Deck 11: Nutrition and Chronic Diseases

Question 1

Which of the following statements is true of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)?

A)It is a group of health care practices that are a part of conventional medicine.
B)It includes treating malaria with artemisinin that is derived from wormwood trees.
C)It includes treating cancer with the toxic drug laetrile based on sound scientific evidence.
D)It includes therapies that have no side effects or risks.
E)It opposes the use of marijuana to treat nausea, vomiting, and pain.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Heart disease is characterized by:

A)low blood LDL cholesterol
B)h igh blood HDL cholesterol
C)l ow blood pressure
D)high blood VLDL cholesterol
E)low body fatness

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Infectious diseases occur only because of exposure to a specific pathogen.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Degenerative conditions are classified under chronic diseases.

Question 5

Identify the most important factor that can prevent chronic diseases to a great extent.

A)Meditation
B)Herbal remedies
C)Phytochemicals
D)Adequate nutrition
E)Whey protein

Question 6

Abdominal obesity is a common risk factor for diabetes, cancer, and hypertension.

Question 7

Metabolic syndrome, with its cluster of risk factors, raises the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Question 8

Cells commit suicide to prevent the inheritance of faulty genes.

Question 9

The DASH diet emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products.

Question 10

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by the inability of the pancreas to produce adequate insulin.

Question 11

Which of the following is an unalterable risk factor for cancer?

A)Diet
B)Heredity
C)Inflammation
D)Obesity
E)Infections

Question 12

Nutritional genomics helps us understand the differences in the immune response of nonidentical twins.

Question 13

Obesity is a risk factor for certain cancers such as those of the colon, breast, endometrium, pancreas, and kidney.

Question 14

Constructing a genetic profile to identify a disease-associated variant is a standard practice in health care services.

Question 15

The incidence of a chronic disease can be correlated with a single risk factor.

Question 16

D iets high in red and processed meats are associated with cancer development.

Question 17

The disease atherosclerosis is an alterable risk factor.

Question 18

Thirty minutes of brisk walking for at least 5 days a week can improve the odds against heart disease.

Question 19

At an early age, men have a greater risk of heart attack than women.

Question 20

Obesity is a risk factor for certain cancers such as those of the colon, breast, endometrium, pancreas, and kidney.

Question 21

Which of the following raises the HDL concentration in the body?

A)Weight gain
B)Low cholesterol intake
C)Intake of refined carbohydrates
D)Intake of saturated fats
E)Physical activity

Question 22

What happens when the body fails to take up excess glucose from the blood

A)The excess glucose from the blood gets stored in the adipocytes.
B)The excess glucose gets converted into useful alcohols.
C)The excess glucose binds to working proteins, rendering them nonfunctional.
D)The excess glucose is metabolized to produce energy for physical activities.
E)The excess glucose retains water in the body to prevent dehydration.

Question 23

Population studies across the globe suggest that diets high in _____ promote the risk of colon cancer.

A)processed meat
B)avocados
C)leafy vegetables
D)boiled foods
E)whole grains

Question 24

Which of the following is a direct cause of type 1 diabetes?

A)Overweight and obesity
B)Elevated blood lipids
C)Psychological depression
D)Autoimmune disease
E)Heart disease

Question 25

A diet rich in _____, fish, fruits, and vegetables reduces blood cholesterol levels and the risk of heart disease.

A)unsaturated fat
B)saturated fat
C)complex carbohydrate
D)simple carbohydrate
E)sodium

Question 26

How does physical activity decrease the risk of CVD?

A)It stimulates the development of new coronary arteries to nourish the heart.
B)It favors the development of fat tissue over lean tissue.
C)It reduces the concentration of HDLs in the blood.
D)It increases the concentration of VLDLs in the blood.
E)It enhances the storage of glucose as glycogen in muscle, liver, and adipose tissue.

Question 27

What is not one of the risk factors for CVD?

A)Diabetes
B)The Mediterranean diet
C)High blood triglyceride levels
D)Physical inactivity
E)Central obesity

Question 28

Identify the hormone that is taken as daily injections to maintain blood glucose levels for type 1 diabetes.

A)Glucagon
B)Adrenaline
C)Thyroxine
D)Insulin
E)Estrogen

Question 29

Which of the following conditions is associated with a reduced risk of CVD?

