Deck 5: Gender Issues

Question 1

The assumption that a man would work to support his family while his wife would stay home to care for their children would be an example of:

A) gender identity.
B) gender dysphoria.
C) gender-role expectations.
D) androgyny.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Under normal circumstances, if a sperm carrying a(n) ____ sex chromosome fertilizes an egg carrying a(n) ____ sex chromosome, a male fetus is produced.

A) X; X
B) X; Y
C) Y; X
D) Y; Y

Answer 2

C

Question 3

When asked whether she is a boy or girl, three-year-old Marga enthusiastically states, "I'm a girl!" Marga's response indicates that she has a clearly defined:

A) gender role.
B) sexual orientation.
C) gender type.
D) gender identity.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Gender role refers to:

A) attitudes and behaviors considered appropriate in a specific society for people of a particular sex.
B) an individual's decision that they wish to be male or female.
C) the perception of others that you are masculine or feminine.
D) subtle demonstrations of sexuality.

Question 5

When we meet someone new and identify them as male or female, we will expect them to behave in certain ways. This illustrates the concept of:

A) gender assumptions.
B) gender identity.
C) gender roles.
D) sexual orientation.

Question 6

Two aspects of our biological sex are:

A) gonadal sex and gender sex.
B) chromosomal sex and gender identity.
C) genetic sex and anatomical sex.
D) physical sex and psychological sex.

Question 7

Autosomes:

A) differ in males and females and are the primary determinant of sexual differentiation.
B) come from the biological mother, whereas sex chromosomes come from the biological father.
C) are the same in males and females and do not significantly affect sex differentiation.
D) come from the biological father, whereas sex chromosomes come from the biological mother.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Gender identity, by definition, is always consistent with biological sex.
B) Gender-role expectations are largely consistent across cultures.
C) Genetic sex and anatomical sex are two aspects of gender identity.
D) Genetic sex is determined by our sex chromosomes.

Question 9

When Naveah starts a new job, the male employee who trains her is very friendly and encouraging. Naveah says to herself, "He's a guy . . . he probably just wants to sleep with me." Naveah may be:

A) displaying gender roles.
B) expressing her gender identity.
C) displaying an accurate assessment of gender differences.
D) making a gender assumption.

Question 10

When his older sister teases him, nine-year-old Tyrone does not cry because he has learned that boys are not supposed to cry. This exemplifies the concept of:

A) gender identity.
B) sexual orientation.
C) gender role.
D) gender type.

Question 11

How one psychologically perceives oneself as either male or female is known as:

A) maleness and femaleness.
B) gender identity.
C) gender.
D) gender role.

Question 12

Gender roles are most influenced by which of the following?

A) Biology
B) Cultural expectations
C) Gender identity
D) Sexual orientation

Question 13

The fact that Ryan views himself as male refers to his:

A) anatomical sex.
B) gender role.
C) gender identity.
D) gender type.

Question 14

Donna is a meticulous housekeeper who has never worked outside the home because she believes it would distract her from her primary concern in life, her five children. Donna sees her husband as head of the household, and she always defers to his judgment. Donna is worried about her 12-year-old daughter, Mary, because Mary refuses to wear dresses, talks back to her older brothers, and wants to be a firefighter for the National Forest Service when she is older. Mary recently told her mother she wants to join the National Organization for Women. Donna and Mary appear to have different views on the issue of:

A) gender role.
B) sexual orientation.
C) chromosomal sex.
D) gender identity.

Question 15

Roberto meets his female neighbor, and based on her sex, makes predictions about her behavior. He is:

A) exercising gender roles.
B) making gender assumptions.
C) asserting his gender identity.
D) exhibiting androgynous behavior.

Question 16

Our biological maleness or femaleness is called sex , whereas the psychosocial concept of our maleness or femaleness is called ____.

A) sex
B) gender
C) androgyny
D) chromosomal sex

Question 17

The fact that Brooke has XX chromosomes refers to her:

A) genetic sex.
B) anatomical sex.
C) gender identity.
D) sexual type.

