Deck 14: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

Dr. Cummings believes that psychological disorders can be diagnosed, treated, and possibly cured, just like physical illnesses. Dr. Cummings's views reflect the point of view suggested by the _____ model of abnormal behavior.

A)medical
B)behavioral
C)deviance
D)psychodynamic

Answer 1

medical

Question 2

A prognosis ​

A)is a forecast about the probable course of an illness.
B)involves distinguishing one illness from another.
C)refers to the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness.
D)is a plan for treating an illness.

Answer 2

is a forecast about the probable course of an illness.

Question 3

Walter is only able to achieve sexual arousal by dressing in women's clothing. In the American culture, his behavior would MOST likely be considered ​

A)maladaptive.
B)personally distressing.
C)delusional.
D)deviant.

Answer 3

deviant.

Question 4

Diagnosis is to etiology as ​

A)where is to when.
B)when is to where.
C)why is to what.
D)what is to why.

Question 5

Mario has just entered treatment for a major depressive episode. He is told that most patients respond to treatment within a month and many never experience a second depressive episode. This information represents a(n)

A)etiology.
B)prognosis.
C)diagnosis.
D)histology.

Question 6

Randall is an alcoholic who has been fired from four jobs in the past year, but he is not concerned because he feels that there are lots of other jobs available. In this example, the fact that Randall's alcoholism affects his occupational status would MOST likely be considered ​

A)personally distressing.
B)maladaptive.
C)culturally deviant.
D)legal incompetency.

Question 7

Dr. Wedge is asking her newest client questions about his life history. She is particularly interested in any recent stressful events that the client may have experienced. Dr. Wedge is currently

A)developing a prognosis for her client.
B)trying to determine an appropriate diagnosis.
C)trying to understand the etiology of her client's current illness.
D)engaging in naturalistic observation.

Question 8

The rise of the medical model in the study of psychopathology brought about

A)improvements in the treatment of individuals who exhibited abnormal behavior.
B)an increase in the number of asylums for the treatment of the mentally ill.
C)an increase in misconceptions about mental disorders.
D)decreases in the expression of sympathy toward the mentally ill.

Question 9

Which of the following is a common stereotype about psychological disorders? ​

A)Psychological disorders are curable.
B)Psychological disorders are a function of biophysiological factors.
C)People with psychological disorders are violent and dangerous.
D)People with psychological disorders are not very different from normal people.

Question 10

When a psychologist compares the symptoms an individual is experiencing to the symptoms of various disorders to determine the specific disorder the individual has, the psychologist is concerned with ​

A)etiology.
B)prognosis.
C)diagnosis.
D)treatment.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a result of the advent of the medical model?

A)Medical diagnoses of abnormal behavior increase social stigma.
B)Treatment of those with abnormal behaviors improved.
C)People with psychological disorders are more and more likely to seek treatment as these disorders are now considered to be medical issues.
D)Useful medical concepts such as diagnosis and prognosis help in the treatment and study of abnormality.

Question 12

A major criticism of the medical model made by Thomas Szasz is that

A)no evidence exists to support the efficiency of the medical model's treatment approaches.
B)the model is not well understood by its practitioners.
C)uniformity of behavior patterns cannot be established from the medical model viewpoint.
D)most abnormal behavior reflects a moral judgment about what is socially acceptable or unacceptable behavior.

Question 13

According to the medical model,

A)all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors.
B)all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs.
C)abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease.
D)all physical illnesses have a psychological component.

Question 14

Dr. Underhill is reviewing the records of a patient who has just been referred for treatment. He is carefully considering the symptoms that have been documented and is attempting to identify the type of psychological disorder the individual is most likely to have. Dr. Underhill is currently focusing on

A)etiology.
B)prognosis.
C)diagnosis.
D)histology.

Question 15

The apparent causation and developmental history of an illness is referred to as its ​

A)etiology.
B)epidemiology.
C)diagnosis.
D)prognosis.

