Deck 16: The Healthy Mind: Stress and Coping, Health Psychology, and Positive Psychology

Question 1

Stress is defined as an unpleasant emotional state that results from ____.

A)exposure to an evolutionary trigger
B)overstimulation of the hippocampus
C)the release of the neurotransmitter serotonin
D)the perception of danger

Answer 1

the perception of danger

Question 2

What is the circuit that responds to perceived stressors by initiating the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream?

A)hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
B)general adaptation system
C)cortisol receptor network
D)sympathetic adrenal-medullary system

Answer 2

sympathetic adrenal-medullary system

Question 3

As preschoolers, the children born to the women who were diagnosed with both PTSD and depression following the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center showed evidence of higher reactivity to stimuli and more aggressive behavior than did children of terrorism-exposed mothers who did not develop these disorders. What is the likely source?

A)the ability of cortisol and other stress hormones to cross the placenta
B)learned behaviors based on the observation of PTSD symptoms in others
C)operant conditioning that rewarded such behaviors among these families
D)the inhibition of serotonin and dopamine during brain development

Answer 3

the ability of cortisol and other stress hormones to cross the placenta

Question 4

Three weeks after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, prevalence of PTSD among children in Sri Lanka ranged between 14% and 39% and could be predicted by variables such as family loss and severity of exposure. This finding indicates that ____.

A)children in Sri Lanka were below the norm of expected levels of PTSD
B)children are particularly susceptible to stress and PTSD
C)tsunamis are far more of a source of PTSD for children than being injured in an automobile accident
D)tsunamis are far less of a source of PTSD for children than being injured in an automobile accident

Question 5

The text refers to a study by Pietrzak, Goldstein, Southwick & Grant (2011)that asked participants with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)to identify the "worst trauma they had ever experienced." Based on this study, who is most likely to have had posttraumatic stress disorder?

A)Nathan, who watched many hours of television coverage of the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center
B)Ashley, who helped care for her mother during her final stages of cancer ​
C)Luis, whose brother was killed in a sudden car accident
D)Jessica, who was sexually assaulted in a parking garage at night

Question 6

What is the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?

A)Walter Cannon's three-stage model for homeostasis
B)B. B. Skinner's three-stage model for learned behaviors through operant conditioning
C)Hans Selye's three-stage model for an organism's response to stressors
D)Albert Bandura's three-stage model for the development of aggression in children

Question 7

When Lenny came face-to-face with a young bear while hiking in the Sierra Nevada mountains, sensory input traveled to his cerebral cortex and to his amygdala. In what order was the sensory input initiated ?

A)first the cerebral cortex, and then the amygdala
B)simultaneously
C)first the cerebral cortex, and then if a certain threshold was reached, the amygdala
D)first the amygdala, and then the cerebral cortex

Question 8

Jeanette is having one of those days. She spilled her coffee all over her research materials for her final paper, she is running late for a meeting with her professor about the paper, and she needs to be at the airport soon for a flight to her best friend's wedding. These events ____.

A)are considered to be too minor to cause psychological stress
B)could have the cumulative impact of a major life event
C)are likely to cause the same level of psychological stress for all of us
D)are considered simply to be the hassles of everyday life

Question 9

While hiking with a friend in the Sierra Nevada mountains in California, Lenny comes face-to-face with a young bear on the trail. Lenny rapidly enters the first stage of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome. His brainstem initiates the release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, which increases his vigilance and fear. This is part of his ____.

A)cognitive response
B)behavioral response
C)emotional response
D)physical response

Question 10

Who appears to be in the exhaustion stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

A)Henry, who has been caring for his disabled wife for over 2 years, and is having feelings of hopelessness and difficulties sleeping and eating
B)Alana, who has been juggling her classes, job, and partial care of her younger siblings, and has recently made an unusually poor choice of a boyfriend
C)Jorge, who had a near miss as he merged onto the highway and is breathing rapidly, but feels very alert and focused
D)Esther, who has just noticed the man she has long admired from afar is walking straight toward her at a party, and feels her heart pound and hands become sweaty

Question 11

What is the first stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

A)resistance
B)alarm reaction
C)exhaustion
D)heightened confusion

Question 12

Which expression best illustrates the idiosyncratic nature of stress?

