Deck 10: Christian Societies Emerge in Europe

Question 1

A fief was

A) a small, nonhereditary manor.
B) any estate governed by a hereditary lord.
C) any small and independent kingdom.
D) a Germanic peasant.
E) a grant of land exchanged for military service.

Answer 1

a grant of land exchanged for military service.

Question 2

The decision within the church to accept or refute Arianism was established at

A) the Council of Nicaea.
B) the Council of Trent.
C) the Council of Constance.
D) the fourth Latern Council.
E) None of these

Answer 2

the Council of Nicaea.

Question 3

After the fall of Rome in the fifth century, the western Roman Empire

A) became known as the Byzantine Empire.
B) fell under the control of Constantine.
C) fragmented into a handful of Germanic kingdoms.
D) ceased to be the seat of the western Christian Church.
E) reasserted Roman rule.

Answer 3

fragmented into a handful of Germanic kingdoms.

Question 4

Among the Byzantines' cultural achievements

A) is the spread of Orthodox Christianity among the Slavs.
B) is the introduction of Islam to southern Europe.
C) are their shipbuilding and epics about the wars of the Mediterranean Sea.
D) is a dynamic painting style notable for its realistic depiction of non-religious subjects.
E) is their revival of the Olympic Games.

Question 5

In general, which of the following did not occur in western Europe after the decline of Roman authority?

A) An overarching lega l framework disappeared.
B) There was increasing political fragmentation.
C) The population depended on local strongmen rather than on monarchs.
D) Roman traditions were replac ed by family -based German traditions.
E) The city of Rome lost its prominence as the seat of the Roman church.

Question 6

In contrast to western Europe, the Byzantine Empire maintained order between 300 and 1000 because

A) the Byzantines maintained trade with the Far East.
B) Russia had its roots with the Vikings.
C) it successfully pacified all potential invaders.
D) it had a single ruler who held supreme legal and religious authority.
E) there were too many different languages in the West.

Question 7

The sixth-century "plague of Justinian" was

A) an economic crisis caused by the emperor's economic policies.
B) the death and destruction caused by Justinian's marauding armies.
C) the moral decay and social class struggle in the empire.
D) an outbreak of bubonic plague during Justinian's rule.
E) a further divide between the Western and Eastern churches.

Question 8

The schism of 1054 between the Eastern and Western churches was caused primarily by disagreements over

A) how mass should be celebrated.
B) the jurisdiction of the Western papacy.
C) monophysitism.
D) Arianism.
E) the Crusades.

Question 9

Technology to improve military skills in the Middle Ages included all of the following except

A) metal weapons.
B) stirrups.
C) chain mail.
D) heavy horses.
E) an early form of dynamite.

Question 10

As time went on, armored knighthood

A) was restricted to those with hereditary titles.
B) continued only in areas with a free peasantry.
C) was limited to those with revenue from land.
D) required permission of the king and the church.
E) was taught to all citizens.

Question 11

Agricultural workers who belonged to the manor and were obligated to the lord were

A) satraps.
B) serfs.
C) mobads.
D) bailiffs.
E) sheriffs.

Question 12

After the tenth century the Roman Catholic Church faced all of the following challenges except

A) disagreements over church regulations.
B) persuading local councils of bishops to acknowledge papal authority.
C) shortages of trained clergy.
D) continued infractions of the rules prohibiting marriage for the clergy.
E) residual pagan practices such as the worship of rivers, trees, and mountains.

Question 13

What was the predominant language of the church in the West?

A) Greek
B) Latin
C) German
D) French
E) Italian

Question 14

The Byzantine Corpus Juris Civilis was important in the late eleventh century because it

A) reintroduced Roman law in Byzantium.
B) became the basis for civil law in the West.
C) separated the Byzantine church and state.
D) tried to spread Byzantine influence more broadly.
E) was adopted only in England.

Question 15

Schisms, the foremost threat to the Christian church in the Middle Ages, were

A) disputes between bishops concerning church lands.
B) formal divisions over differences in doctrine.
C) disagreements between kings and church leaders over the extent of secular power.
D) arguments between local priests and the pope about church education.
E) disagreements between priests and lay followers about the wealth of the clergy.