A)High HDL
B)High total cholesterol
C)High LDL
D)High triglycerides
E)High blood pressure

Question 30

An atherogenic diet is characterized as one that is:

A)high in monounsaturated fats
B)low in trans fats
C)high in polyunsaturated fats
D)high in saturated fats
E)low in refined carbohydrates

Question 31

The metabolic syndrome greatly increases the risk of developing:

A)iron-deficiency anemia
B)cataracts
C)CVD
D)AIDS
E)infectious diseases

Question 32

Type 2 diabetes commonly occurs at or after the age of _____ years.

A)18
B)25
C)30
D)45
E)40

Question 33

In women, aging becomes a significant risk factor for heart disease after the age of:

A)18
B)25
C)30
D)35
E)55

Question 34

To reduce the risk of CVD, saturated fat in the diet should provide less than _____ percent of total calories.

A)7
B)14
C)20
D)25
E)35

Question 35

Which of the following adult standards for blood lipids is considered unhealthy?

A)Total blood cholesterol below 200 mg\dL
B)HDL higher than 60 mg\dL
C)LDL higher than 160 mg\dL
D)Triglycerides less than 150 mg\dL
E)LDL between 100 and 110 mg\dL

Question 36

Which of the following is not a symptom of type 2 diabetes?

A)Intense hunger
B)Frequent urination
C)Intense thirst
D)Weight loss
E)Low blood glucose levels

Question 37

Which of the following is not a misconception about type 2 diabetes?

A)Overweight people eventually develop type 2 diabetes.
B)Type 2 diabetes is a chronic lifestyle disorder.
C)Eating too much sugar causes type 2 diabetes.
D)Type 2 diabetes does not require medical attention.
E)People with type 2 diabetes should never eat carbohydrates.

Question 38

All of the following dietary factors protect us against CVD except :

A)omega-3 fatty acids
B)a low-carbohydrate diet
C)legumes
D)fish oils
E)fruits and vegetables

Question 39

Identify the component of blood that primarily assists in the formation of clots.

A)Neutrophils
B)Basophils
C)Mast cells
D)Platelets
E)Monocytes

Question 40

Fish oil is the richest food source of _____ , which oppose s blood clots and support s heart health.

A)LDL
B)VLDL
C)HDL
D)DHA
E)cholesterol

Question 41

Which of the following eating habits will improve one's blood lipid profile?

A)Consuming oats, barley, and legumes
B)Limiting foods with polyunsaturated fatty acids
C)Eliminating eggs from the diet
D)Replacing dietary fats with sugars
E)Maintaining energy balance if obese

Question 42

What is the root cause of most forms of CVD? A)Plaque formation in the arteries
B)Macrophages, which clear blood clots away from artery walls
C)Low blood pressure, which damages the artery walls
D)Defective red blood cells, which reduce blood flow to the heart
E)Low LDL, which prevents the oxidation of fat in the arteries
F)Heavy metals circulating in the blood and causing damage

Question 43

The CDC, the American Heart Association, and other groups have collaborated to create a program that encourages people to:

A)consume enough whole grains
B)eat more fish
C)switch from cow's milk to soy milk
D)consume enough vegetables and fruits
E)eat more milk and milk products

Question 44

Which of the following dietary changes will contribute to better health?

A)Spread margarine instead of butter on your toast during breakfast.
B)Eat carrot sticks and hummus instead of potato chips and sour cream dip.
C)Purchase only foods labeled "no trans fats" to be sure that they are low in fat.
D)Select chicken nuggets instead of a hamburger at a fast-food restaurant.
E)Choose grilled meats instead of smoked meats.

Question 45

What is a good strategy to minimize your risk of CVD?

A)Consume full-fat dairy products and tropical oils.
B)Deep-fry all of your vegetables.
C)Consume one or two servings of fatty meats each day.
D)Season all your vegetables with solid fats and salt.
E)Consume more fruits and whole grains.

Question 46

The best way to decrease the risk of cancer is to:

A)consume foods that are grilled, smoked, and charbroiled
B)consume a diet high in fat
C)take vitamin supplements
D)consume a sufficient amount of vegetables and fruits
E)eat fatty fish less than once a week

Question 47

A 58-year-old woman complains that she suddenly feels very tired, dizzy, and weak. What would you advise her to do?

A)Lie down and rest for a short time until she feels better
B)Eat a light snack to help relieve her nausea
C)See her doctor to have her lungs checked
D)Seek immediate medical care because she may be having a heart attack
E)Call "Poison Control" because she may have ingested a toxic chemical

Question 48

Which is the best meal to reduce LDL levels in the blood?