A)"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder."
B)"An apple a day keeps the doctor away."
C)"A penny saved is a penny earned."

Question 13

Who appears to be in the resistance stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

A)Jorge, who had a near miss as he merged onto the highway and is breathing rapidly, but feels very alert and focused
B)Henry, who has been caring for his disabled wife for over 2 years, and is having feelings of hopelessness and difficulties sleeping and eating
C)Esther, who has just noticed the man she has long admired from afar is walking straight toward her at a party, and feels her heart pound and hands become sweaty
D)Alana, who has been juggling her classes, job, and partial care of her younger siblings, and has recently made an unusually poor choice of a boyfriend

Question 14

Beth, while riding her bicycle down a city street, was nearly knocked into traffic by the abrupt opening of a parked car door. What did her hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis do in response to the perceived stressor?

A)The hypothalamus communicated with the adrenal glands, which told the pituitary gland to release testosterone into the bloodstream.
B)The hypothalamus communicated with the pituitary gland, which told the adrenal glands to release cortisol into the bloodstream.
C)The hypothalamus communicated with the pituitary gland, which told the adrenal glands to release norepinephrine into the bloodstream.
D)The hypothalamus communicated with the adrenal glands, which told the pituitary gland to release adrenaline into the bloodstream.

Question 15

What is the second stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

A)coping with ongoing stress
B)sympathetic arousal and mental clarity
C)alternation between periods of calm and periods of arousal
D)depletion of physical and psychological resources

Question 16

Stella, who notices that a man is walking behind her as she returns to her dormitory at night, quickly assesses the situation to determine if there might be any danger. She realizes with relief that it is someone she knows from class. She is using a(n)____.

A)standard appraisal model
B)emotion-based appraisal model
C)cognitive appraisal model
D)introspective appraisal model

Question 17

Once the amygdala has identified a stimulus as potentially dangerous, it communicates with the ____.

A)hypothalamus
B)hippocampus
C)adrenal glands
D)cerebral cortex

Question 18

Lloyd, who was watching television in his apartment late at night, heard a door creak. His heart started to pound before he even realized what was happening. What is the reason for this?

A)Sensory information can reach the cortex rapidly along routes that are separate from the pathways for information going to the amygdala.
B)Sensory information reaches the hypothalamus, which is responsible for our initial physical reaction, before the amygdala and cortex.
C)Sensory information can reach the amygdala rapidly along routes that are separate from the pathways for information going to the cortex.
D)Sensory information can be transmitted incorrectly when the stimuli is not easily understood.

Question 19

What is a stressor?

A)a byproduct of stress
B)a stimulus that serves as a source of stress
C)a negative life event that causes physical illness or psychological disorder
D)any event that generates a statistically uniform response among a general population

Question 20

The Holmes and Rahe scales have been used to predict vulnerability to physical illness and psychological disorder due to different stressors that are ____.

A)negative life events
B)natural and political disasters
C)negative and positive changes in life
D)the result of the actions of others

Question 21

Amber and her 3-year-old daughter, Madison, are walking along the beach on a beautiful summer day. Suddenly Madison's foot starts bleeding heavily after she stepped on a piece of glass in the sand. Amber tries to stop the bleeding with a t-shirt and hurries back toward the parking lot with Madison in her arms. What is the role of cortisol in this situation?

A)It boosts the energy available to Amber for dealing with a stressor.
B)It suppresses Madison's pain response to the trauma.
C)It helps reduce the blood flow from Madison's wound.
D)It triggers fight-or-flight responses in Amber, including a pounding heart and rapid breathing.

Question 22

What is cortisol?

A)a neurotransmitter associated with learning and memory
B)a hormone released into the bloodstream from the pituitary gland
C)a hormone released into the bloodstream from the adrenal glands
D)a neurotransmitter associated with movement, reward, and pleasure

Question 23

What is the response to stress that is possibly more characteristic of females and is associated with the release of oxytocin?

A)fight-or-flight
B)low-lick groom
C)the SAM system
D)tend and befriend

Question 24

What was a finding in the study by Nedeltcheva and colleagues (2010)presented in the text regarding the interaction of sleep and diet?

