Deck 4: Classical Conditioning Basic Phenomena and Various Complexities

Question 1

The development of a conditioned fear response through repeatedly pairing a flash of light with a shock is an example of

A) attainment.
B) elicitation.
C) appropriation.
D) acquisition.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The maximum amount of conditioning that can take place in a given setting is known as the _____ of conditioning.

A) trace level
B) asymptote
C) assignment
D) maximal assignment

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In pairing a bee with a sting, a more severe sting should result in

A) stronger conditioning.
B) weaker conditioning.
C) less predictable conditioning.
D) Both b and c are correct.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

When one attempts to conduct further conditioning trials after a CR has been extinguished, it will be found that the CR

A) is usually difficult to reacquire.
B) is impossible to reacquire.
C) can be reacquired only if the intensity of the US is increased.
D) can be reacquired quite rapidly.

Question 5

Strengthening is to _____ as weakening is to _____.

A) spontaneous recovery; acquisition
B) disinhibition; spontaneous recovery
C) acquisition; extinction
D) extinction; acquisition

Question 6

Toward the end of a day in which she wrote several exams in a row, Susan felt none of the anxiety that she typically feels during exams. According to the process of _____, she might still feel some degree of anxiety at the start of another test the following week.

A) external inhibition
B) dishabituation
C) spontaneous recovery
D) disinhibition

Question 7

The weakening of a CS that has been repeatedly presented in the absence of the US is known as the process of

A) inhibition.
B) disinhibition.
C) suppression.
D) extinction.

Question 8

In pairing a light with a shock, a brighter light will result in

A) weaker conditioning.
B) stronger conditioning.
C) less predictable conditioning.
D) Both a and c are correct.

Question 9

In an experiment conducted on dogs, a bright light paired with food will produce _____ compared to a faint light paired with food.

A) a weaker response of salivation
B) the same amount of salivation
C) a stronger response of salivation
D) a less predictable degree of salivation

Question 10

When we have reached the maximum amount of conditioning that can be obtained in a particular situation, we say we have reached the _____ of conditioning.

A) threshold
B) trace level
C) critical level
D) asymptote

Question 11

In pairing a light with a shock, a stronger shock will result in

A) stronger conditioning.
B) weaker conditioning.
C) less predictable conditioning.
D) Both b and c are correct.

Question 12

In general, acquisition proceeds rapidly during

A) intermediate conditioning trials.
B) later conditioning trials.
C) early conditioning trials.
D) Both b and c are correct.

Question 13

The term _____ refers to the reappearance of a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus following a rest period after extinction.

A) spontaneous reacquisition
B) reacquisition
C) spontaneous recovery
D) disinhibition

Question 14

You repeatedly pair a tone with food until a dog salivates to the sound of the tone. You then present the tone several times without the food until the dog no longer salivates when he hears it. Presenting the tone several times without food is an example of

A) extinction.
B) dishabituation.
C) habituation.
D) sensitization.

Question 15

The repeated presentation of a CS without the US is known as

A) suppression.
B) extinction.
C) inhibition.
D) disinhibition.

Question 16

In classical conditioning, _____ refers to the developing and strengthening of a conditioned response (CR) through repeated pairings of a neutral stimulus (NS) with an unconditioned stimulus (US).

A) attainment
B) procurement
C) acquisition
D) elicitation

Question 17

In classical conditioning, acquisition refers to the process of developing and strengthening a conditioned response through repeated pairings of an NS with a(n) _____.

A) CS
B) US
C) NS₁
D) NS₂

Question 18

In general, more intense USs produce _____ than do less intense USs.

A) less predictable conditioning
B) weaker conditioning
C) more rapid conditioning
D) slower conditioning

Question 19

Which of the following is true of a phobia once it has been extinguished?

A) It is relatively easy to reacquire.
B) It is relatively difficult to reacquire.
C) Other phobias will easily extinguish.
D) Both b and c are correct.

Question 20

Once the CS or NS is again paired with the US, a response that has been extinguished

A) often becomes transformed into a fixed action pattern.
B) becomes a flexion response.
C) can be reacquired quite rapidly.
D) cannot be reacquired.

Question 21

To Pavlov, the phenomenon of _____ indicated that extinction is not simply a process of unlearning the conditioning that has taken place.