Question 16

Prior to the 18th century, people who exhibited abnormal behavior were thought to be

A)possessed by evil spirits and were treated through exorcism.
B)mentally ill and were treated through exorcism.
C)mentally ill and were treated through verbal psychotherapy.
D)possessed by evil spirits and were treated through drug therapy.

Question 17

The terms mental illness and psychopathology are MOST closely associated with the _____ model of abnormal behavior.

A)learning
B)humanistic
C)medical
D)psychodynamic

Question 18

That psychologists use the concepts of diagnosis, etiology, and prognosis when describing psychological disorders reflects the usefulness of the _____ model of abnormal behavior.

A)statistical
B)medical
C)scientific
D)illness

Question 19

Behavior that does NOT coincide with cultural norms may be considered to be ​

A)deviant.
B)maladaptive.
C)personally distressing.
D)insane.

Question 20

Behavior that interferes with an individual's social or occupational functioning may be considered to be

A)deviant.
B)maladaptive.
C)adaptive.
D)insane.

Question 21

Summer has anorexia nervosa and is slowly starving herself to death. However, when friends or family tell her to seek professional help, she tells them that she feels fine. She can't understand why people won't just leave her alone. In this example, Summer's eating disorder would MOST likely be considered

A)personally distressing.
B)culturally deviant.
C)maladaptive.
D)delusional.

Question 22

Behavior that causes depression or anxiety for the affected individual may be considered to be ​

A)deviant.
B)maladaptive.
C)personally distressing.
D)insane.

Question 23

Roger enjoys gambling so much that he does it every day, totally neglecting his family and job. Roger's behavior satisfies which of the following criteria of abnormality MOST clearly?

A)Personal distress
B)Deviance
C)Persistence
D)Maladaptive behavior

Question 24

The disorder characterized by persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in senseless rituals or behaviors is ______ disorder.

A)posttraumatic stress
B)generalized anxiety
C)obsessive-compulsive
D)panic

Question 25

The anxiety disorder in which an individual experiences numerous emotional attacks characterized by overwhelming terror that occur suddenly and unexpectedly is known as a(n)

A)generalized anxiety disorder.
B)phobic disorder.
C)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D)panic disorder.

Question 26

Concerns about overpathologizing human behavior have arisen in part because the DSM now includes approximately _____ specific diagnoses.

A)100
B)250
C)400
D)500

Question 27

If a psychological disorder results in an individual having difficulty completing routine or necessary everyday activities, the individual's behavior would MOST likely be considered ​

A)personally distressing.
B)incompetent.
C)maladaptive.
D)deviant.

Question 28

Treit's best friend was seriously injured in a car accident last month. Since that time, Treit has been attending all his classes, but he feels like he is unable to pay attention because he is constantly thinking about his friend. Treit finds he can't seem to think about anything else, and he is frequently overwhelmed by feelings of helplessness. In this example, Treit's feelings would MOST likely be considered ​

A)personally distressing.
B)culturally deviant.
C)maladaptive.
D)compulsive.

Question 29

The disorder that is characterized by chronic worry and fear, muscle tension, trembling, and faintness not tied to any specific threat is known as a

A)conversion disorder.
B)paranoid disorder.
C)dissociative disorder.
D)generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 30

Elise is so terrified of enclosed places that she had to quit her new job because her office had no windows. She knows that her fear is irrational, but she can't seem to control her anxiety. In this case, Elise's symptoms are MOST consistent with

A)generalized anxiety disorder.
B)a specific phobia.
C)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D)a conversion disorder.

Question 31

Tom displays very odd behavior. He wears a heavy parka and mittens during the summer and lectures from the steps of City Hall about upcoming invasions by men from outer space. Tom MOST likely has a psychological disorder since his behavior meets the criterion of ​

A)deviance.
B)maladaptive behavior.
C)personal distress.
D)cognitive confusion.

Question 32

Thomas Szasz would be MOST critical of the commonly used criterion to diagnose psychological disorders that relates to

A)deviance.
B)maladaptive behavior.
C)personal distress.
D)cognitive confusion.

Question 33

All of the following are considered anxiety disorders EXCEPT ​

A)generalized anxiety disorder.
B)conversion disorder.
C)specific phobia.
D)panic disorder.

