Deck 13: Life Cycle Nutrition: Mother and Infant

Question 1

One of the most important nutrients for infants in regions of high temperatures is supplemental water.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Pregnant women require an additional 25 grams of protein per day compared with nonpregnant women.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Which characteristic is the single most potent indicator of an infant's future health status?

A)The mother's prepregnancy weight
B)The mother's weight gain during pregnancy
C)The infant's birthweight
D)The mother's postpregnancy weight
E)The mother's birthweight

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Young children should be allowed to explore and enjoy food by eating with their fingers at first.

Question 5

Which factor is critical in determining whether a mother can grow a healthy placenta during the first month of gestation?

A)The mother's nutrition before pregnancy
B)The mother's weight before pregnancy
C)Consumption of folate before pregnancy
D)The mother's physical activity before pregnancy
E)Consumption of alcohol before pregnancy

Question 6

Breast milk contains less protein and more fat than milk recommended for adults.

Question 7

For a woman who begins her pregnancy at a healthy weight, the ideal weight-gain pattern during the first trimester is one pound per week.

Question 8

Which of the following health problems are low-birthweight babies likely to suffer from later in life?

A)Food allergies
B)Nutrient deficiencies
C)Poverty
D)Short stature
E)Gigantism

Question 9

Folate plays an important role in preventing neural tube defects.

Question 10

An embryo is the stage of human gestation from the third to the eighth week after conception.

Question 11

The stage of human gestation from eight weeks after conception until the birth of an infant is called a(n):

A)embryo
B)zygote
C)fetus
D)ovum
E)placenta

Question 12

During pregnancy, consumption of certain types of fish is recommended as they are rich sources of:

A)carbohydrates
B)vitamin C
C)omega-3 fatty acids
D)folate
E)fiber

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true regarding the nutrient intake of pregnant women?

A)Folate is only required before pregnancy, and it is not recommended during gestation.
B)Pregnant women require lower amounts of protein than nonpregnant women.
C)Pregnant women require higher quantities of iodine than lactating women.
D)During pregnancy, the iron requirement is so high that supplements are recommended.
E)The consumption of protein supplements is encouraged during pregnancy.

Question 14

At eight weeks of development, the fetus has developed all of the following except :

A)a beating heart
B)fully formed facial features
C)a fully formed digestive system
D)well-defined fingers and toes
E)a complete central nervous system

Question 15

Physical activity during pregnancy can improve fitness, facilitate labor, and reduce psychological stress.

Question 16

In gestational hypertension, blood pressure usually returns to normal during the first few weeks after childbirth.

Question 17

By adolescence, fatty streaks have formed in most children's coronary arteries.

Question 18

Consumption of fast-food meals on a daily basis does not increase the weight of obese children.

Question 19

Alcohol crosses the placenta and is directly toxic to the fetus.

Question 20

Spina bifida is characterized by incomplete closure of the spinal cord.

Question 21

To prevent or relieve heartburn during pregnancy, you would recommend:

A)eating large meals frequently
B)eating spicy and greasy foods
C)eating dry toast and crackers
D)lying down immediately after eating
E)chewing food thoroughly

Question 22

Alcohol consumption by women during pregnancy can result in all of the following except :

A)low infant birthweight
B)an increase in stillbirths
C)high infant birthweight
D)organ damage
E)facial abnormalities

Question 23

During pregnancy, which of the following minerals is involved in building the fetal skeleton?

A)Iron
B)Iodine
C)Zinc
D)Magnesium
E)Potassium

Question 24

Which of the following statements is true of the effects of alcohol on fetal development?

A)Alcohol consumed in the first trimester is not harmful to the fetus.
B)Alcohol hastens cell division and aids fetal development.
C)Alcohol limits oxygen delivery to the fetus.
D)Alcohol cannot cross the placenta.
E)Alcohol enhances placental transport of nutrients and aids fetal development.

Question 25

Which statement about the nutrient composition of breast milk is true?