Question 18

Except for the reproductive cells, human body cells contain:

A) 22 chromosomes.
B) 46 chromosomes.
C) 92 chromosomes.
D) 23 chromosomes.

Question 19

Five-year-old Jorge and his friends are playing "dress-up" and wearing women's clothing. When his playmates ask him if he is a boy or girl, Jorge emphatically replies, "I'm a boy!" Jorge's answer BEST reflects his:

A) gender assumptions.
B) gender identity.
C) gender role.
D) gender-based stereotypes.

Question 20

Our biological sex is determined by:

A) hormones.
B) the chromosomal makeup of the sperm and ovum at conception.
C) the 21st pair of chromosomes.
D) the biological mother.

Question 21

During prenatal development, the presence of DHT stimulates the development of the:

A) urethra.
B) clitoris.
C) scrotum.
D) labia minora and majora.

Question 22

Which of the following is true regarding sex differentiation of the brain?

A) The right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is thicker in the female brain.
B) The corpus callosum is thinner in the male brain.
C) The male hypothalamus becomes estrogen sensitive and influences cyclic release of hormones.
D) When performing verbal and spatial tasks, men tend to use both brain hemispheres whereas women are more likely to exhibit patterns of hemispheric asymmetry.

Question 23

The labia majora develops from tissue that in a male would have become the:

A) shaft of the penis.
B) scrotal sac.
C) prostate.
D) foreskin of the penis.

Question 24

Which of the following hormones helps to regulate the menstrual cycle and to stimulate development of the uterine lining in preparation for pregnancy?

A) Estrogen
B) Progesterone
C) Androgen
D) Estradiol

Question 25

The sex hormones begin to play an important role in sex differentiation:

A) at conception.
B) by about six weeks after conception.
C) by about two months after conception.
D) only at puberty.

Question 26

The ____ plays a major role in controlling the production of sex hormones.

A) left cerebral hemisphere
B) cerebral cortex
C) hypothalamus
D) medulla

Question 27

The original mass of sexual tissue begins to differentiate into male or female gonads approximately ____ after conception.

A) 1 week
B) 6 weeks
C) 12 weeks
D) 20 weeks

Question 28

Structures that appear during prenatal development and become the uterus, fallopian tubes, and inner third of the vagina are known as:

A) Skene's ducts.
B) Femanilian ducts.
C) Wolffian ducts.
D) Müllerian ducts.

Question 29

In the absence of SRY , and perhaps under the influence of the DSS , undifferentiated gonadal tissue develops into:

A) ovaries.
B) the uterus.
C) fallopian tubes.
D) the urethra.

Question 30

Which of the following statements regarding estrogens is FALSE?

A) Estrogens influence the development of female physical sex characteristics.
B) A main function of estrogen is to stimulate the development of the uterine lining in preparation for pregnancy.
C) Small amounts of estrogens are secreted from the adrenal glands.
D) Estrogens are secreted by the ovaries.

Question 31

The greater thickness of the corpus callosum in women's brains than in men's brains allows for more intercommunication between the two hemispheres, which could account for why:

A) males typically exhibit less impairment of brain function than females do after comparable damage to one hemisphere.
B) females often score lower than males on tests of verbal skills.
C) female brains are less lateralized for function and male brains have larger asymmetries in function.
D) male brains are less lateralized for function and female brains have larger asymmetries in function.

Question 32

Differences between the male and female hypothalamus are associated with the presence or absence of ____ during prenatal differentiation.

A) Müllerian-inhibiting substance
B) progesterone
C) testosterone
D) estrogen

Question 33

Suppose a person's ability to deal with a specific type of task is controlled exclusively by either the right or left hemisphere. We would say that this ability is:

A) highly unspecialized.
B) symmetric.
C) highly lateralized.
D) unilateral.

Question 34

Structures that appear during prenatal development and become the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory ducts are known as:

A) cryptorchidic ducts.
B) inguinal canals.
C) Wolffian ducts.
D) Müllerian ducts.

Question 35

The maleness-determining gene is called:

A) androgen receptor gene.
B) DHT.
C) SRY.
D) DSS.

