Deck 11: South Africa

Question 1

Apartheid is BEST described as

A) a set of policies that limited the political rights of Africans.
B) a set of policies designed to limit the mobility of Africans.
C) a set of policies designed to ensure minority rule.
D) a set of policies that divided South Africans into separate races, each with their own rights.
E) a set of policies designed to limit the economic and political activity of Africans, most critically their ability to freely organize unions and to vote.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following statements about the South African population is TRUE?

A) Roughly speaking, the number of Africans is equal to the combined populations of Whites, Colored, and Indians.
B) Whites are the smallest racial group.
C) There are roughly as many Coloreds as there are Indians.
D) There are roughly as many Indians as there are Whites.
E) Africans are the largest racial group.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which did NOT occur during the Grand Apartheid years?

A) Foreign capital and public investment in strategic industries increased, leading to substantial economic modernization and development, and Africans began to move into semiskilled manufacturing jobs.
B) Homelands, areas reserved for the exclusive use of Africans, were established.
C) The South African government passed laws that allowed detention without trial and made it easier to torture prisoners.
D) Restrictions were placed on African, Indian, and Colored enrollment in major universities, and a system of segregated colleges was established.
E) The African National Congress was formed.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Pass laws

A) required all Africans, at all times, to carry internal passports in which were stamped the permits required for them to travel between the countryside and cities.
B) required that all Africans had to formally decline, or "pass," to vote in national elections.
C) were the only form of influx control used during the apartheid era.
D) were supported by the South African Communist Party as a means of gaining electoral support from Whites.
E) were kept in place until the end of apartheid.

Question 5

The term Afrikaner refers to

A) any citizens of South Africa.
B) non-Bantu speaking Black (African) South Africans.
C) descendents of Dutch, French, German, and Scot settlers who speak a common language.
D) descendents of all White settlers of South Africa.
E) all non-Black citizens of South Africa.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT true of provincial governments in South Africa?

A) They are dependent upon the central government for their revenue.
B) They are generally seen as having weak and inefficient bureaucracies that result, at least in part, because of how these were created.
C) Although provincial legislatures may pass laws, the National Assembly can override these laws.
D) In provinces where the African National Congress (ANC) dominates, elections are a formality as the provincial premier is in reality appointed by the president.
E) They have little discretion when it comes to allocating monies as their expenditures are strictly dictated by national guidelines.

Question 7

Which of the following is an example noted in your text of a political reform in the 1970s and 1980s designed to ease, but not eliminate, apartheid?

A) Allowing Africans to hold civil service jobs including those in security institutions like the police
B) Requiring that only half of the curriculum in African schools be taught in Afrikaans
C) The central government turning administration of townships over to African residents
D) African workers gaining collective bargaining rights
E) Allowing political parties associated with Africans to participate in subnational elections

Question 8

The Umkhonto-we-Sizwe ("Spear of the Nation") was

A) the armed wing of the African National Congress.
B) a militant White separatist movement that was later incorporated into the National Party.
C) the armed militia of the Zulu homeland that later developed into the Inkantha Freedom Party.
D) a militant African separatist group that was later incorporated into the African National Congress.
E) the original name of the Pan-Africanist Congress, a more militant offshoot of the African National Congress.

Question 9

International sanctions against South Africa during the apartheid era

A) began in the 1970s.
B) were instituted by the United Nations, which strictly enforced them.
C) were suspended in 1990 when President De Klerk released Nelson Mandela from prison.
D) caused the government to invest in strategic industries.
E) were limited to economic embargoes.

Question 10

During much of the apartheid era, economic policy reinforced the institutionalized racism of apartheid.  This can be seen in all of the following EXCEPT

A) substantial public financing of industries that were not dependent upon African labor.
B) laws that prohibited Africans from living in any town unless they were born there or had worked for the same employer for ten years.
C) expansion of public housing to accommodate Africans who were permitted to live in towns.
D) increasing school enrollment of all races while maintaining huge inequalities in the amount of public money spent per capita on White and Black children.
E) repressing the more militant African trade unions.

Question 11

In South Africa, economic liberalization and deregulation

A) has reduced but not eliminated state ownership of key industries.
B) has forced heavily indebted local authorities to contract out many basic services.
C) began during the late apartheid era and have continued during the post-apartheid era.
D) began only after the end of apartheid.
E) came only as a result of concessions made by South Africa in order to join international bodies like the World Trade Organization.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about Nelson Mandela is NOT true?