A)Lactoferrin, in breast milk, enhances the absorption of calcium.
B)Alpha-lactalbumin is the most abundant protein in breast milk.
C)Proteins are the main source of energy in breast milk.
D)Maltose is the most abundant carbohydrate in breast milk.
E)Carbohydrates are the main source of energy in breast milk.

Question 26

Which of the following is a fatal neural tube defect?

A)Phenylketonuria
B)Down syndrome
C)Spina bifida
D)Anencephaly
E)Microcephaly

Question 27

All of the following are recommended for vegetarian women during pregnancy except :

A)legumes
B)tofu
C)whole grains
D)protein supplements
E)nuts and seeds

Question 28

Generally, how does the nutritional deprivation of a mother affect breast milk production?

A)It reduces the quality of milk.
B)It reduces the quantity of milk.
C)It makes breastfeeding impossible.
D)It promotes early infant satiety.
E)It causes the milk to be highly concentrated.

Question 29

Which of the following is caused by the improper closure of the neural tube?

A)Spina bifida
B)Down syndrome
C)Congenital heart disease
D)Phenylketonuria
E)Atherosclerosis

Question 30

Which of the following statements is true of gestational diabetes?

A)It is a form of diabetes that is seen in women before and after pregnancy, but not during pregnancy.
B)Infants born to women suffering from poorly treated gestational diabetes have a low birthweight.
C)An overweight woman who suffers from gestational diabetes is not at a risk of developing chronic diabetes later in life.
D)Poorly treated gestational diabetes may lead to a difficult childbirth and necessitate a cesarean section.
E)Gestational diabetes does not require medical attention and resolves itself as the pregnancy progresses.

Question 31

Which of the following is a foodborne infection that can cause severe brain infection or death in a fetus or a newborn?

A)Genital herpes
B)Salmonellosis
C)AIDS
D)Listeriosis
E)FAS

Question 32

Which of the following should be entirely avoided during pregnancy?

A)Moderately intense physical activity
B)Swimming pools
C)Intake of folate
D)Alcohol
E)Well-cooked eggs

Question 33

During pregnancy, which of the following is required for the normal development of the brain and spinal cord?

A)Iron
B)Calcium
C)Iodine
D)Choline
E)Vitamin D

Question 34

Which of the following statements is true regarding physical activity for women during pregnancy?

A)Vigorous exercise after long periods of inactivity is recommended for pregnant women .
B)Pregnant women are encouraged to go scuba diving.
C)Yoga is not recommended for pregnant women.
D)Pregnant women are encouraged to exercise, for prolonged periods, while lying on their back.
E)Pregnant women are encouraged to perform moderate physical activities regularly.

Question 35

Fortified food sources of folate include all of the following except :

A)pasta
B)bread
C)bagels
D)caffeine
E)cereal

Question 36

During pregnancy, constipation can be relieved by:

A)reducing physical activity
B)increasing meat intake
C)avoiding food with offensive odors
D)eating a high-fiber diet
E)eating dry toast and crackers

Question 37

Which of the following complications is likely to occur when a woman has uncontrolled high blood pressure during her pregnancy?

A)Spina bifida
B)Preterm delivery
C)Anencephaly
D)Fetal alcohol syndrome
E)Fetal diabetes

Question 38

Which of the following nutrients is critical for preventing neural tube defects?

A)Vitamin B ₆
B)Vitamin B ₁₂
C)Folate
D)Zinc
E)Iron

Question 39

Which of the following foods does not contain vitamin B₁₂?

A)Meat
B)Legumes
C)Eggs
D)Yogurt
E)Milk

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true of preeclampsia?

A)It does not require prompt medical attention.
B)It causes neural tube defects in infants.
C)It is characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine.
D)It is seen only in overweight women.
E)It does not have any obvious symptoms.

Question 41

What advice would you give a pregnant, vegetarian, 17-year-old girl about her nutrient intake?