Question 36

Researchers believe that the size difference between male and female brains results from the influence of:

A) gender identity.
B) progesterone.
C) testosterone and estrogen.
D) androgens.

Question 37

DHT is a hormone that is necessary for the development of the:

A) Müllerian ducts.
B) gonads.
C) male external genitals.
D) female external genitals.

Question 38

During prenatal development, in the absence of testosterone the genital tubercle will develop into the:

A) scrotum and testes.
B) clitoris.
C) labia majora.
D) glans of the penis.

Question 39

____ influences the development of male physical sex characteristics and affects sexual desire for both males and females.

A) Progesterone
B) Müllerian-enhancing substance
C) Estrogen
D) Testosterone

Question 40

____ produce female secondary sex characteristics and help regulate the menstrual cycle.

A) Estrogens
B) Progestational compounds
C) Androgens
D) Wolffian ducts

Question 41

Which of the following statements regarding fetally androgenized females is FALSE?

A) These babies were once identified as female by medical tests.
B) The prenatal female may be exposed to excessive androgen that is produced by her own adrenal glands.
C) This condition is the result of a chromosomal abnormality.
D) The external genitalia of the female are masculinized as a result of this condition.

Question 42

Although Amber is 15, she has not begun to develop breasts and does not menstruate. Amber has normal female genitals and is short for her age. Amber's sex chromosomes most likely are:

A) OY.
B) XO.
C) XXY.
D) XX.

Question 43

All of the following are characteristics of individuals with Turner's syndrome EXCEPT:

A) normal external female genitals.
B) lack of menstruation.
C) above average height.
D) feminine gender identity.

Question 44

Androgen insensitivity syndrome is typically diagnosed when:

A) chromosomes are revealed to be XO.
B) the external genitals appear to have both male and female characteristics.
C) the clitoris and labia are abnormally large.
D) menstruation does not occur.

Question 45

Which of the following looks at cultural influences during early childhood to explain both the nuances of gender identity and the personal significance of being either male or female?

A) Gender-role expectations
B) Biological processes
C) Evolutionary model
D) Social-learning theory

Question 46

Most children have developed a firm gender identity by:

A) 6 months.
B) 12 months.
C) 18 months.
D) 3 years.

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT true?

A) Females tend to perform better than males on tasks involving verbal abilities.
B) Female brains are more likely to engage regions in both hemispheres of the brain to perform a task, whereas male brains more often do not.
C) Studies have demonstrated that the corpus callosum is significantly thicker in women's brains than in men's brains.
D) Males consistently score significantly higher than females on standardized math tests.

Question 48

Which of the following BEST explains the relationship between biological sex and gender roles?

A) We are born male or female and our gender roles naturally develop from our sex.
B) We are born male or female and society determines our gender roles based on our genitals.
C) We may be born male, female, or a variation of the two, and how our gender roles develop is a complex issue.
D) If we are born anything other than male or female, our gender roles will be determined solely by how we are raised.

Question 49

Stacey has been identified as a fetally androgenized female. Stacey:

A) is very unlikely to view herself as female.
B) may be more interested in traditionally male than in traditionally female activities.
C) most likely was reared as a male.
D) most likely has assumed a very traditional female gender role.

Question 50

Gianna has been identified as female since birth. However, during puberty Gianna's testicles descended and what was thought to be Gianna's clitoris enlarged into a penis. Gianna could be termed a:

A) transgender individual.
B) androgen insensitive female.
C) fetally androgenized female.
D) DHT-deficient male.

Question 51

The term CURRENTLY used by the medical profession for a condition in which a person's chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex develops atypically is:

A) pseudohermaphrodism.
B) hermaphrodism.
C) a disorder of sexual development.
D) gender-identity disorder.

Question 52

Which of the following statements on sex differentiation of the brain is TRUE?

A) The estrogen-sensitive hypothalamus in males results in a sporadic production of sex hormones.
B) The cerebral cortex of the right hemisphere is thinner in the male brain.
C) Two hypothalamic areas are larger in the female brain.
D) Two hypothalamic areas are smaller in the female brain.