A) He was briefly a member of the Communist Party.
B) He helped form both the ANC's military wing and its Youth League.
C) He did not become the ANC's president until 1991.
D) He claimed a royal heritage.
E) He served two terms as South Africa's president.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about income inequality in South Africa is FALSE?

A) As measured by the Gini coefficient, it is fairly high.
B) Among Africans, income inequality has increased.
C) It is a historic product of government policies which, during the apartheid era, means that Whites moved ahead economically at the expense of others.
D) In the post-apartheid era, large numbers of Africans have been joining the richer population.
E) The post-apartheid governments have sought to alleviate it by dramatically increasing public spending.

Question 14

The Sharpeville Massacre

A) refers to an incident involving an armed struggle between ANC and Zulu forces in a Black township, resulting in many deaths among the Zulus and thus setting up a deep resentment between the two.
B) occurred as a result of South African police brutally putting down a wildcat strike.
C) led to the banning of the ANC.
D) resulted in almost 1000 deaths.
E) occurred when South African military and internal security forces entered a township to arrest leaders of the ANC.

Question 15

Which statement about South Africa's standing in the global economy is NOT correct?

A) The country has traditionally dominated the regional economy.
B) South Africa is the only African member of the G20.
C) Despite tariff reductions mandated by the International Trade Association (ITA), South African local industries that were once protected from foreign competition have managed to remain competitive in the country's domestic market.
D) South Africa has historically had a trade surplus and a low foreign debt.
E) South Africa's most buoyant export industry is the energy sector.

Question 16

The transition from the apartheid regime to the post-apartheid regime involved negotiated agreements among the various political parties involved. Which of the following is NOT an example of such an agreement?

A) Positions in the transitional government would be accorded proportionally among the parties.
B) Participants of politically motivated violence could obtain immunity.
C) The newly elected Parliament would sit as constitutional assembly to draw up a final constitution.
D) Provincial legislatures would absorb the homeland bureaucracies.
E) African (Black) trade unions were given the right of collective bargaining.

Question 17

Which of the following was NOT a factor that led to the establishment of institutionalized racism in South Africa following the Anglo-Boer War?

A) The massive influx of cheap labor from India
B) The need to coerce African labor, initially in the mining industry
C) The exclusion of Africans outside of the Cape Crown Colony from voting
D) The attraction of Whites who had been forced off the land during the Anglo-Boer War to the Afrikaner nationalist movement
E) The passage of a "civilized labor policy," which meant that semiskilled and certain unskilled jobs were reserved for Whites

Question 18

The first European settlers of South Africa

A) were British.
B) arrived in the early 1700s.
C) arrived in search of gold and other valuable minerals in the area.
D) were Dutch.
E) arrived in the late 1500s.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about economic conditions in post-apartheid South Africa is NOT true?

A) Although  more Africans have joined the ranks of the richer portion of the population, this has also meant that inequality among Africans has increased.
B) Africans remain more likely to be unemployed than any other racial group.
C) Although poverty has declined, almost half of the population still lives below the poverty line.
D) Government efforts to combat inequality and poverty have focused on the urban areas of the country, almost totally ignoring the countryside.
E) Poverty remains more prevalent in rural areas.

Question 20

In modern usage, ____ is a derogatory term used to refer to Afrikaners.

A) Voortrekker
B) Boer
C) White
D) Anglo
E) Colored

Question 21

The South African constitution

A) is based upon principles adopted at multiparty talks that led to a transitional government.
B) is difficult to amend as most clauses require the approval of three-fourths of the National Assembly.
C) does not include a formal bill of rights.
D) requires that executive power is shared between political parties.
E) is difficult to amend as most clauses require the approval of the majority of provincial governments.

Question 22

Which of the following statements about the South African bureaucracy is NOT true?

A) Some departments are administered in a centralized fashion by national ministries whereas others are administered by the provinces.
B) It has grown substantially in the post-apartheid era as the government has expanded public welfare programs.
C) Some central ministries have a reputation for efficiency whereas others do not.
D) It is impossible to dismiss public servants, both during the Mandela era and later administrations, due to the civil service protections.
E) There has been many prominent examples of corruption involving public servants in the post-apartheid era.

Question 23

Which of the following statements about the policy process in South Africa is NOT true?