Question 34

The biggest issue with respect to the DSM diagnostic approach is ​

A)assumptions about nonoverlapping diagnoses.
B)the inclusion of dissociative disorders.
C)the inclusion of substance use disorders.
D)the overreliance on a dimensional approach.

Question 35

Dr. Smith is a psychiatrist who argues that different diagnoses represent similar underlying psychological symptoms. Dr. Smith is therefore likely to argue for a(n) _____ approach to diagnosis.

A)comorbid
B)categorical
C)dimensional
D)epidemiological

Question 36

Your friend's mother is afraid of squirrels. Although she knows squirrels are basically harmless, she cannot control her anxiety when she sees either a real squirrel or a picture of a squirrel. She never took your friend to the local park when he was a child because of the numerous squirrels. Your friend's mother has a

A)panic disorder.
B)conversion disorder.
C)generalized anxiety disorder.
D)specific phobia.

Question 37

Stuart feels like he has been worrying constantly for the past four months. He is worried about making his car payments, losing his job, and how his children are doing in school. He has also started to experience dizziness and occasional heart palpitations. In this case, Stuart's symptoms are MOST consistent with ​

A)generalized anxiety disorder.
B)panic disorder.
C)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D)hypochondriasis.

Question 38

Jim came home from the office trembling, experiencing shortness of breath, irritable, unable to concentrate, and worrying about whether his business would still be open next week, despite the fact that his business was earning its highest profit ever. Jim's condition would MOST likely be diagnosed as

A)major depression.
B)a phobic disorder.
C)generalized anxiety disorder.
D)a minor psychotic break.

Question 39

Frequently, people call a psychologist for assistance after "deciding for themselves" that they need help. People would be MOST likely to use which of the following commonly used criteria for psychological disorders when deciding to seek treatment?

A)Personal distress and deviance
B)Maladaptive behavior and personal distress
C)Cognitive confusion and maladaptive behavior
D)Deviance and cognitive confusion

Question 40

Ann is so terrified of fire that she cannot light a match or even enjoy dinner by candlelight. Ann is MOST likely suffering from

A)generalized anxiety disorder.
B)panic disorder.
C)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D)a specific phobia.

Question 41

A college student faced with upcoming exams and term papers responds to his resulting feelings of anxiety by reorganizing his notes, rearranging his bookshelves, cleaning out his desk drawer, and straightening up his closet. He is showing symptoms of

A)claustrophobia.
B)psychogenic fugue.
C)disorganized schizophrenia.
D)obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 42

A person who checks his alarm clock 20 times before going to sleep is being

A)compulsive.
B)obsessive.
C)phobic.
D)an amnesiac.

Question 43

Ali has a psychological disorder, and her doctor has prescribed a drug that affects the levels of GABA in her nervous system. Based on this information, it is MOST likely that Ali is being treated for a(n) _____ disorder.

A)schizophrenic
B)anxiety
C)dissociative
D)somatoform

Question 44

Dave washes his hands at least 50 times per day, even though his hands are rarely dirty. Dave's behavior is an example of a(n)

A)obsession.
B)phobia.
C)compulsion.
D)delusion.

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT among the common symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder?

A)An increase in psychosomatic diseases
B)The presence of nightmares and flashbacks
C)An increased sense of vulnerability
D)Increased problems with social relations

Question 46

Grayson seems to be preoccupied with the possibility that he might miss an important message from someone in his family. He checks for new messages on his voicemail every 15 minutes. Grayson's constant checking for messages could be considered an example of a(n)

A)obsession.
B)hallucination.
C)delusion.
D)compulsion.

Question 47

Selena constantly thinks about climbing up the stairs to the roof of her building and jumping into the street below. Selena's uncontrollable thoughts could be considered an example of a(n)

A)obsession.
B)compulsion.
C)hallucination.
D)delusion.

Question 48

Four years have passed since the death of Bill's eldest son, and Bill still experiences nightmares and bouts of guilt and anxiety when he thinks about the tragic accident that led to his son's death. This lingering depression and anxiety is characteristic of

A)burnout.
B)posttraumatic stress disorder.
C)Type A behavior.
D)generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder?