Question 53

Women tend to use ____ brain hemisphere(s) when performing verbal and spatial tasks, whereas men are more likely to use ____ hemisphere(s) for each of these functions.

A) both; neither
B) only the left; both
C) only the right; both
D) both; only one

Question 54

The right hemisphere of the brain is MOST specialized for:

A) expression of speech.
B) understanding of speech.
C) sensory awareness.
D) spatial tasks.

Question 55

A finding that individuals with androgen insensitivity syndrome acquire a female gender identity would support the importance of ____ in the formation of gender identity.

A) biological factors
B) social learning
C) physical appearance
D) hormones

Question 56

Which of the following is LEAST characteristic of individuals with Klinefelter's syndrome?

A) Anatomically female
B) Usually sterile
C) Above average height
D) Little or no interest in sexual activity

Question 57

Sam has unusually small testicles and gynecomastia. Medical tests reveal he has low levels of testosterone and an extra X chromosome. Sam is diagnosed with:

A) Klinefelter's syndrome.
B) Turner's syndrome.
C) androgen insensitivity syndrome.
D) gender dysplasia.

Question 58

In Margaret Mead's book Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies , differences between the sexes are explained in terms of:

A) biological factors.
B) social-learning factors.
C) sociobiological factors.
D) an interactional model.

Question 59

When Marcella reached puberty but did not begin to menstruate, her parents took her in for medical testing. Tests revealed that Marcella's chromosomes are XY and her gonads are producing testosterone, but she developed feminine external genitalia because her body is unable to respond to testosterone. Marcella is diagnosed with:

A) adrenogenital syndrome.
B) genital retraction syndrome.
C) Turner's syndrome.
D) androgen insensitivity syndrome.

Question 60

A man who has an extra "X" chromosome manifests some gender-identity confusion, is sterile, and has an undersized penis would MOST likely:

A) have Turner's syndrome.
B) have Klinefelter's syndrome.
C) be transgender.
D) have androgen insensitivity syndrome.

Question 61

According to Milton Diamond, children born with conditions involving atypical sexual development:

A) should undergo surgery to make their genitals appear less ambiguous as soon after birth as possible.
B) rarely experience difficulties with emotional adjustment or gender identity due to hormonal and/or surgical efforts to manage their conditions.
C) should not be informed about their sexual development disorder until they reach adulthood.
D) are less likely to experience later gender confusion or adjustment difficulties if genital-altering surgeries are avoided in early childhood.

Question 62

Hugh, who is male, can be assertive and outspoken when he feels it is necessary, but he is also a good listener and very supportive and encouraging toward friends and family members. Hugh is exhibiting:

A) androgyny.
B) gender confusion.
C) gender dysphoria.
D) transgenderism.

Question 63

An individual whose biological sex matches his/her gender identity could be termed:

A) uberqueren.
B) cisgender.
C) transgender.
D) intrasexed.

Question 64

Postoperative studies of transgender individuals who have undergone gender confirmation surgery suggest their adjustment is usually:

A) negative.
B) positive.
C) initially positive but eventually problematic.
D) positive for those originally female but negative for those originally male.

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT a term used to refer to people who see themselves as gender nonconforming?

A) Pangender
B) Cisgender
C) Androgynous
D) Gender fluid

Question 66

The term interactional model refers to:

A) a protocol for how to talk to gender atypical persons.
B) a description of meiosis.
C) an acknowledgement of the role of both biology and experience in the development of gender identity.
D) guidelines for good gender-role dating expectations.

Question 67

What do follow-up analyses on an unusual study of two identical twin boys, one of whom experienced a circumcision accident, was subsequently raised as a female, and received appropriate sex-change surgery, reveal?

A) That socialization plays an even greater role in gender-identity formation than was originally assumed
B) That some intersexed children may not be as gender-malleable at birth as originally believed
C) Clear evidence that gender identity is psychologically neutral at birth
D) The efficacy of sex reassignment of children

Question 68

Margaret Mead's fieldwork in three societies in New Guinea revealed that:

A) the men in all three societies assume the active, dominant role.
B) the women in all three societies assume the active, dominant role.
C) the men and women in all three societies exhibit androgynous behaviors.
D) there is considerable variation in what is considered masculine or feminine, depending on the culture.