A) Sudden policy shifts occurring without elaborate consultation have been rare in post-apartheid South Africa.
B) Post-apartheid governments initially emphasized a participatory approach to policy-making.
C) The surest way to influence the policy-making process is through access to the president's office and the informal networks that surround it.
D) Economic issues have been put at the center of politics in post-apartheid South Africa in large part because of the government's commitment to fiscally conservative policies.
E) For the post-apartheid transition period, between 1994 and 1999, a power-sharing coalition helped to reassure racial minorities.

Question 24

The post-apartheid regime has sought to pay greater attention to environmental concerns. This is indicated by all of the following EXCEPT

A) "co-management" agreements between historically dispossessed communities and the National Parks Board.
B) choosing to suspend operations of the country's only nuclear power plant.
C) including within the constitution clauses concerning ecological sustainability and environmental rights.
D) opening up fishing grounds to impoverished villages so long as they keep the size of their catches within sustainable limits.
E) the inclusion of specific clauses in the constitution concerning environmental health and ecological sustainability.

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT true of the divestment and credit denial campaign of the 1980s?

A) It was seen by South African policy-makers as more alarming than international sanctions as it might lead to diminished access to advanced technology.
B) It helped to ensure that the South Africa's foreign debt remained fairly low.
C) It was a reaction to a state of emergency imposed in 1985.
D) It led to the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act in the United States.
E) It was initiated by the United Nations.

Question 26

Which statement about South Africa's cabinet is INCORRECT?

A) The president appoints and chairs the cabinet.
B) Like the president, cabinet ministers are subject to parliamentary oversight in the form of question-time.
C) Cabinet ministers are members of parliament.
D) ANC cabinets have thus far been socially representative in terms of both race and gender.
E) ANC cabinets have thus far included at least one minister from another party.

Question 27

The South African president's ability to dominate the policy-making process stems from all of the following EXCEPT

A) his ability to appoint senior government officials.
B) his chairing of the cabinet.
C) his role as party leader.
D) his de facto power over parliamentary office holding.
E) his role as commander-in-chief of the South African military.

Question 28

Which statement about South Africa's constitution is INCORRECT?

A) Its bill of rights includes a safeguard concerning sexual choice.
B) It includes clauses concerning ecological sustainability.
C) It retained an element of power sharing in that it specified that cabinets must be racially representative.
D) Although much of it can be amended with a simple two-third majority in the National Assembly, there are some elements that are more difficult to amend as they require a 75 percent majority.
E) It was drafted by the first democratically elected parliament although that body generally had to include elements that were agreed to prior to the drafting process.

Question 29

The South African president

A) is less powerful than the British prime minister.
B) retains his seat in parliament just like the British prime minister.
C) is able to serve unlimited terms of office.
D) is chosen from the membership of the National Assembly.
E) can be removed from office only on the grounds of serious misconduct.

Question 30

Which statement about South Africa's relationship with the BRICS is NOT correct?

A) In comparison to the other BRICS, the South African economy is small.
B) South Africa was invited to join the BRICS at the insistence of China.
C) In many global forums, South Africa has adjusted its policies to align with the other BRICS.
D) China is South Africa's largest export market.
E) South Africa was invited to join the grouping immediately after the end of apartheid.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a reason for low public respect for South Africa's legal institutions?

A) The huge caseloads that make judicial proceedings very slow
B) The low pay rates for rank-and-file police officers that make them very susceptible to corruption
C) The continued harsh treatment of those in custody by the police
D) The low criminal conviction rate
E) The reforms that allow detectives to operate more autonomously, which encourages corruption

Question 32

Which of the following statements about "Black empowerment" is FALSE?

A) It has involved legislation that requires all companies in South Africa to hire a certain percentage of Africans.
B) Those who have benefited the most have often been politically well connected.
C) It has involved legislation that requires companies that win government contracts allocate shares to Blacks and other previously disadvantaged people.
D) Although there is limited evidence that it has produced a substantial rise in the number of Black-owned companies, there is significant evidence that it has increased black participation in the economy.
E) It has not reduced Black poverty and may, in fact, have promoted economic inefficiencies that have curbed growth and job creation.

Question 33

The South African deputy president

A) is appointed by the president and subject to approval by the National Assembly.
B) must come from the opposition party.
C) is appointed by the president and subject to the approval of both chambers of parliament.
D) is chosen by provincial governors.
E) is chosen by the president.

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT true about municipal governments in South Africa?

