Deck 5: Motivation at Work

Question 1

_____ is the process of arousing and sustaining goal-directed behavior.

A)Motivation
B)Affiliation
C)Self-actualization
D)Rationalization

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The Scottish political economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith argued that a person's self-interest:

A)was determined by God.
B)was determined by the government.
C)was not based on his or her individual goals.
D)did not aid to his or her productivity.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

_____ of motivation emphasize the nature of the interaction between an individual and the environment.

A)Internal theories
B)Process theories
C)External theories
D)Content theories

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Adam Smith formulated the invisible hand and the free market to explain the motivation for individual behaviors. The invisible hand refers to:

A)the variables within an individual that lead to motivation and behavior.
B)the desire to influence others, the urge to change people or events, and the wish to make a difference in life.
C)the work conditions related to satisfaction of the need for psychological growth.
D)the unseen forces of a system that shape the most efficient use of people, money, and resources for productive ends.

Question 5

Identify a true statement about the psychoanalytic approach.

A)It helps explain deviant behavior at workplace.
B)It directly contradicts Freud's need theories.
C)It exclusively deals with extrinsic motivation.
D)It is a method to delve into the conscious mind of individuals.

Question 6

Which of the following statements is true of Adam Smith's concept of self-interest?

A)He argued that a person's self-interest was determined by the government.
B)He assumed that people are motivated by self-interest for economic gain.
C)He suggested that employees are least productive when motivated by self-interest.
D)He emphasized that a person's self-interest is not based on his or her individual goals.

Question 7

_____ is Freud's method for delving into the unconscious mind to better understand a person's motives and needs.

A)Scientific management
B)Full engagement
C)Psychoanalysis
D)Behavioral analysis

Question 8

Which of the following theories gives primary consideration to variables within an individual that lead to motivation and behavior?

A)Maslow's hierarchy of needs
B)Reinforcement theory
C)Porter and Lawler's model of motivation
D)Vroom's expectancy theory

Question 9

The _____ is one of the levels of Maslow's need hierarchy.

A)need for achievement
B)need for power
C)need for affiliation
D)need for self-actualization

Question 10

Which of the following is true of psychoanalysis?

A)It assumes that a person's behavior is completely unrelated to unresolved old conflicts or beliefs.
B)It can help explain irrational and self-destructive behaviors such as suicide or workplace violence.
C)It suggests that a person's organizational life is founded solely on the compulsion to work.
D)It can help measure physiological parameters, such as blood pressure and heart rate.

Question 11

The Scottish political economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith argued that a person's self-interest:

A)was not determined by God.
B)was not determined by the government.
C)was not related to his or her economic gain.
D)did not aid to his or her productivity.

Question 12

Frederick Taylor, the founder of scientific management, examined labor efficiency and effectiveness. His goal was to change:

A)the relationship between technology and labor efficiency.
B)the relationship between management and labor from one of conflict to one of cooperation.
C)the work conditions related to satisfaction of the need for psychological growth.
D)the motivation factors that relate to job satisfaction and the hygiene factors that relate to job dissatisfaction.

Question 13

A distinguishing feature of Maslow's need hierarchy is the _____.

A)empirical hypothesis
B)null hypothesis
C)regression hypothesis
D)progression hypothesis

Question 14

Frederick Taylor, the founder of scientific management, believed the basis of the conflict between the management and the labor force of a firm was:

A)the physical condition of the workshop.
B)the division of the profits.
C)the difference in their working hours.
D)the difference in their productivities.

Question 15

Modern management practices emphasize _____.

A)only material rewards
B)only economic rewards
C)external incentives
D)the use of differential piece-rate systems

Question 16

_____ of motivation give primary consideration to variables within an individual that lead to motivation and behavior.

A)External theories
B)Process theories
C)Internal theories
D)Dual-route theories

Question 17

_____ of motivation focus on the elements in the environment, including the consequences of behavior, as the basis for understanding and explaining people's behavior at work.

A)External theories
B)Process theories
C)Internal theories
D)Dual-route theories

Question 18

Maslow's theory of motivation focused on specifying people's _____.

A)internal needs
B)learned needs
C)growth needs
D)personality needs

Question 19

Which of the following theories emphasizes the nature of the interaction between an individual and the environment?

A)Maslow's hierarchy of needs
B)Expectancy theory
C)McClelland's need theory
D)Herzberg's two-factor theory

Question 20

The _____ encouraged hard work on the grounds that prosperous workers were more likely to find a place in heaven.