A) blocking
B) overshadowing
C) stimulus discrimination
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 22

The term _____ refers to the sudden recovery of a conditioned response during an extinction procedure when a _____ stimulus is introduced.

A) dishabituation; familiar
B) disinhibition; novel
C) dishabituation; novel
D) disinhibition; familiar

Question 23

Which of the following processes is equivalent to a roller-coaster ride that gradually flattens out? 

A) Dishabituation
B) Blocking
C) Spontaneous recovery
D) Occasion setting

Question 24

Jollena decided to confront her fear of dogs by volunteering to look after Arnold, the neighbor's golden retriever. By the end of the first day, she was becoming quite comfortable around Arnold. However, when the smoke detector accidentally went off, she found that some of her fear toward Arnold had returned. This is an example of

A) resensitization.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) sensitization.
D) disinhibition.

Question 25

Spontaneous recovery tends to _____ across repeated sessions of extinction.

A) decrease
B) increase
C) remain constant
D) fluctuate unpredictably

Question 26

The tendency for a CR to occur in the presence of a stimulus that is similar to the _____ is called stimulus _____.

A) CS; generalization
B) US; generalization
C) CS; discrimination
D) US; discrimination

Question 27

If your anxiety while giving a speech in class gradually fades, it may suddenly recover when a noisy ceiling fan starts up or someone walks in late. This is an example of _____.

A) disinhibition
B) short-term habituation
C) blocking
D) overshadowing

Question 28

Semantic generalization is the generalization of a conditioned response to a(n) _____ that is _____ the conditioned stimulus.

A) visual stimulus; similar to
B) olfactory stimulus; more intense than
C) verbal stimulus; similar in meaning to
D) verbal stimulus; similar in sound to

Question 29

Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a _____ following a rest period after _____.

A) CS; extinction
B) CR; extinction
C) CS; disinhibition
D) CR; disinhibition

Question 30

Toward the end of a day in which she attended several interviews, Susan began to feel quite relaxed. Unfortunately, during the last interview, a phone rang and disrupted the interview. Interestingly, it also brought back some of Susan's nervousness. This scenario is an example of

A) habituation.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) disinhibition.
D) sensitization.

Question 31

Pavlov regarded _____ as evidence that extinction involves the _____ of a response.

A) dishabituation; unlearning
B) spontaneous recovery; unlearning
C) dishabituation; inhibition
D) spontaneous recovery; inhibition

Question 32

Support for the notion that extinction involves a buildup of inhibition is provided by a phenomenon known as  _____.

A) occasion setting
B) disinhibition
C) sensitization
D) latent inhibition

Question 33

_____ is the sudden recovery of a conditioned response during an extinction procedure when a novel (unfamiliar) stimulus is introduced.

A) Inhibition
B) Disinhibition
C) Dishabituation
D) Unlearning

Question 34

Disinhibition is similar to dishabituation in that both involve

A) classical conditioning.
B) extinction.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) novel stimuli.

Question 35

To Pavlov, the existence of spontaneous recovery indicated that extinction is NOT simply a process of

A) inhibition.
B) suppression.
C) unlearning.
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 36

Spontaneous recovery differs from disinhibition in that the latter requires the presence of

A) the CS.
B) the US.
C) the CS and the US.
D) a novel stimulus.

Question 37

If a rat always receives a shock following the presentation of an 800-Hz tone, it will show a stronger fear response to the presentation of a(n) _____ tone than a _____ tone.

A) 820-Hz; 1000-Hz
B) 1000-Hz; 900-Hz
C) 620-Hz; 700-Hz
D) Both b and c are correct.

Question 38

Stimulus generalization in classical conditioning is the tendency for a _____ to occur in the presence of a stimulus that is similar to the _____.

A) CS; US
B) CR; US
C) CR; CS
D) UR; US

Question 39

The generalization of a conditioned response to a word that is similar in meaning to a conditioned stimulus is called

A) verbal generalization.
B) semantic generalization.
C) verbal discrimination.
D) semantic discrimination.

Question 40

If a pigeon always receives a frightening air blast following the presentation of a red light, it will show a stronger fear response to the presentation of a(n) _____ light than a(n) _____ light.