A) Since 1999, they have been the agencies preferred by the national government for delivering developmental projects.
B) Most cities are governed by ANC-dominated administrations.
C) Voter turnout in local elections has been high because voters have been unhappy with their local authorities.
D) Corruption is especially entrenched in local government.
E) Although big cities draw the bulk of their revenue from local taxes, smaller municipalities are heavily dependent upon government grants.

Question 35

Which of the following statements about the South African president's appointment powers is NOT true?

A) The president appoints the cabinet.
B) The president appoints the deputy president.
C) The president appoints members of the judiciary although his discretion in this regard is limited by constitutional provisions.
D) The president's appointment powers have increasingly been used to reward political allies.
E) The president appoints provisional governors.

Question 36

The South African president is elected

A) directly by the people in a national election.
B) by The National Assembly.
C) by a body of electors similar to the American Electoral College.
D) by both chambers of the parliament.
E) by provincial governors.

Question 37

The South African Constitutional Court

A) acts as the final court of appeal for matters related to the constitution.
B) is comprised of judges appointed for life.
C) is also known as the Supreme Court.
D) has regularly sided with the executive in its rulings leading many to question its independence.
E) has made a number of important decisions that have affected public policy.

Question 38

Which of the following best describes the activities of the Communist Party in post-apartheid South Africa?

A) It does not contest elections, preferring instead to exercise influence as a grouping within the African National Congress.
B) It contests elections only at the subnational level; at the national level, its candidates run on the African National Congress list.
C) It is a moderate left party that contests elections at all levels, although it has yet to win any seats.
D) It is a moderate left party that contests elections at all levels and has generally dominated a small province in the northeast of the country.
E) Formally it has disbanded but informally it remains active mainly as a political organizing group among unions.

Question 39

The South African National Defense Force

A) is about the same size as the country's police force.
B) has played a major role in peacekeeping efforts.
C) has increasingly been called upon to provide internal security.
D) is seen by many experts as being seriously underfunded, undermanned, and ill-equipped.
E) is tightly integrated into regional defense structures.

Question 40

Which of the following statements about South Africa's post-1994 reintegration into the world economy is NOT true?

A) It has resulted in deep and lasting economic disruptions, just as we see in the post-communist transitions in Eastern Europe.
B) It has prompted an outflow of South African investment to other countries.
C) It has led to increased trade with other African countries.
D) WTO-mandated tariff reductions initially led to heavy job losses in the textile and clothing industries.
E) Although initially having a negative impact, reintegration has generally been beneficial, leading to a stronger economy.

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT a potential effect of South Africa's list proportional representation electoral system?

A) Parties have a tendency to adopt policies that will appeal to a large segment of the electorate.
B) Parliament tends to be unduly deferential to the executive.
C) Candidates don't run on their personal characteristics but rather their party affiliation.
D) Party loyalty of members of parliament is high.
E) Two parties are likely to be dominant.

Question 42

The National Assembly is seen as being ineffective in checking executive power because of all of the following EXCEPT

A) ANC MPs, the largest group of parliamentarians, have tended to defer to the executive.
B) Most legislation is drafted by government ministers, not MPs.
C) Due to the country's electoral system, MPs hold their seats at the will-of-party leadership.
D) The executive has shown itself able to stifle legislative investigations.
E) It lacks strong committees to review and revise legislative proposals.

Question 43

Which statement about the Inkantha Freedom Party is INCORRECT?

A) It is very much a party organized around its aging founder and leader.
B) Its support has generally been steady in all post-apartheid elections thus far.
C) Although its supporters are chiefly Zulus, it presents itself as a national party and its parliamentarians have typically included non-Zulus.
D) It shares many of the same positions as the ANC, although it presents itself as ideologically to the right of that party.
E) Until 2004, it controlled the administration of the Kwa-Natal Province, although it has remained in a ruling coalition in that province since then.

Question 44

Which statement about the Democratic Party/Democratic Alliance is INCORRECT?

A) It draws most of its support from the White middle class but it has also attracted a significant share of African and colored voters as well.
B) It has generally made little use of social media, preferring instead to rely upon face-to-face canvassing.
C) It runs administrations in one province and several municipalities.
D) Its parliamentarians have been at the forefront of efforts to exercise oversight over executive corruption.
E) Although it can trace its origins to the 1950s, its current configuration is fairly recent.