A)psychoanalytic approach
B)Vroom-Yetton model
C)Protestant ethic
D)sociocultural perspective

Question 21

_____ organizes human needs into three basic categories: existence, relatedness, and growth.

A)ERG theory
B)Expectancy theory
C)Herzberg's two-factor theory
D)McClelland's need theory

Question 22

According to Douglas McGregor, the need for _____ is considered a lower-order need.

A)opportunities to work with higher-ups
B)opportunities for after-work sports
C)social interaction
D)sleep

Question 23

Clayton Alderfer classified Maslow's physiological and physical safety needs in a(n)_____.

A)existence need category
B)relatedness need category
C)growth need category
D)actualization need category

Question 24

Clayton Alderfer classified Maslow's interpersonal safety, love, and interpersonal esteem needs in a(n)_____.

A)existence need category
B)relatedness need category
C)growth need category
D)actualization need category

Question 25

Drake, a technical support executive at Zenk Corp., has good managerial skills and a keen interest in organizing team strategies. This earns him a promotion to a senior position where he manages a team of 40 people. According to Maslow's need hierarchy theory, which of the following needs is fulfilled for Drake?

A)The need for power
B)The need for affiliation
C)Physiological needs
D)Self-actualization needs

Question 26

Clayton Alderfer's regression hypothesis in ERG theory suggests that:

A)when one level of need is met, a person regresses to the next lower level of need as a source of motivation.
B)people with a high need for achievement seek performance excellence, enjoy difficult and challenging goals, persevere, and are competitive.
C)when people are frustrated by their inability to meet needs at the next higher level in the hierarchy, they regress to the next lower category of needs.
D)the presence of motivation factors is not essential to enhancing employee motivation to excel at work.

Question 27

In the context of Maslow's need hierarchy, the need for security is most likely to be fulfilled by _____.

A)a good night's sleep
B)a good retirement plan
C)social belongingness
D)opportunities to work with higher-ups

Question 28

Managers can make the most of Maslow's need hierarchy for success in their teams by:

A)recognizing that each individual has a unique set of needs and therefore gearing incentives to meet various needs.
B)organizing each individual's needs into the categories of existence, relatedness, and growth.
C)giving physiological needs the maximum importance among other needs.
D)focusing on each individual's needs or the rewards or punishment meted out in the work environment.

Question 29

In the context of Maslow's need hierarchy, which of the following is most likely an example of a physiological need?

A)The need for sleep
B)The need for a good retirement plan
C)The need for opportunities for after-work sports
D)The need for opportunities to work with higher-ups

Question 30

Alderfer's growth need category encompasses Maslow's _____.

A)social needs
B)esteem needs
C)physiological and physical safety needs
D)self-actualization and self-esteem needs

Question 31

Which of the following is true of Alderfer's ERG theory?

A)It focuses on personality and learned needs.
B)It explains both progressive need gratification and regression when people face frustration.
C)It assumes that the need for power is the most important need of human beings.
D)It groups human needs into two categories-lower-order needs and higher-order needs.

Question 32

McGregor's Theory X assumptions are appropriate for:

A)people with a high need for affiliation.
B)people with a low need for affiliation.
C)employees motivated by lower-order needs.
D)employees motivated by higher-order needs.

Question 33

John, a corporate lawyer, works 80 hours a week. Because of his busy schedule, he doesn't get enough sleep and that has started to take a toll on his health. He asks his manager for a day off so that he could get some sleep. According to Maslow's need hierarchy theory, which of the following needs does John try to fulfill?

A)The need for security
B)Physiological needs
C)Self-actualization needs
D)The need for affiliation

Question 34

Maslow's need hierarchy suggests that:

A)people progress up the hierarchy as they successively gratify each level of need.
B)people with a high need for achievement seek performance excellence.
C)it is more crucial to gratify the needs at the highest level and then the ones below it.
D)the lowest level of needs represents the external incentives of employees.

Question 35

Which of the following is true of McClelland's need theory of motivation?

A)It focuses on learned needs.
B)It focuses on internal needs.
C)It groups human needs into lower-order needs and higher-order needs.
D)It emphasizes that the need for affiliation is the most important need of human beings.

Question 36

According to Douglas McGregor, the need for _____ is considered a higher-order need.

A)opportunities to work with higher-ups
B)a good retirement plan
C)good health
D)sleep

Question 37

The need for achievement involves:

A)an urge to change people.
B)the determination to overcome difficulties.
C)an urge to maintain close relationships.
D)the desire to influence others.

Question 38

According to McClelland, which of the following is true of people with a high need for achievement?

A)They set goals that are moderately difficult yet achievable.
B)They do not mind having external events interfere with their progress.
C)They always prefer to work alone, irrespective of their task.
D)They do not like to receive feedback on their work.