A)Grilled salmon, wild rice, steamed broccoli, and whole-wheat roll
B)Roast chicken, sweet potatoes, green peas, and biscuits
C)Pinto beans and ham, corn on the cob with margarine, and cornbread
D)Roast beef, mashed potatoes, tossed salad with ranch dressing, and sourdough bread
E)Fried fish, rice, and ice cream

Question 49

The main difference between infectious diseases and chronic diseases is that:

A)unlike chronic diseases, infectious diseases are not related to the nutritional status of a person
B)unlike chronic diseases, infectious diseases can be cured with medications
C)unlike chronic diseases, infectious diseases can be prevented by special immune-strengthening foods
D)unlike chronic diseases, infectious diseases do not occur in developed countries
E)unlike chronic diseases, infectious diseases are caused by a mixture of factors

Question 50

Jack's physician has placed him on a diet recommended for controlling blood cholesterol levels. In order to follow this plan, Jack would:

A)consume 300 mg cholesterol per day
B)limit sodium intake to 2400 mg per day
C)consume 40% of calories as monounsaturated fats
D)consume no more than 5 to 6% of calories as saturated fat
E)replace soluble fiber with insoluble fiber

Question 51

Alcohol intake in smokers is strongly associated with cancers of the:

A)kidneys
B)endometrium
C)prostate
D)head and neck
E)stomach

Question 52

A college student who is on a weight-loss diet that restricts fruits and vegetables contracts a viral infection. What may have made her more susceptible to the infection?

A)Protein deficiency, which affects the cells of the immune system
B)Vitamin C deficiency, which affects the production of white blood cells
C)Excess saturated fat from meat, which increases blood cholesterol levels
D)Dehydration, which affects the health of intestinal cells
E)Excess protein, which disrupts the functioning of beneficial gut bacteria

Question 53

In general, studies suggest that low cancer rates are associated with:

A)high iron intakes
B)high dietary fiber intakes
C)high red meat intakes
D)low folate intakes
E)low cruciferous vegetable intakes

Question 54

Which of the following strategies will best help you control your risk of developing CVD?

A)Consuming high amounts of refined carbohydrates
B)Smoking to prevent weight gain
C)Using margarine rather than olive oil
D)Drinking three glasses of red wine every day
E)Substituting fish for red meat twice a week

Question 55

Which of the following is a valid recommendation for reducing cancer risk?

A)Maintain an overweight condition throughout life.
B)Adopt a sedentary lifestyle.
C)Consume grilled and processed meat products.
D)Consume a diet that is rich in whole foods.
E)Consume an adequate amount of salt-cured foods.

Question 56

An overweight 45-year-old man has several family members with heart disease. He is concerned about inheriting the disease from his family members. Which of the following risk factors can he alter to reduce his chances of developing heart disease?

A)Gender
B)Family history
C)Weight
D)Age
E)Genetics

Question 57

Which individual is at the highest risk of developing atherosclerosis?

A)Susie, a 30-year-old woman who is on a DASH diet
B)Jack, a 45-year-old man who regularly consumes red meat
C)Jill, a 20-year-old woman who consumes food rich in antioxidants
D)Bill, a 25-year-old man who is a vegetarian
E)Zayn, a 21-year-old man who is a college athlete

Question 58

A person is at a minimum risk of getting a CVD if his or her:

A)LDL cholesterol is 150 mg\dL
B)diastolic blood pressure is 75 mm Hg
C)HDL cholesterol is 25 mg\dL
D)blood cholesterol is 240 mg\dL
E)systolic blood pressure is 160 mm Hg

Question 59

Which food is not an example of a cruciferous vegetable?

A)Turnip
B)Broccoli
C)Green onion
D)Cabbage
E)Brussels sprouts

Question 60

A 165-lb woman with type 2 diabetes undertakes a weight-loss program. As her weight reduces, her blood glucose levels also decrease. What is the fasting blood glucose level that she should target for a healthy life?

A)50 mg\dL
B)75 mg\dL
C)125 mg\dL
D)150 mg\dL
E)180 mg\dL

Question 61

Differentiate between infectious diseases and chronic diseases.

Question 62

Dietary guidelines for cancer prevention include:

A)cooking meats at high temperatures or directly over a flame
B)increasing the intake of salt-cured products
C)decreasing the intake of fruits and vegetables
D)initiating hormone replacement therapy after menopause
E)controlling energy intake

Question 63

Describe what is meant by the metabolic syndrome. What is a potential cause of metabolic syndrome?