A)Problems in social relations
B)Irrational thought
C)Nightmares and flashbacks
D)Emotional numbing

Question 50

A disorder that typically follows a very painful event and is characterized by a reliving of that event, avoidance of stimuli associated with the event, or numbing of general responsiveness is _____ disorder.

A)generalized anxiety
B)conversion
C)panic
D)posttraumatic stress

Question 51

An unwanted thought that repeatedly intrudes upon an individual's consciousness is called a(n)

A)delusion.
B)obsession.
C)compulsion.
D)hallucination.

Question 52

Doris feels terrified every time she leaves her house, and avoids doing so whenever possible. Doris is MOST likely suffering from

A)generalized anxiety disorder.
B)claustrophobia.
C)agoraphobia.
D)obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 53

A concordance rate indicates ​

A)the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder.
B)agreement rates between physicians in diagnosing psychological disorders.
C)the degree to which psychological factors affect physical health.
D)the degree to which biological factors affect psychological adjustment.

Question 54

Kate constantly thinks about jumping in front of an oncoming car when she is walking. The only way she seems to be able to stop these self-destructive thoughts is to say Mother Goose nursery rhymes over and over to herself. In this case, Kate's symptoms are MOST consistent with _____ disorder.

A)generalized anxiety
B)panic
C)bipolar
D)obsessive-compulsive

Question 55

Abnormalities in neural circuits that use _____ have recently been implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorders.

A)dopamine
B)acetylcholine
C)serotonin
D)endorphin

Question 56

An individual gets sudden, paralyzing attacks of anxiety and fears leaving her house. Which of the following anxiety disorders does this describe?

A)Generalized anxiety disorder
B)Phobic disorder
C)Obsessive-compulsive disorder
D)Panic disorder

Question 57

While walking through a shopping center, you suddenly have an intense feeling of dread, notice your heart beating strongly, feel like you are suffocating, and find yourself running for the nearest exit. You would be exhibiting symptoms of ​

A)mania.
B)acrophobia.
C)schizophrenia.
D)panic disorder.

Question 58

Recent research into the possibility of a neurochemical basis for anxiety disorders has generated evidence that suggests anxiety disorders may result from

A)disturbances in the neural circuits using norepinephrine.
B)disturbances in the neural circuits using GABA.
C)too much activity in the neural circuits using serotonin.
D)too little activity in the neural circuits using serotonin.

Question 59

The results of both twin and family studies suggest that for anxiety disorders,

A)there is no evidence for heritability of anxiety.
B)there is a moderate genetic predisposition to anxiety disorders.
C)there is a strong genetic predisposition to anxiety disorder.
D)specific anxiety disorders are hereditary while others are not.

Question 60

Maria is afraid to leave her home to go shopping or even go to work; she avoids all public places. Maria suffers from a disorder known as ​

A)agoraphobia.
B)brontophobia.
C)simple phobia.
D)claustrophobia.

Question 61

Preparedness is a term coined by Seligman that refers to

A)a biological predisposition to be easily conditioned to fear certain things.
B)the physical state or condition associated with a panic attack.
C)psychological processes that accompany obsessive-compulsive behavior patterns.
D)a particular type of learning situation in which negatively reinforced behaviors reduce the level of one's generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 62

The class of disorders in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity, is known as _____ disorders.

A)somatoform
B)psychosomatic
C)anxiety
D)dissociative

Question 63

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

A)The separate personalities that coexist in an individual with dissociative identity disorder may differ greatly from one another.
B)The separate personalities that coexist in an individual with dissociative identity disorder are usually all aware of the existence of the other personalities.
C)The separate personalities that coexist in an individual with dissociative identity disorder may have their own name, personality traits, and physical mannerisms.
D)The separate personalities that coexist in an individual with dissociative identity disorder may switch from one personality to another suddenly.