A)She needs to control her calorie intake so that she does not gain too much weight.
B)She needs to take a prenatal vitamin supplement to be certain she is getting enough folate.
C)She should reduce her exercise levels.
D)She should take herbal products instead of nausea medication for morning sickness.
E)She should switch to a meat-based diet.

Question 42

What should a woman who drinks a glass of wine with her dinner daily consider when she becomes pregnant?

A)One glass of red wine a day is beneficial for heart health so this practice should be continued.
B)Alcohol can help restore her appetite if she is nauseated during her pregnancy.
C)Even a small amount of alcohol during a critical growth period can be damaging.
D)Alcohol can help in the transport of oxygen through the umbilical cord.
E)A small amount of alcohol during pregnancy is healthy.

Question 43

An untreated foodborne disease that can lead to severe brain infection or death in a fetus or a newborn is caused:

A)when an infant ingests colostrum
B)by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes
C)by the human immunodeficiency virus
D)when the mother suffers from heavy metal poisoning
E)when the mother ingests excess vitamins

Question 44

Kathy has given birth to a small, low-birthweight infant. Which of the following factors is most likely to have made the greatest contribution to this situation?

A)Decreased intake of folate
B)Being overweight during pregnancy
C)Performing physical activity during pregnancy
D)Poor maternal nutrition during pregnancy
E)Scuba diving during pregnancy

Question 45

Exclusively breastfed babies need supplements of _____, but formula-fed babies do not require these supplements.

A)calcium
B)fluoride
C)vitamin D
D)iron
E)zinc

Question 46

You are counseling a pregnant woman who is experiencing "morning sickness." To alleviate this condition, you tell her to:

A)sip juice or coffee when nauseated
B)nibble on soda crackers or dry toast
C)eat large meals frequently
D)drink herbal tea
E)get used to foods with offensive odors

Question 47

What are the risks of hypertension during pregnancy?

A)In gestational hypertension, blood pressure will remain high even after delivery.
B)Chronic hypertension is accompanied by protein in the urine.
C)Gestational hypertension increases the likelihood of high infant birthweight.
D)Both chronic and gestational hypertension increases the risk of heart attack and stroke.
E)Hypertension can cause the infant to be born with neural tube defects.

Question 48

Which of the following statements is true of fetal alcohol syndrome?

A)The most severe impact caused by the intake of alcohol occurs during the first two months of pregnancy.
B)The damage caused to the fetus can be reversed if the intake of alcohol stops during pregnancy
C)The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome resolve themselves as the infant becomes older.
D)This type of birth defect is very rare, so it does not affect many children.
E)The intake of alcohol impairs the closure of the neural tube and causes spina bifida.

Question 49

Susie is a pregnant vegetarian who does not consume meat, fish, poultry, or animal products such as dairy foods or eggs. Susie would be at risk for developing a deficiency of:

A)vitamin C
B)folate
C)magnesium
D)vitamin B ₁₂
E)vitamin A

Question 50

A woman has gained 30 pounds in the first two months of her pregnancy and has been diagnosed with gestational diabetes. What should she know about this condition?

A)She is at a risk of having a low-birthweight baby.
B)This condition is permanent and must be monitored frequently throughout her life.
C)She should stop eating all types of foods containing carbohydrates to lower her blood glucose.
D)This condition usually goes away after the baby is born.
E)Her baby will suffer from type 1 diabetes.

Question 51

What is the most important factor governing the addition of new foods to a baby's diet?

A)The baby's napping time
B)How often the baby cries
C)The baby's physical readiness to handle a spoon
D)The need to detect and control allergic reactions
E)The mother's desire to cease breastfeeding

Question 52

Kathy is 22 weeks pregnant. She develops blurred vision, constant headaches, upper abdominal pain, hypertension, edema, and protein in her urine. Which of the following conditions is Kathy suffering from?