Question 39

McGregor's Theory Y assumptions are appropriate for:

A)people with a high need for safety.
B)people with a low need for safety.
C)employees motivated by lower-order needs.
D)employees motivated by higher-order needs.

Question 40

According to McClelland, people with a high need for achievement:

A)do not like to receive feedback on their progress.
B)do not like having external events interfere with their progress.
C)always prefer to work with a team, irrespective of their task.
D)set goals that are very simple and easily achievable.

Question 41

The _____ is a manifest need to establish and maintain warm, close, intimate relationships with other people.

A)need for achievement
B)need for affiliation
C)need for safety
D)need for power

Question 42

Susan, a systems engineer at Mark and Stefunn, is highly satisfied with her job because of the recognition she gets from her manager. The presence of constant opportunities for career growth and job responsibilities also adds to her satisfaction. According to Herzberg's theory, which of the following is a reason for Susan's job satisfaction?

A)The presence of motivation factors
B)The absence of manifest needs
C)Insufficient hygiene factors
D)Sufficient existence needs

Question 43

According to McClelland's need theory, the _____ is interpersonal because it involves influence over other people.

A)need for achievement
B)need for affiliation
C)need for safety
D)need for power

Question 44

People with a high need for autonomy:

A)prefer to work with a team.
B)control the pace of their work.
C)like bureaucratic rules.
D)prefer having stringent guidelines and procedures.

Question 45

In the context of Murray's manifest needs theory, the _____ is the desire for independence and freedom from constraints.

A)need for autonomy
B)need for affiliation
C)need for safety
D)need for power

Question 46

Joe has a keen interest in his present job, but he does not get along with his boss, Martin. Martin never appreciates Joe's achievements and gives him unreasonable targets to meet. This has made Joe unhappy with his job. According to Herzberg's theory, which of the following is a reason for Joe's job dissatisfaction?

A)The presence of motivation factors
B)The absence of manifest needs
C)The absence of hygiene factors
D)The presence of existence needs

Question 47

According to McClelland, high achievers:

A)prefer to work alone, irrespective of their task.
B)often hope and plan for success.
C)set goals that are very simple.
D)do not mind having external events interfere with their progress.

Question 48

According to Herzberg, which of the following is a difference between motivation factors and hygiene factors?

A)Motivation factors include security and status, whereas hygiene factors include advancement and responsibility.
B)Motivation factors lead to negative mental health, whereas hygiene factors lead to positive mental health.
C)Motivation factors include extrinsic factors, whereas hygiene factors include intrinsic factors.
D)Motivation factors relate to job satisfaction, whereas hygiene factors relate to job dissatisfaction.

Question 49

In the context of Herzberg's two-factor theory, which of the following is true of hygiene factors?

A)They relate to job satisfaction.
B)They directly affect a person's drive to do a good job.
C)They challenge people to grow and invest themselves in an organization.
D)They are necessary to prevent job dissatisfaction.

Question 50

The idea of encouraging eustress is to focus on an individual's:

A)negative response such as frustration.
B)interpretation of or response to events.
C)ability to reduce the need for achievement.
D)perception of the performance process.

Question 51

In the context of Herzberg's two-factor theory, the absence of motivation factors does not:

A)lead to feelings of neutrality.
B)lead to dissatisfaction.
C)affect a person's drive to do a good job.
D)affect a person's mental health.

Question 52

Which of the following statements is true of equity theory?

A)It is based on internal motivation.
B)It challenges people to grow and invest themselves in an organization.
C)It is concerned with the social processes that influence motivation and behavior.
D)It stresses the role of energy recovery in overall performance.

Question 53

According to McClelland's research, _____.

A)high achievers do not plan for their success
B)the best managers have a very low need for affiliation
C)low achievers never work alone and always prefer to work with a team
D)the best managers have a very high need for socialized power as opposed to personalized power

Question 54

Jonathan is assigned to a new project. The project is a challenging one and requires a lot of effort in planning and scheduling. Instead of being frustrated because of the complexity of the project, he equips himself with all the tools and knowledge required to successfully complete the project. In this scenario, Jonathan's response most likely can be classified as _____.

A)distress
B)residual stress
C)eustress
D)superficial stress

Question 55

Mathew is an investment banker at Widget Corp. In his annual performance report, his manager highlights that Mathew's performance was impeccable and his projects were completed in a timely manner; however, he prefers to work alone and does not like following rules and regulations of the firm. In the given scenario, it is evident that Mathew has a _____.