Question 64

A "John Doe" walked into the police station and reported that he had an unusual problem. He could not remember anything about himself: not where he lived or worked or even his name. The police took him to the local hospital where he was evaluated and found to have no physical injuries. "John Doe's" symptoms are MOST consistent with ​

A)schizophrenic disorder.
B)dissociative identity disorder.
C)dissociative amnesia.
D)dependent personality disorder.

Question 65

Who would be MOST likely to worry about driving home from work while it is snowing because he recalls "the last time I drove home in the snow, I skidded and almost had an accident"?

A)Scott, who has a somatoform disorder
B)Sean, who has a schizophrenic disorder
C)David, who has a dissociative disorder
D)Alan, who has an anxiety disorder

Question 66

According to Mowrer, phobic responses are acquired through _____ conditioning and maintained through _____ conditioning.

A)classical; operant
B)classical; classical
C)operant; classical
D)operant; operant

Question 67

Which of the following statements about dissociative identity disorder (DID) is LEAST accurate?

A)DID is more common in men.
B)Differences between personalities can be dramatic.
C)Personalities may differ in their mannerisms.
D)DID may be overdiagnosed.

Question 68

The conditioning and learning explanation for the etiology of anxiety disorders BEST accounts for the development and maintenance of
 _____ disorder.

A)phobic
B)panic
C)posttraumatic stress
D)generalized anxiety

Question 69

Theorists who believe that dissociative identity disorder is an authentic disorder argue that cases of the disorder are rooted in ​

A)severe emotional trauma that occurred in childhood.
B)torture by a satanic cult.
C)extreme stress.
D)intentional role playing.

Question 70

The psychological disorder that involves the coexistence in one person of two or more largely complete, and usually very different, personalities is

A)schizophrenic disorder.
B)dissociative identity disorder.
C)dissociative fugue.
D)dissociative amnesia.

Question 71

Alexia started a new job on Monday morning. For the first three days, she showed up in bright colors and was outgoing and extroverted. However, on Thursday, she showed up in a dark suit and appeared shy and introverted. She insisted that her name was Clara, and she couldn't understand why her coworkers kept calling her Alexia. In this example, Alexia is showing symptoms that are consistent with ​

A)bipolar disorder.
B)dissociative identity disorder.
C)disorganized schizophrenia.
D)antisocial personality disorder.

Question 72

Recent studies have shown that anxiety disorders may be related to ​

A)stress.
B)abusive parenting.
C)inconsistent parenting.
D)conscientiousness.

Question 73

A type of dissociative disorder characterized by sudden loss of memory for important personal information that sometimes occurs after a person has endured a traumatic event is ​

A)dissociative amnesia.
B)dissociative stress disorder.
C)dissociative identity disorder.
D)dissociative depressive disorder.

Question 74

Dissociative amnesia MOST likely results from ​

A)a neurotransmitter imbalance.
B)a neurotic personality.
C)extreme stress.
D)unconscious recollections of childhood trauma.

Question 75

People with dissociative amnesia are MOST likely to forget

A)their address.
B)how to tie their shoes.
C)how to read.
D)the purpose of an oven.

Question 76

Some theorists believe that _____ arises due to a tendency to fantasize, coupled with subtle encouragement from therapists.

A)schizophrenia
B)dissociative identity disorder
C)bipolar disorder
D)autistic disorder

Question 77

Clinicians who see dissociative identity disorder as an authentic disorder argue that

A)there is a genetic component to the disorder.
B)it is caused by stress.
C)there is no incentive for patients to manufacture multiple personalities.
D)sleep disturbances play a part in the disorder.

Question 78

According to Seligman's concept of preparedness, which of the following stimuli should one develop a phobia toward MOST easily?

A)Chairs
B)Monkeys
C)Heights
D)Certain numbers

Question 79

According to Ohman and Mineka, an evolved module

A)is consciously activated.
B)is relatively resistant to intentional efforts to suppress a resulting fear.
C)allows a person to eliminate a fear-provoking stimulus in an effective way.
D)is learned through classical and operant forms of conditioning.

Question 80

Seligman's concept of preparedness BEST accounts for the development of

A)panic attacks.
B)compulsive counting.
C)an elevator phobia.
D)a spider phobia.