A)Gestational diabetes
B)Gestational hypertension
C)Preeclampsia
D)Chronic hypertension
E)Listeriosis

Question 53

If a woman develops preeclampsia during her pregnancy, what should she know about this condition?

A)This condition causes high blood glucose levels.
B)She will experience hypoglycemia throughout the pregnancy.
C)Her symptoms will likely disappear within a few days after delivery.
D)This condition is chronic and must be monitored frequently.
E)Her baby will have chronic hypertension.

Question 54

Which of the following statements is true of a placenta?

A)It is an organ that helps in the exchange of nutrients and oxygen wastes between the mother and fetus.
B)It is a muscular organ within which the infant develops before birth.
C)It is a sac present within the uterus in which the fetus floats.
D)It unites with a sperm to produce a zygote.
E)It is the stage of human gestation from eight weeks after conception until the birth of an infant.

Question 55

Which of the following minerals is required for protein synthesis and cell development during pregnancy?

A)Calcium
B)Magnesium
C)Zinc
D)Vitamin D
E)Iron

Question 56

What is a characteristic of colostrum?

A)It is an ingredient in some brands of infant formula.
B)It promotes the growth of harmful bacteria in the infant's digestive tract.
C)It makes the infant susceptible to certain diseases when consumed.
D)It is produced during the fourth week after the infant's birth.
E)It is a premilk secretion that contains antibodies from the mother's blood.

Question 57

A woman who has just become pregnant is used to drinking 2 pots of coffee a day. What adjustments should she make in her caffeine consumption?

A)Drink diet cola instead of coffee
B)None-studies have shown that caffeine intake is safe during pregnancy
C)Limit coffee consumption to a maximum of 2 cups a day
D)Eliminate coffee from her diet completely
E)Reduce coffee intake to 1 pot per day

Question 58

During pregnancy, how does malnutrition during critical periods of development affect the fetus?

A)When the development of an organ is impaired, the damage is irreversible.
B)If the development of the heart is impaired in the early stages, it can be reversed if good nutrition is provided after the critical period.
C)Malnutrition does not affect the fetus but has adverse effects on the mother's health.
D)Malnutrition does not cause dental problems as teeth develop after the baby is born.
E)A surplus of nutrients taken after the critical period will make up for a deficit caused at any time during development.

Question 59

Which woman is at the greatest risk of not developing a healthy placenta?

A)A woman who is 30 pounds overweight
B)A woman with anorexia nervosa who is restricting her food intake
C)A woman who eats a balanced vegetarian diet
D)An underweight woman who has increased her food intake to gain weight
E)An underweight woman who takes multivitamin or mineral supplements

Question 60

An obese woman is trying to get pregnant with her first baby. What advice would you give her?

A)Do not gain any weight during your pregnancy.
B)Try to lose weight during your pregnancy.
C)Avoid getting pregnant if possible.
D)Try to achieve a healthy prepregnancy weight first.
E)Try to gain weight during pregnancy.

Question 61

Which of the following recommendations is not taken from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans ?

A)Children and adolescents should perform 60 minutes of physical activity on alternate days of the week.
B)Most of the regular physical activity should be moderate to vigorous aerobic activity.
C)Muscle-strengthening physical activity should be included at least 3 days a week.
D)Bone-strengthening physical activity should be included at least 3 days a week.
E)Children and adolescents should perform 60 minutes of physical activity every day.

Question 62

How is the mother's nutrition status related to the development of a healthy placenta?

Question 63

Describe alcohol's harmful effects on a fetus.

Question 64

What are the characteristics of children most likely to develop type 2 diabetes?

Question 65

Identify a feeding guideline that may be helpful for parents of 1-year-olds.

A)Scold children when they refuse to try new foods.
B)Do not allow children to touch, mash, and smell their food.
C)Do not force children to accept new foods.
D)If children finish their food, reward them with sweets.
E)Encourage children to eat excess food even when they are not hungry.

Question 66

Which of the following is not found in human breast milk?

