Miguel's company is called

A)shared leadership.
B)scientific management.
C)agentic-communal leadership.
D)Theory X leadership.

Question 77

Recently George switched jobs to the new automaker in town. At the old plant, he was constantly watched by an egotistical boss who expected him to work "like a machine." In contrast, his new job expects him to be a part of a team and be involved at all levels of decision-making. Regarding George's old and new jobs, which of the following statements is\are TRUE?

A)George left a company that emphasized Theory Y management.
B)George has switched to a company that emphasizes participative management.
C)George's productivity and job satisfaction will decline at his new job.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 78

Which of the following are allowed to choose their own methods of achieving results within a company, as long as these methods are effective?

A)Theory X management groups
B)scientific management groups
C)self-managed teams
D)quality circles

Question 79

Max is in a work group at his company that has a high degree of freedom with respect to how the group members achieve their target goals. Max works in a(n)

A)agentic-communal group.
B)scientific management team.
C)self-managed team.
D)quality circle.

Question 80

Gayle is the CEO of a major company, who encourages her employees to work ethically as well as inspiring her employees to "think outside the box" to solve problems and to see their work as meaningful and challenging. She also values the individual needs and goals of her employees and provides appropriate professional development when needed. Gayle would be described as a(n)__________ leader.

A)agentic
B)transformational
C)knowledge-based
D)Theory X