Question 45

Which of the following statements about HIV/AIDS in South Africa is NOT true?

A) Over 10 percent of the South African population is HIV-positive.
B) Over 4 million South Africans have already died of HIV/AIDS.
C) One of the first acts of the Mandela government was to initiate a public awareness campaign to promote awareness of HIV/AIDS and how to prevent its spread.
D) Government efforts to address the HIV/AIDS pandemic were severely hindered during the Mbeki government chiefly because the president adopted the position that there was no link between HIV and AIDS.
E) In 2002, the Constitutional Court ruled that the government had to provide antiretroviral drugs for HIV/AIDS patients, thus overruling a government policy to stop such treatment.

Question 46

All of the following are major economic challenges facing South Africa EXCEPT a

A) low high school graduation rate.
B) low savings rate.
C) high death rate among the economically active population.
D) high foreign debt.
E) shortage of skilled workers.

Question 47

Which statement about the Congress of the People (COPE) is INCORRECT?

A) It was established as a breakaway party of the ANC.
B) It won 7 percent of the national vote in the 2009 parliamentary elections but only garnered about 2 percent of the vote in the 2011 municipal elections which calls into question its long-term viability.
C) It has built a well-structured, consolidated, and tightly controlled party organization in a short period of time.
D) It has sought to position itself as a centrist alternative to the ANC.
E) In the 2009 elections, it won the third largest share of seats in the National Assembly.

Question 48

The African National Congress (ANC) has been the dominant party in post-apartheid South Africa because of all of the following EXCEPT

A) it has an extensive political organization, especially at the local level.
B) it has a virtual monopoly on the African voter while wining a substantial minority among the other races.
C) it is widely seen as a national liberation movement by the majority of the population.
D) despite the existence of clear factions within the party, it has not experienced any significant splits.
E) the use of single-member plurality, which virtually ensures the dominance of the ANC.

Question 49

According to the text, the opposition party that is most likely to continue to remain important in the future is the

A) Inkatha Freedom Party.
B) Congress of the People.
C) Freedom Front.
D) Democratic Party/Democratic Alliance.
E) African Christian Democratic.

Question 50

Comparatively speaking, the democratic transition in South Africa has been relatively easier than that in other transitional democracies because

A) the politically independent settler state that existed during the apartheid years was able to use the revenues from the local production of primary commodities to develop a relatively diversified economy, which in turn has meant that the current transitional democracy has inherited a strong economy.
B) democratization was proceeded by a much longer process of economic liberalization. This has meant that South Africa has not had to undergo the types of dual shocks seen in post-communist countries.
C) many of the more severe elements of apartheid began to be dismantled even before 1990, which in turn encouraged the development and growth of associational life.
D) the constitutional negotiations that began the transition did not take place in a political vacuum or a situation of near state collapse.
E) all of these.

Question 51

Currently, the main opposition parties in South Africa are

A) the Democratic Party/Democratic Alliance (DA), the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), and the Congress of the People.
B) the Democratic Party/Democratic Alliance (DA), the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), and the New National Party.
C) the Democratic Party/Democratic Alliance (DA), the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), and the African Christian Democratic Party.
D) the Democratic Party/Democratic Alliance (DA), the Congress of the People, and the African Christian Democratic Party.
E) the Democratic Party/Democratic Alliance (DA), the New National Party, and the United Democratic Movement.

Question 52

Opinion polls indicate that

A) most South Africans are more likely to trust the national government rather than the provincial or municipal authorities.
B) there continues to be a very high level of satisfaction with democracy among all groups.
C) White South Africans are more likely than any other group to feel that race relations have improved since 1994.
D) only a small minority of South Africans believe that race relations have not changed significantly since 1994.
E) There is a small majority that feels post-apartheid democracy has failed to produce economic benefits.

Question 53

Which of the following is TRUE about the South African electoral system?

A) The names of the candidates appear on the ballot.
B) National and provincial elections are held at different times.
C) Parties nominate separate lists of candidates for the National Assembly and each province, thus allowing voters to divide their support between two parties.
D) Individual candidates for the parties run in specific districts for seats in the National Assembly.
E) Parties nominate a single list of candidates for the National Assembly and each of the provinces, thus ensuring that the party that wins the national election will also control the provincial governments.