Question 64

Identify a scientifically proven example of how nutrients in foods affect gene expression and disease development.

A)A phytochemical in milk has been shown to reverse uncontrolled division of cancerous cells under laboratory conditions.
B)Aflatoxin from corn and other grains is thought to attach methyl groups to both histones and DNA, thus preventing the development of liver cancer.
C)Genomics testing laboratories have shown the benefits of supplements that are tailored to an individual's genetic profile.
D)Folate and vitamin B ₁₂ supplements given during pregnancy have shown the gene silencing effect by transferring methyl groups.
E)High levels of certain vitamins and minerals in the diets of a pregnant mouse can cause favorable changes in the DNA sequence of their offspring.

Question 65

Describe the characteristics of diets or specific food components that can either prevent or promote cancer.

Question 66

What is the best strategy to add more fruits and vegetables to your diet?

A)Use ketchup with French fries instead of salt.
B)Have fruit-flavored candy for a snack.
C)Have a glass of orange juice for breakfast once every month.
D)Keep a bag of baby carrots in the refrigerator for snacking.
E)Use a "high-antioxidant" powdered drink mixture.

Question 67

Describe dietary and other strategies for reducing the risk of CVD.

Question 68

The most common mutations are _____, involving the variation of a single _____ in a strand of DNA.

A)moderators; epigenome
B)SNPs; nucleotide
C)promoters; histone
D)initiators; platelet
E)VTNRs; triglyceride

Question 69

How will you decide whether you are at a risk of developing certain chronic diseases? Provide an example.

Question 70

Your uncle is considering a treatment plan to control his hypertension after seeing an advertisement that claims hypertension to be a risk factor for stroke. In addition to the treatment plan, what would you advise him to do?

A)Avoid any moderate-intensity physical activity.
B)Limit the intake of cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli and brussels sprouts.
C)Reduce the intake of salt and salt-cured food products.
D)Avoid drinking adequate amount of fruit juices.
E)Consume a minimum of 2500 milligrams of sodium per day.

Question 71

Which statement about carcinogens is accurate?

A)The body can detoxify small doses of carcinogens found in foods.
B)People should avoid eating all foods that contain carcinogens.
C)Carcinogens are any toxins that are not naturally found in foods.
D)Food additives in the United States are not monitored for carcinogens.
E)Food contaminants that arise through natural processes are noncarcinogenic.

Question 72

A man is at a risk of developing colon cancer because he has a familial history of the disease. Which of the following foods can reduce the risk?

A)Steamed broccoli
B)Grilled chicken
C)Baked potato chips
D)Diet cola
E)Protein shake

Question 73

Explain how hypertension can make atherosclerosis worse.

Question 74

What are SNPs? Describe how a common SNP in a fat metabolism gene changes the body's response to dietary fats.

Question 75

The epigenome of a DNA strand:

A)regulates the expression of genes by turning them on or off
B)is not responsive to environmental influences
C)changes the DNA for different functions
D)is active for only one generation
E)changes the basic DNA sequence

Question 76

Both the parents of your friend have heart disease. She is considering genetic profiling for herself so that she can see what changes she can make in her lifestyle to reduce her risk of developing the disease. What advice would you give her?

A)Genetic profiling is an unreliable way to understand your medical profile.
B)Genetic profiling is not advisable as per medical ethics.
C)Genetic profiling can help her develop a personalized prevention program.
D)Genetic profiling cannot predict whether or not a person will develop heart disease.
E)Genetic profiling fails to suggest specific lifestyle changes that can prevent heart disease.

Question 77

The immune system responds to the damage to arteries because of atherosclerosis by:

A)lining the arteries with high levels of HDL cholesterol
B)sending white blood cells to the site to try repair the damage
C)destroying foam cells that capture and remove LDL from the artery wall
D)promoting the growth of skeletal muscle cells of the artery wall to repair the site
E)reducing the concentration of clotting factors in the blood

Question 78

A man with diabetes is trying to maintain normal blood glucose levels. What changes should he make in his lifestyle?

A)Drink at least two glasses of wine per day with dinner.
B)Choose sodium-rich canned soups and beans.
C)Eliminate high-potassium foods like potatoes and broccoli.
D)Avoid refined sugar and starchy food products.
E)Choose a sedentary lifestyle.

Question 79

Describe the DASH diet eating plan. Also, include the types of foods and nutrients emphasized and limited by this plan.