Question 69

Marwan has the sex chromosomes and genitalia of a female, but he feels strongly that he is a male. Marwan presents himself as a male and dresses as a male; people who meet him assume he is a male. Although he gives himself testosterone injections and binds his breasts, Marwan has no intention of pursuing gender confirmation surgery. Marwan could be referred to as:

A) gender fluid.
B) transgender.
C) bisexual.
D) androgynous.

Question 70

The formation of our gender identity is a result of:

A) biological factors only.
B) developmental status.
C) psychosocial factors only.
D) biological and social-learning factors.

Question 71

Which of the following did Mead report as occurring in the Tchambuli society of New Guinea?

A) Men are aggressive and dominant; women are passive and nurturing.
B) Women are aggressive and dominant; men are passive and nurturing.
C) Both men and women are aggressive and controlling.
D) Both men and women are androgynous.

Question 72

Colby, who is a newborn, has genitals that do not look obviously either male or female. Colby has a structure that is larger than a clitoris but significantly smaller than the average penis, and Colby has a pouch of skin that could be a scrotum, but it does not appear to contain testicles. To increase the chance that Colby will grow into a well-adjusted child and adult, what should Colby's parents do?

A) Request that their doctor perform surgery to alter Colby's genitals to appear female, as this is more likely to be successful than if efforts are made to make the genitals appear male.
B) Avoid surgery to modify Colby's gender until Colby is older.
C) Not allow anyone to refer to Colby as either male or female, and encourage Colby to develop an androgynous identity.
D) Request that their doctor perform surgery to alter Colby's genitals to appear male, because it is easier to create a male gender identity than a female one.

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT a term used to refer to someone whose biological sex is different from the person's gender identity?

A) Transgender
B) Trans
C) Genderqueer
D) Cisgender

Question 74

Chava has the sex chromosomes and genitalia of a male, but she feels strongly that she is a woman. Chava expresses a lot of disgust and frustration that her body does not match who she feels herself to be. Chava is likely experiencing:

A) Turner's syndrome.
B) pangenderism.
C) androgyny.
D) gender dysphoria.

Question 75

Individuals often identifying as male and female at different times are:

A) gender fluid.
B) agender.
C) gender dysphoric.
D) transgender.

Question 76

A woman who enjoys parenting her children, does laundry, competes in sports, and changes the oil in the family car might see herself as:

A) bisexual.
B) gender dysphoric.
C) androgynous.
D) intersex.

Question 77

Many transgender individuals develop a sense of being at odds with their genital anatomy in:

A) early childhood.
B) early adolescence.
C) late adolescence.
D) early adulthood.

Question 78

Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning recent findings or trends for intersexed children?

A) Some intersexed children left with ambiguous genitals have adjusted comfortably to this condition.
B) Genital-altering surgery can impair the capacity for sexual pleasure.
C) Intersex advocates argue for a noninterventionist, child-centered approach in which an intersexed child is not subjected to genital-altering surgery, although the individual may choose such procedures later in life.
D) Most intersexed people treated under the standard protocol have expressed appreciation for having undergone medical intervention as infants.

Question 79

Interventions to assist transgender individuals in transitioning to the gender with which they identify can include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) adopting the clothing and mannerism of the gender with which they identify.
B) hormone therapy to alter secondary sex characteristics.
C) chest and genital surgery.
D) orgasm-reconditioning therapy.

Question 80

Your coworker has just revealed to you that even though you know him as Geun, a male, he was identified female at birth. What would your book recommend that you do?

A) Question Geun about the process he has undergone to alter his gender, including any surgeries, because this will communicate that you accept him.
B) Inform the rest of your coworkers of Geun's transgender status to save him the awkwardness of having to do it himself.
C) Refer to Geun as "him" if this is how he refers to himself.
D) Introduce Geun to a male coworker you know is gay and single, because Geun most likely is gay himself.