Question 54

An example of parliamentary accountability in South Africa is

A) the president appearing for Question Time before the National Assembly.
B) the National Assembly approving all presidential appointments.
C) the members of the cabinet appearing for Question Time before the National Council of the Provinces.
D) parliamentary committees reviewing the work of government departments including summoning ministers to appear before them.
E) parliamentary committees regularly rewriting draft legislation presented by government ministers.

Question 55

Evidence of continued racial divisions and tensions may be found in all of the following examples EXCEPT

A) the fact that while Blacks tend to support soccer, Whites tend to support rugby.
B) the fact that churches have racially integrated hierarchies.
C) the fact that racial and ethnic bloc voting has changed only slightly.
D) union leaders holding back from organizing a workers' party separate from the ANC.
E) most Black people still live in ghetto-like townships or the historical homelands areas.

Question 56

The National Council of the Provinces

A) reviews all legislation but has only an advisory role for the most part.
B) is comprised of 90 members who are elected in provincial elections.
C) utilizes a weighted voting system that grants the larger provinces more than one vote.
D) is the more powerful chamber of parliament.
E) is also referred to as the lower house of parliament.

Question 57

Which of the following does NOT describe the relationship between the country's electoral system and how South African political parties act during elections?

A) The system encourages parties to seek voters outside of their core supporters.
B) Because the electorate is spread out, parties are encouraged to adopt positions that have broad appeal.
C) Because the system does not focus on individual candidates, party leaders put people on their lists that might not win popular support if elections were centered on the appeal of individual candidates.
D) Multiparty competition is encouraged because the double-ballot system allows voters to split their vote, thus allowing even smaller parties the chance to obtain executive office.
E) Parties are unlikely to engage in civil electioneering because the system distributes seats proportionally, thus encouraging parties to win as many as possible.

Question 58

Which statement about South African youth is NOT correct?

A) Today's South African youth are better educated than their older cohorts.
B) South Africa has one of the highest youth unemployment rates in the world.
C) South African youth are active in many social movements.
D) The highest rate of distrust of politicians is found among younger rather than older South Africans.
E) Although turnout is quite low among young South African voters, party loyalty is actually quite high among them.

Question 59

Which statement about the results of the four post-apartheid elections is NOT correct?

A) ANC electoral support has been fairly stable.
B) The Democratic Party/Democratic Alliance's electoral support has grown substantially.
C) As measured by a percentage of registered voters, turnout declined after the first election but generally has been steady since, however, as measured as a percentage of the voting age population, turnout has steadily declined.
D) The proportion of the vote obtained by the opposition (parties other than the ANC) has been fairly steady, but its composition has changed.
E) Inkatha's electoral support has been fairly stable.

Question 60

Which of the following statements about electioneering is NOT correct?

A) It has become increasingly easier for candidates of all parties to canvass voters outside of the areas where their core supporters live.
B) Ruling party speakers at mass rallies increasingly suggest that their electoral success will be rewarded with grants or other benefits.
C) The incidence of "robust" electioneering involving attacks on rival activists has been on the rise.
D) Parties increasingly make use of social media to connect to potential voters.
E) Increasingly, political candidates who wish to rise to leadership positions within their parties focus upon their individual characteristics and policy positions as a way to build up future potential electoral support.

Question 61

Describe the political effects of South Africa's electoral system. Are these detrimental to the democratization process in the country?

Question 62

In the post-apartheid era, the proportion of the votes won by the opposition to the African National Congress has generally remained stable although the makeup of that opposition has changed considerably.  First, describe the highlights of this change.  Next, describe some of the factors that make it likely that the makeup of the current opposition will change.

Question 63

Describe some of the obstacles that face the policy of "Black empowerment."  Would you say that, despite these, the policy has been a success?

Question 64

What political and economic factors shaped the nature of institutionalized racism in South Africa? Begin your discussion prior to the official start of the apartheid era.

Question 65

In comparison to other transitional democracies, democratization in South Africa has been much easier. Explain why this is the case?

Question 66

How did generational change affect the policies of apartheid? Did this change substantially affect the fundamental aspects of apartheid?

Question 67

Describe the political and economic effects of South Africa's reintegration into the world economy since 1994.

Question 68

What factors account for the power of the South African executive vis-à-vis the country's legislature? Do you think that this imbalance hinders the democratization process either in the short or long term?

Question 69

Describe some ways in which racial segregation affects social, economic, and political life in post-apartheid South Africa.

Question 70

How has the role of the state in the economy changed over the years in South Africa?  How has it remained the same?