A)Participants who slept 8.5 hours per night lost about equal amounts of weight as those who slept less.
B)Participants who slept 8.5 hours per night lost significantly less weight than those who slept less.
C)Participants who slept 5.5 hours per night lost significantly more body fat than lean body mass than those who got 8.5 hours per night.
D)Participants who slept 5.5 hours per night lost significantly less weight than those who slept 8.5 hours per night.

Question 25

When participants were subject to a short-term stressful task (a memory exercise), which result was observed?

A)Immune system functioning declined, as measured by blood levels of histamines and basophils.
B)Immune system functioning improved, as measured by blood-oxygen levels.
C)Immune system functioning declined, as measured by red-blood cell count.
D)Immune system functioning improved, as measured by markers in saliva.

Question 26

Who is likely to have the greatest increase in risk of heart disease?

A)William, a Type B personality who spends much of the workday chatting with his colleagues
B)Carmen, a Type A personality who works close to 80 hours a week
C)Sarah, a Type B personality who never gets her work done on time
D)Fred, a Type A personality who is suspicious of his coworkers and is frequently hostile

Question 27

Alicia is tired and stressed from working two jobs as a nurse's aide. Under these circumstances, her immune system ____.

A)boosts its response
B)maintains a static state to conserve resources
C)does not perform well
D)directs its response to vulnerable areas

Question 28

Which of the following is true?

A)Maternal care provides no survival advantage later in life.
B)Maternal care is related to later-life resilience to stress.
C)Maternal care can actually lead to a decrease in one's ability to resist stress later in life.
D)Maternal care can lead to greater stress resilience for the mother, but not for the child.

Question 29

Carson has been very stressed while pulling numerous all-nighters to complete his final exams and papers. He comes down with the flu the day after his last exam. What is a likely reason for his illness?

A)His stress hormones activated his lymphocytes.
B)His stress hormones suppressed the activity of his lymphocytes.
C)His anxiety level was not severe enough to trigger his lymphocytes.
D)His anxiety level was too severe to trigger his lymphocytes.

Question 30

Each person has either the long or short allele related to serotonin function, which interacts with life stress to produce different levels of activity in the amygdala and hippocampus. Variations in amygdala and hippocampus activity are associated with depression. This is an example of ________.

A)fight-or-flight response
B)emotion-focused coping
C)epigenetics
D)resistance

Question 31

Normally, activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is regulated by a feedback loop that reduces the release of cortisol. What is the order of signaling by which this reduction takes place?

A)hypothalamus to pituitary gland to adrenal glands
B)hypothalamus to hippocampus to adrenal glands
C)hippocampus to pituitary gland to adrenal glands
D)hippocampus to hypothalamus to adrenal glands

Question 32

Which of the following is true?

A)Disruptions of sleep due to stress are particularly hazardous to health.
B)Disruptions of sleep due to stress may mildly affect one's mood.
C)Sleep quantity, but not quality, is associated with health and cognitive outcomes.
D)Sleep quality, but not quantity, is associated with health and cognitive outcomes.

Question 33

Which of the following is the most accurate statement?

A)Extreme stress can cause the hypothalamus to inhibit cortisol release.
B)Continued stress can damage the hippocampus.
C)Continued stress can damage the hypothalamus.
D)Extreme stress can cause the amygdala to inhibit cortisol release.

Question 34

Wendy is an extremely competitive post-doctoral fellow in a cancer research laboratory. She works late each night and sometimes through the night. She is quick to anger at the college and graduate students assisting in the lab when she feels they are not meeting the lab's high standards. Her personality is ____.

A)Type A
B)Type B
C)Type C
D)Type D

Question 35

If Ethan experiences a big jolt of cortisol due to a stressor late in the evening, how will his sleep likely be affected?

A)He will sleep heavily and have difficulty waking up.
B)He likely will have difficulty falling asleep and may wake frequently during the night.
C)He will sleep lightly but soundly.
D)He will fall asleep promptly but may wake frequently during the night.

Question 36

How does stress affect the cardiovascular system?

A)It increases internal deposits that clog the arteries.
B)It causes the blood vessels to stiffen over time.
C)It decreases the ability of the blood vessels to expand when necessary.
D)It causes blood pressure to drop, which can lead to heart attacks or stroke.