A)Anti-inflammatory agents
B)Antiviral agents
C)Antibacterial agents
D)Infection inhibitors
E)Vitamin D

Question 67

Which recommendation is most appropriate to help a 6-year-old obese boy improve his health?

A)He needs to be placed on a diet that includes only fruits.
B)He should eliminate all of his favorite snacks from his diet.
C)He needs to be placed on a diet that includes only sugar-sweetened beverages.
D)He should carry a refillable water bottle with him and drink water instead of soft drinks.
E)He should go on a strict cardiovascular exercise regime to lose weight faster.

Question 68

A 5-month-old infant's nutrient intake should include:

A)the same amount of vitamin A as an adult's intake
B)twice as much calcium as adults require based on the body weight
C)an additional injection of vitamin K to prevent bleeding
D)an excess of iron supplements
E)the same amount of vitamin B₁₂ as required by adults

Question 69

A lactating woman is unable to eat adequate food because of financial problems. What effect will this situation have on her breast milk?

A)The quantity of milk will decrease, but it will still be nutritionally adequate.
B)She will stop making breast milk until she gets adequate food again.
C)There will not be any effect on her breast milk because the body will continue to produce enough.
D)The breast milk will be highly concentrated with nutrients.
E)The quantity of milk will remain the same, but it will have very few nutrients.

Question 70

Which of the following is the most effective parent strategy against childhood obesity?

A)Serve separate meals and snacks for the child.
B)Encourage frequent family outdoor activities.
C)Save favorite high-calorie snacks as rewards.
D)Switch to a vegetarian diet.
E)Remove all high-calorie foods from the house.

Question 71

Billy is a 6-month-old infant. Which of the following foods can be fed to Billy?

A)Boiled pieces of meat
B)Textured vegetables
C)Whole cooked eggs
D)Cheese
E)Cow's milk

Question 72

Which food should be introduced first when feeding an infant?

A)Plain yogurt
B)Citrus fruit juice
C)Egg white
D)Rice cereal
E)Cow's milk

Question 73

Which of the following conditions is characterized by the formation of fatty streaks in the coronary arteries?

A)Preeclampsia
B)Atherosclerosis
C)Listeriosis
D)Salmonellosis
E)Gestational diabetes

Question 74

Describe the relationship between breastfeeding and an infant's risk of infection.

Question 75

Why do pediatricians advise continued use of breast milk or infant formula rather than using cow's milk throughout the first year of life?

Question 76

Which of the following factors in a child's life increases the likelihood of excessive weight gain?

A)Frequently consuming fried or sugary foods
B)Indulging in less than an hour of sedentary activity per day
C)Having been breastfed for more than six months as a baby
D)Having underweight parents
E)Exercising for more than 60 minutes a day

Question 77

Identify an advantage for a mother who breastfeeds her infant.

A)Being able to eat fat-rich and sugar-rich comfort food
B)Conserving her iron stores for a few months after delivery
C)Being able to sleep through the night without interruption
D)Not needing to introduce any other foods to the infant for the first eight months
E)Being able to lose pregnancy weight rapidly

Question 78

If you want to make your own baby food at home, it is best to:

A)puree a small amount of cooked food that has not been seasoned
B)puree a small amount of cereal and sugar without adding salt
C)use salted canned vegetables since they have already been cooked
D)add honey to canned fruit before pureeing to provide more calories
E)puree a small amount of cooked food that has been seasoned

Question 79

The use of commercial formula for feeding an infant is most appropriate when:

A)the mother wants to sleep through the night
B)the mother wants to be certain the infant is receiving all the necessary nutrients
C)the mother is HIV positive
D)the mother has previously undergone treatment for TB
E)the mother is suffering from a cold

Question 80

An initial goal for obese children is to:

A)avoid making lifestyle changes until adulthood
B)increase their rate of weight gain
C)determine the best surgical options for weight loss
D)maintain their current weight while they grow taller
E)determine the most effective medication regimen