A)high need for autonomy
B)low need for achievement
C)low need for personalized power
D)high need for affiliation

Question 56

_____ is a negative response such as frustration or fear, which leads to unhealthy and unproductive results.

A)Distress
B)Inequity
C)Eustress
D)Valence

Question 57

In the context of Amitai Etzioni's categories of exchange relationships, which of the following statements is true of alienated relationships?

A)They have high positive intensity.
B)They characterize a person's involvement with a religious group.
C)They characterize a person's involvement with a nongovernmental organization.
D)They have high negative intensity.

Question 58

According to McClelland, the _____ is a manifest need that concerns the desire to influence others, change people or events, and make a difference in life.

A)need for achievement
B)need for affiliation
C)need for power
D)need for safety

Question 59

Which of the following best describes eustress?

A)It is the value, or importance, one places on a particular reward.
B)It is a negative response to challenges that leads to unhealthy and unproductive results.
C)It is a positive response to challenges that generates energy and motivates an individual to achieve.
D)It is the belief that performance is related to rewards.

Question 60

_____ is a social exchange process approach to motivation that focuses on the interaction between an individual and the environment.

A)Equity theory
B)Expectancy theory
C)Herzberg's two-factor theory
D)McClelland's need theory

Question 61

Which of the following theories of motivation is based on the assumption that people expect certain outcomes of behavior and performance, which may be thought of as rewards, or consequences of behavior?

A)Herzberg's two-factor theory
B)Vroom's expectancy theory
C)Equity theory
D)Inequity theory

Question 62

_____ are comfortable only with an equity ratio greater than that of their comparison other.

A)Equity sensitives
B)Benevolents
C)Entitleds
D)Inequity sensitives

Question 63

Which of the following is true of the expectancy theory of motivation?

A)It takes into account the irrational choices that individuals may make.
B)It is easy to test because of its simplicity.
C)It is time-consuming, and the values for each construct change over time for an individual.
D)It ignores individuals' perception of the relationship between effort and performance.

Question 64

In the context of the expectancy theory of motivation, which of the following is true of evaluation systems?

A)They are meant to enhance a person's belief that effort will improve performance and therefore lead to better pay.
B)They are based on the notion of social exchange in which each party in the relationship demands certain things of the other.
C)They stress the role of energy recovery in overall performance.
D)They consider power and exchange important in understanding human behavior.

Question 65

McGregor's Theory Y assumptions are appropriate for employees motivated by lower-order needs.

Question 66

In Herzberg's two-factor theory, work conditions related to dissatisfaction caused by discomfort or pain were labeled hygiene factors.

Question 67

ERG theory explains both progressive need gratification and regression when people face frustration.

Question 68

Alderfer classified Maslow's physiological and physical safety needs in an existence need category.

Question 69

In Herzberg's two-factor theory, work conditions related to satisfaction of the need for psychological growth were labeled motivation factors.

Question 70

Adam Smith argued that a person's self-interest was determined by the government.

Question 71

_____ are based on the notion of social exchange in which each party in the relationship demands certain things of the other and contributes accordingly to the exchange.

A)Committed involvements
B)Alienated involvements
C)Calculated involvements
D)Dedicated involvements

Question 72

McGregor's Theory Y applies to employees motivated by social, esteem, and self-actualization needs.

Question 73

McGregor's Theory X assumptions apply to employees motivated by higher-order needs.

Question 74

In the context of new perspectives on equity theory, which of the following statements is true of benevolents?

A)These people may be thought of as takers.
B)These people may be thought of as givers.
C)They are comfortable only with an equity ratio greater than that of their comparison other.
D)They prefer equity based on the originally formed theory.

Question 75

Frederick Taylor's goal was to change the relationship between management and labor from one of conflict to one of cooperation.

Question 76

External theories of motivation give primary consideration to variables within an individual that lead to motivation and behavior.

Question 77

Adams's theory of inequity suggests that people are motivated when they:

A)find themselves in situations of equity.
B)have a very high need for socialized power as opposed to personalized power.
C)satisfy organizational demands through a range of contributions.
D)find themselves in situations of unfairness.

Question 78

According to Adams's theory of inequity, which of the following is a strategy for restoring equity?

A)Rationalizing the equity
B)Altering a person's inputs
C)Including a hierarchy
D)Altering the organizational structure

Question 79

Expectancy theory attributes motivational problems to:

A)disbelief in a relationship between effort and performance.
B)one's desire for professional recognition.
C)belief in a relationship between performance and rewards.
D)one's self-interest.

Question 80

According to the expectancy theory of motivation, _____ is the belief that performance is related to rewards.

A)expectancy
B)instrumentality
C)valence
D)benevolence