Question 16

Why is the traditional description of Europe from 300 to 1200 as feudal an oversimplification?

A) The social structure of the Germanic peoples emphasized loyalty to the pope.
B) The relations between land owners and their tenants vari ed from region to region.
C) Feudalism didn't begin until 1300.
D) Most of the old Roman system continued, particularly in France.
E) Scholars now know that feudalism as such never really existed.

Question 17

Which area did not endure Viking raids?

A) England
B) France
C) Muslim Spain
D) Russia
E) Constantinople

Question 18

In the seventh century, the Byzantines experienced an economic transformation similar to, though less pronounced than, that of western Europe. This transformation was caused by all of the following except

A) the rapid growth of the merchant class.
B) the decline of some cities in wealth and population.
C) the replacement of a money economy with barter.
D) the disappearance of t he traditional urban elite.
E) rivalry between families and the class-based officeholders.

Question 19

After the seventh century, Byzantine women began to be treated less in the old Roman way and

A) won increased rights to property and inheritance.
B) began to rule the empire officially.
C) were increasingly confined to the home.
D) began to be able to preach and deliver the sacraments in the Christian churches.
E) no longer wore veils.

Question 20

In western Europe, the primary centers for agricultural production were

A) scattered farms owned by the regional nobility.
B) small farms owned by those who worked on them.
C) self-sufficient farming estates known as manors.
D) normally worked by slaves.
E) communal property under village control.

Question 21

One of the most significant sources of conflict for western Europe between 1000 and 1400 was

A) a struggle for power between the church and state.
B) a struggle for holding together the Holy Roman Empire as Charlemagne had created it.
C) a struggle to keep the Muslims from crossing the Straits of Gibraltar.
D) the loss of status when Russia chose to convert to the eastern form of Christianity.
E) the reputation of corrupt popes.

Question 22

The term investiture controversy refers to

A) the struggle between the pope and great landowners over ecclesiastical appointments.
B) the debate over how to invest church funds.
C) the conflict over choosing new popes.
D) whether local priests could participate in the sacraments of the church.
E) the issue of whether a noble could marry a commoner.

Question 23

One of the most important effects of monasticism was the

A) preservation of literacy and learning, particularly with regard to ancient Latin texts.
B) new hierarchy it imposed on the church.
C) aggressive missionary efforts of Benedictine monks.
D) creation of a religious warrior class.
E) translation of Arabic texts.

Question 24

In Kievan Russia, power derived from

A) landholding.
B) warfare.
C) religion.
D) trade.
E) mining.

Question 25

The Council of Clermont in 1095 brought

A) Pope Urban II's call for the First Crusade.
B) an end to the authority of the pope.
C) a Christian-Islamic treaty at Jerusalem.
D) official recognition of Jerusalem as the Holy Land.
E) the end of the Great Schism that split the Christian church for fifty years.

Question 26

The kingdom of Kievan Russia first emerged as a consequence of

A) early conquests by Swedish Vikings.
B) Mongol migration westward.
C) Slavic resistance to Viking power.
D) a Hun invasion.
E) Byzantine efforts to spread Christianity.

Question 27

Which of the following is not responsible for the success of many cities in Italy and Flanders?

A) They controlled extensive agricultural lands.
B) They passed laws to encourage manufacturing.
C) They were independent rather than controlled by feudal lords.
D) They were hubs of trade.
E) They had more abundant coinage.

Question 28

As a result of the Crusades, Europeans were exposed to all of the following except

A) Arabic translations of ancient Greek science and philosophy.
B) a variety of classical Latin works, particularly those of Aristotle, heretofore unknown in western Europe.
C) pasta, paper, and refined sugar.
D) hard soap and colored glass.
E) original thought-provoking works by Arab and Iranian writers.

Question 29

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
medieval

Question 30

One early Russian chronicle reports that Vladimir I chose Orthodox Christianity over Islam because he

A) thought that Islam was more appropriate to nomadic peoples.
B) thought that a relationship with Islam would do nothing to promote trade.
C) got special dispensation from the pope to marry two wives.
D) knew that Islam forbade alcohol consumption.
E) was a great art lover, and in his view, Islam had no beautiful religious buildings.