Question 37

One of the possible outcomes of chronic stress is prolonged high levels of circulating cortisol. What harmful effects might result?

A)the death of neurons and the inhibition of neurogenesis
B)an increase in the activity of lymphocytes accompanied by acute pain
C)an enlarged hippocampus and the potential for bipolar disorder
D)a constant state of arousal with intermittent incidences of mania

Question 38

George has gone into a deep depression after the death of his wife, for whom he had provided daily care for over 2 years after her first stroke. What role might cortisol play?

A)Over-response of the hippocampus may have led to reduced cortisol in the bloodstream, which is associated with depression.
B)Under-response of the hippocampus may have led to reduced cortisol in the bloodstream, which is associated with depression.
C)Consistently elevated levels of cortisol due to stress can overwhelm the hippocampus's feedback loop and lead to excess levels of cortisol in the bloodstream, which is associated with depression.
D)Erratic levels of cortisol due to stress can disrupt the hippocampus's feedback loop and lead to erratic levels of cortisol in the bloodstream, which is associated with manic depression.

Question 39

Very short-term bursts of stress can have a beneficial effect on many biological systems, including the _____ system, which is your body's frontline defense against infection and cancer.

A)immune
B)nervous
C)circulatory
D)respiratory

Question 40

Based on a meta-analysis of almost 300 studies and about 20,000 participants by Segerstrom & Miller (2004), who is most likely to suffer the greatest suppression of his or her immune system?

A)Santiago, who is trying to find a rental car for a reasonable price for his business trip
B)Andrew, whose wife fell in love with his best friend and initiated divorce proceedings
C)Edith, who is very stressed that she has not yet lost enough weight to fit into her wedding dress
D)Charlotte, who worries about how she is going to get all her class exams and papers graded by the posting deadline

Question 41

Lucas is someone who would score high on the Big Five trait of neuroticism. When dealing with interpersonal stress, with whom would he be most likely to use a positive relationship-focused coping method, such as empathy?

A)his brother
B)his best friend
C)his barista at the local coffee shop
D)his girlfriend

Question 42

What is the branch of psychology that investigates the relationships between psychological variables and health?

A)positive psychology
B)biopsychology
C)clinical psychology
D)health psychology

Question 43

According to your textbook, students are more likely to get sick during final exams if they ____.

A)know that they have little chance of passing their courses
B)are not conscientious of their hygiene practices
C)have neglected good eating and sleeping habits all term
D)party too much and study too little

Question 44

Hailey plans a family reunion at the lake and wants it to be perfect. With over 50 people attending, though, things do not go exactly according to plan and Hailey is highly stressed all day. Which of the following would most help Hailey reduce her stress levels for future events?

A)Avoid commitments of this type.
B)Be flexible with new situations.
C)Delegate the responsibilities.
D)Prepare a schedule for all guests.

Question 45

How does the text define resilience?

A)the ability to adapt to life's challenges in positive ways
B)the ability to view stressors as challenges and maintain a sense of control
C)the ability to ignore feelings of sadness and stress and focus on the future
D)the ability to maintain a positive mood despite difficult circumstances

Question 46

Elizabeth's boss removes her from a project team working on an important presentation because of repeated tardiness. Elizabeth schedules a meeting to discuss with him why it was difficult for her to get to meetings on time. He agrees to schedule the meetings at times that coincide with her bus schedule. This is an example of ____.

A)positive relationship-focused coping
B)positive problem-focused coping
C)negative problem-focused coping
D)negative relationship-focused coping

Question 47

In a study among college students by Hystad and colleagues (2009), the trait of hardiness was ____.

A)positively correlated with grades
B)negatively correlated with grades
C)positively correlated with health complaints within the high academic stress group
D)negatively correlated with health complaints within the high academic stress group

Question 48

Some psychologists refer to individual differences in the ability to cope with stress as resulting from a personality trait of hardiness. Which aspect of hardiness reflects seeing the world as interesting and seeking involvement rather than withdrawal?

A)control
B)commitment
C)challenge
D)compassion

Question 49

During the year preceding his parents' divorce, Kevin found himself frequently arguing with his father. Now when he visits his father, Kevin tries to engage him in conversations about their favorite sports teams. This is an example of ____.