A) red; orange-reddish
B) orange-reddish; red
C) orange-reddish; orange
D) Both a and c are correct

Question 41

After receiving a shock while seeing the word DOG, Muhammad becomes somewhat tense when he sees the word PUPPY. This is an example of

A) stimulus discrimination.
B) olfactory discrimination.
C) semantic generalization.
D) olfactory generalization.

Question 42

Being fearful of wasps but not of houseflies is an example of

A) stimulus discrimination.
B) stimulus differentiation.
C) stimulus distinction.
D) stimulus disparity.

Question 43

When Bobby was little, his mother used to tell him, "Be polite," and then slap him. As an adult, Bobby feels anxious whenever he overhears a mother tell her child, "Say thank you." This scenario is an example of

A) stimulus discrimination.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) semantic generalization.
D) semantic recovery.

Question 44

In a conditioning procedure, a man is shown a bright light while also being shown the word "movie." As a result, he begins to anticipate a bright light whenever he is shown words with a similar meaning. This scenario is an example of

A) stimulus discrimination.
B) semantic generalization.
C) olfactory discrimination.
D) olfactory generalization.

Question 45

Stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning is the tendency for a response

A) to suddenly recover following extinction.
B) to decrease in strength across repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus.
C) to become more differentiated from other responses.
D) to be elicited more by one stimulus than another.

Question 46

Experimental neurosis is an experimentally produced disorder that results from exposure to _____ events.

A) inhibitory
B) extremely predictable
C) unpredictable
D) appetitive

Question 47

In determining whether my goldfish is capable of visually distinguishing blue from green, it would be best to use the procedure of _____.

A) classical conditioning
B) extinction
C) disinhibition
D) discrimination training

Question 48

In general, according to Eysenck, introverts

A) condition easily.
B) condition poorly.
C) react strongly to external stimulation.
D) Both a and c are correct.

Question 49

After being cheated by a dishonest salesman at a local appliance store, Amy is able to distinguish between salesmen who are dishonest and those who are not. In this scenario, Amy is applying the concept of _____.

A) sensory preconditioning
B) stimulus discrimination
C) blocking
D) latent inhibition

Question 50

A useful procedure for determining the sensory capacities of animals is _____.

A) extinction
B) discrimination training
C) spontaneous recovery
D) dishabituation

Question 51

When Pavlov and his assistants exposed dogs to the experimental neurosis procedure, some dogs

A) became catatonic and acted almost hypnotized.
B) became anxious and upset.
C) displayed few, if any, symptoms.
D) Any of these can be correct, depending on the dog.

Question 52

Stimulus _____ is the tendency for a response to be elicited more by one stimulus than another.

A) generalization
B) differentiation
C) disparity
D) discrimination

Question 53

A dog salivates in the presence of a 3000-Hz tone but not in the presence of a 2800-Hz tone. This is most likely an example of _____.

A) stimulus discrimination
B) semantic generalization
C) verbal discrimination
D) visual generalization

Question 54

Broader is to narrower as

A) extinction is to conditioning.
B) discrimination is to extinction.
C) generalization is to discrimination.
D) discrimination is to generalization.

Question 55

A multiple choice exam requires a person to use the process of

A) disinhibition.
B) stimulus discrimination.
C) stimulus generalization.
D) blocking.

Question 56

Pavlov reported that dogs with a(n) _____ temperament were _____ to condition than their counterparts.

A) shy; more difficult
B) outgoing; easier
C) shy; easier
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 57

After having a bad experience with a fitness instructor at a gym, Mary avoids going to gyms and exercises at home instead. This is an example of _____.

A) pseudoconditioning
B) sensitization
C) stimulus generalization
D) stimulus discrimination

Question 58

After being frightened by a cockroach, Joe cringes when anyone talks about bugs. This is an example of

A) experimental neurosis.
B) semantic generalization.
C) the peak shift effect.
D) adjunctive conditioning.

Question 59

In the original experiments on experimental neurosis, dogs were exposed to a circle and an ellipse that were

A) gradually made more and more different.
B) gradually made more and more similar.
C) suddenly made very similar.
D) suddenly made very different.

Question 60

According to Eysenck's theory, which of the following is likely to be true of introverts?

A) They are less reactive to external stimulation compared to extroverts.
B) They develop anxiety-type symptoms in reaction to stress.
C) They condition less easily than extroverts do.
D) They develop physical-type symptoms in reaction to stress.