Question 31

Which of the following is not true about the Crusades?

A) They were a series of religiously inspired campaigns.
B) Prior to the Crusades, Muslim leaders generally protected Christian pilgrims.
C) Economic forces such as the desire to increase trade and land hunger were contributing factors.
D) The pope promised the Crus aders absolution of their sins.
E) The Crusaders failed to capture Jerusalem.

Question 32

The "typical" Medieval realm included all of the following except

A) lands owned directly by a king.
B) royal officers who administered the king's lands.
C) vassals who held and administered land in exchange for military service.
D) religious institutions totally subservient to royal power.
E) ordinary people who did agricultural work.

Question 33

In the seventh century C.E. and after, monastic institutions did all the following except

A) seek a balanced life of devotion and work for monks and nuns.
B) collect and copy manuscripts.
C) attend to the needs of travelers.
D) participate actively in ordinary political life.
E) provide refuge for widows and other women who did not have male protection.

Question 34

The present-day geographic distribution of Romance languages reflects

A) the degree to which the Roman legacy is no longer present in Europe.
B) the places where Roman influence in Europe was strongest.
C) the later German conquest of Southern Europe.
D) the degree to which people rejected all things Latin after the fall of Rome.
E) the regulatory power of the European Community.

Question 35

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
investiture controversy

Question 36

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Charlemagne

Question 37

Before the Crusades, the biggest military threat to the Byzantine empire was

A) the Goths.
B) the Sasanid Empire.
C) the Huns.
D) the Muslims.
E) schismatics in open revolt.

Question 38

During the revival of Western Europe (1000-120 0), the population nearly doubled, in part because of

A) papal edicts to encourage increased birthrates.
B) the Christian Crusades.
C) technological innovations such as a new type of plow and efficient draft harness es.
D) the abolition of the death penalty for debtors across Europe.
E) the introduction of rice (from Arab lands) to the diet.

Question 39

Which of the following was not a matter disputed among Christians in the early years of the Byzantine Empire?

A) The role of icons in religious practice.
B) The status of Mary as mother of God.
C) The timing and nature of the sacraments.
D) The existence of Jesus.
E) The relationship of Jesus to God.

Question 40

The term "pagan" is derived from the Latin word for

A) infidel.
B) iconoclast.
C) country folk.
D) city-dweller.
E) outsider.

Question 41

Both the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire were Christian, and both became important after the collapse of Roman political power. Describe how the decline of the Byzantine Empire correlates to the rise of the Holy Roman Empire. Give examples of their interaction with each other.

Question 42

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Holy Roman Empire

Question 43

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
fief

Question 44

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Kievan Russia

Question 45

Discuss the internal and external threats facing the Roman Christian Church between 300 and 1200.

Question 46

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
horse collar

Question 47

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
papacy

Question 48

Though the Crusades were known as Holy Wars, they involved more than religion. What were the causes and consequences of the Crusades?

Question 49

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
monasticism

Question 50

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Crusades

Question 51

Describe the political and economic transformation of western Europe after the decline of Rome. How did the organization of Medieval European societies differ from that of Rome at its height?

Question 52

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
manor

Question 53

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
vassal

Question 54

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
pilgrimage

Question 55

What was the religious and secular importance of monasticism in western Christendom between 300 and 1200?

Question 56

Describe life in feudal society in the period from 300 to 1200. Include various economic, gender, and social groups in your answer.

Question 57

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
Byzantine Empire

Question 58

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
serf

Question 59

Why did Vladimir choose the Orthodox Christian Church?

Question 60

Instructions: Explain/Define the following terms.
schism

Question 61

Historians generally agree that technology played a crucial role in the dramatic population growth that occurred in Europe between 1000 and 1200, but they are less confident when explaining exactly how technology caused that development.  Using the example of agriculture, explain some of the problems historians face in drawing specific conclusions from the available evidence.

Question 62

How did the noble class emerge in early Medieval Western and Central Europe, and what were the consequences of its growing power?