A)positive problem-focused coping
B)negative relationship-focused coping
C)positive relationship-focused coping
D)negative problem-focused coping

Question 50

Which of the following statements is true?

A)People rarely adapt to stress over time.
B)Stress is inevitable.
C)Most people would prefer to have their stresses of today than those of 5 years ago.
D)There is little we can actively do about stress except to endure it.

Question 51

Juan received a challenging health diagnosis. He responded by educating himself about his health condition and participating fully in decisions about his treatment. What major variable that predicts our response to stress does this exemplify?

A)a sense of control
B)underlying physical fitness
C)spirituality
D)social connectedness and support

Question 52

The text presents an interactive view of stress and health based on a study by Juster, McEwen & Lupien (2010). Which of the following pairs correctly matches a system and a component within it?

A)Consider the interactions between an individual's genes and experience during childhood.
B)Analyze personal experiences at micro and macro levels.
C)Study the intersection of nature and nurture within the family context.
D)Look at the whole person within his or her environment over the entire life span.

Question 53

Elizabeth's boss removes her from a project team working on an important presentation because of repeated tardiness. Her response is to leave the office immediately and drown her sorrows by eating a pint of her favorite ice cream. This is an example of ____.

A)negative problem-focused coping
B)positive relationship-focused coping
C)positive problem-focused coping
D)negative relationship-focused coping

Question 54

Which form of exercise appears to be especially helpful in stress management? ​

A)weight training
B)yoga
C)gardening
D)regular aerobic exercise

Question 55

Which of the following best explains why people living in lower-income neighborhoods often experience more stress and have higher rates of depression?

A)social disconnection
B)inadequate aerobic exercise
C)fewer companion animals
D)less religious involvement

Question 56

In a study at Stanford University by Walton & Cohen (2011), what was the result of a one-time treatment that framed the stress of fitting into the college experience as common and limited in duration?

A)It significantly improved the grade point averages (GPAs), happiness ratings, and health of European American students at Stanford University 3 years later.
B)It significantly reduced the grade point averages (GPAs), happiness ratings, and health of just European American students at Stanford University 3 years later.
C)It significantly improved the grade point averages (GPAs), happiness ratings, and health of African American students at Stanford University 3 years later.
D)It significantly reduced the grade point averages (GPAs), happiness ratings, and health of African American students at Stanford University 3 years later.

Question 57

Caleb feels very discouraged upon learning that he had been cut from the varsity football team and now will play with the junior varsity. Which of the following would be the most positive emotion-focused coping response?

A)He has several beers with his friends who do not play football.
B)He takes a brisk run until he is completely exhausted.
C)He contemplates life by himself, at home, with a bottle of wine.
D)He and a friend go to see a comedy at the movie theater.

Question 58

The text presents an interactive view of stress and health based on a study by Juster, McEwen & Lupien (2010). Which of the following pairs correctly matches a system and a component within it?

A)microsystem and individual
B)mesosystem and social networks
C)exosystem and economic systems
D)macrosystem and culture

Question 59

Ellie, a sophomore in college, is feeling very stressed about keeping up with her coursework, part-time job, extracurricular activities, social scene, and friends and family at home. What is the first step she should take?

A)Delay communicating with people at home until exams are over.
B)Visit an animal or homeless shelter to work as a volunteer.
C)Add a rigorous exercise program to her daily activities.
D)Consider whether any stressors can be eliminated.

Question 60

Viktor Frankl, a Holocaust survivor, recommends that people cope with unforeseen disasters by asking what question?

A)"Why did this disaster happen to me?"
B)"How can I face this disaster with courage and responsibility?"
C)"How can I avoid this in the future?"
D)"What can I do to accept my destiny in life?"

Question 61

Of the following factors, which is not related to a person's likelihood of smoking?

A)race
B)gender
C)ethnicity
D)sexual orientation

Question 62

Which of the following is true regarding obesity?

A)Obesity increases the rates of heart disease, stroke, diabetes, arthritis, and breast and colon cancers.
B)The increase in obesity since 1960 is the result of an over-reliance on processed foods.
C)Undernutrition and obesity cannot occur at the same time.
D)Maintaining a BMI above 30 is one of the four protective factors associated with much lower risk of disease.