Question 61

During a higher-order conditioning procedure, the presentation of a(n) _____ is followed by a(n) _____.

A) CS; NS
B) NS; CS
C) US; CS
D) NS; US

Question 62

In higher-order conditioning, the response to the CS₂ is usually weaker than the response to the

A) CS_3.
B) CS_4.
C) CS_1.
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 63

Ben immediately takes a liking to Jan after learning that she is a friend of a famous pop artist whom he has always adored. This situation seems most analogous to the process of

A) US revaluation.
B) higher-order conditioning.
C) blocking.
D) temporal conditioning.

Question 64

A sensory preconditioning experiment begins with the pairing of

A) two NSs.
B) two CSs.
C) an NS and a CS.
D) an NS and a US.

Question 65

A CS established through _____ conditioning is likely to produce a stronger response than a CS established through _____ conditioning.

A) first-order; second-order
B) second-order; first-order
C) third-order; second-order
D) Both b and c are correct.

Question 66

Most of your colleagues have their coffee breaks in the staff lounge. One day, in the meeting room, a couple of them verbally attack you, causing you to feel quite anxious. Later that day, you also feel anxious when you are in the staff lounge, even though no one else is present. This example best illustrates

A) higher-order conditioning.
B) latent inhibition.
C) sensory preconditioning.
D) blocking.

Question 67

Which of the following can be viewed as a form of latent learning?

A) Blocking
B) Occasion setting
C) Sensory preconditioning
D) Overshadowing

Question 68

Consider the following sequence of events: (1) [A + B]; (2) B: C -> D; (3) B -> D; (4) A -> D. This is most similar to the process of

A) overshadowing.
B) blocking.
C) US revaluation.
D) sensory preconditioning.

Question 69

Allana is not bothered much by loud noises or lots of activity. In fact, she rather enjoys it. According to Eysenck (1957), she is most likely a(n) _____ who is likely to condition _____.

A) extrovert; easily
B) introvert; poorly
C) extrovert; poorly
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 70

According to Eysenck, extroverts typically _____ than introverts.

A) condition more easily
B) are more reactive to external stimulation
C) are less reactive to external stimulation
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 71

In _____, a CS₂ is used in place of a CS₁ to condition the same CR.

A) sensory preconditioning
B) blocking
C) occasion setting
D) higher-order conditioning

Question 72

Consider the following sequence of events: (1) A: B ->C; (2) A -> C; (3) D: A -> C; (4) D -> C. This is most similar to

A) sensory preconditioning.
B) higher-order conditioning.
C) occasion setting.
D) latent inhibition.

Question 73

Sam refuses to talk to Bobbi ever since he saw her holding hands with the person who used to harass him in the sixth grade. This situation seems most analogous to the process of

A) US reevaluation.
B) dishabituation.
C) higher-order conditioning.
D) temporal conditioning.

Question 74

In _____, the response to the CS 2 is usually _____ than the response to the CS 1 .

A) occasion setting; weaker
B) sensory preconditioning; weaker
C) blocking; stronger
D) latent inhibition; stronger

Question 75

According to Eysenck, the behavior of psychopaths tends to be

A) easy to condition.
B) difficult to condition.
C) easy to condition with visual but not auditory stimuli.
D) prone to conditioning.

Question 76

In _____, when one stimulus becomes a CS, another stimulus with which it was previously paired can also become a CS.

A) higher-order conditioning
B) overshadowing
C) US revaluation
D) sensory preconditioning

Question 77

When large companies hire famous people for their advertising campaigns, they hope to elicit positive emotional responses from the public through the process of

A) higher-order conditioning.
B) sensory preconditioning.
C) overshadowing.
D) US revaluation.

Question 78

When third-order conditioning is obtained, the conditioned response to a third-order conditioned stimulus (the CS₃) is likely to be

A) stronger than the CS₁.
B) quite weak.
C) very intense.
D) stronger than the CS_2.

Question 79

When Juan's childhood friend became a famous movie star, Juan also became something of a town celebrity. This is most analogous to the process of

A) sensory preconditioning.
B) higher-order conditioning.
C) overshadowing.
D) latent inhibition.

Question 80

In _____, a stimulus that is associated with a CS can also become a CS.

A) higher-order conditioning
B) sensory preconditioning
C) occasion setting
D) overshadowing