Question 63

According to the 2009 Consumer Reports survey regarding everyday safety behaviors, in which of the following categories did participants report the highest percentage of safe behavior?

A)Clean the lint trap in the dryer after each use.
B)Wear a bike helmet.
C)Read warnings on prescription medicines.
D)Have a carbon monoxide detector in the home.

Question 64

Jenna has been smoking since she was 17 years old. She is now 26. If she quits before the age of 30, her ____.

A)life expectancy will be the same as for someone who has never smoked
B)risk of lung cancer is cut in half
C)risk of stroke is the same as for nonsmokers
D)life expectancy will increase by 1.73 years

Question 65

In 1948, the World Health Organization (WHO)proposed the following definition of health: "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being ____."

A)and the absence of communicable disease
B)and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
C)for men, women, and children of all races and creeds
D)with health care for all

Question 66

Which of the following is considered to be the leading preventable cause of death in the United States, and directly responsible for one out of five deaths each year?

A)alcohol consumption
B)cigarette smoking
C)inadequate nutrition
D)insufficient exercise

Question 67

Blake is trying very hard to quit smoking but his friend Javier still smokes, often while they watch sports events together on the television. Just the smell of Javier's cigarette makes him crave a cigarette. What should he do?

A)End his friendship with Javier.
B)Avoid seeing Javier until he quits smoking as well.
C)Avoid situations where Javier will light a cigarette to avoid conditioned stimuli.
D)Try again later to quit smoking, when he and Javier are no longer spending so much time together.

Question 68

In which country does the highest percentage of the world's smokers live?

A)United States
B)India
C)China
D)France

Question 69

Molly, a college student, has never smoked, jogs about 3 miles per day, and emphasizes fruits and vegetables in her diet. What is the fourth health habit that would help her reduce her overall risk of chronic disease by 78%?

A)avoiding alcohol use
B)engaging in stress reduction techniques such as meditation
C)maintaining a nonobese weight
D)sleeping between 7.0 and 8.5 hours per night

Question 70

In the United States, tobacco use among people with schizophrenia and other severe mental illnesses is ____.

A)less than half the level of use in the general population
B)more than three times as high as the use in the general population
C)about the same as the use in the general population
D)roughly double the use in the general population

Question 71

Which of the following is true regarding the attraction of smoking?

A)Most tobacco users begin smoking in their mid-20s as a way of feeling fully independent.
B)Nicotine has the ability to stimulate the dopamine reward circuits of the brain and to produce a particularly unpleasant set of withdrawal symptoms.
C)Young people who start smoking are usually trying to rebel and look "different" from their peers and family.
D)Nicotine has the ability to increase alertness temporarily without any side effects.

Question 72

In the United States, which of the following persons is most likely to smoke?

A)Matthew, who is Asian American, has a law degree, and works as a patent lawyer in a large law firm
B)Lydia, who is of Irish and Italian descent, has an associate's degree, and works as a certified nursing assistant in a nursing home
C)Paula, who is Mexican American, has a college degree, and is currently at home with their small children while her husband works long hours as a cardiologist
D)John, who is from a multiracial background, has difficulty finding and keeping jobs, has not attended college, and is starting to show signs of paranoia

Question 73

What is the common link between the lack of exercise (versus developing heart disease)and the lack of hand washing (versus developing the flu)?

A)an infectious agent
B)the social component
C)the behavioral component
D)sleep disruptions

Question 74

In 1960, about 13% of American adults were obese (having a body mass index [BMI] greater than or equal to 30). In 2008, that number was about ____.

A)18%
B)27%
C)34%
D)50%

Question 75

In the biopsychosocial model of health, which of the following factors are within the bio portion of the model?

A)lifestyle, stress, and health beliefs
B)culture, family, and social support
C)genetics, infection, and injury
D)political, legal, and economic systems

Question 76

Kimberly learns that each of her three best friends has a BMI of 30 or greater, which means that they are obese. She herself is overweight, with a BMI of 27, but is not obese. Which of the following is true?

A)Her BMI suggests that she does not have a genetic predisposition toward obesity.
B)Her BMI places her at a 37% risk for morbid obesity.
C)Having obese friends is unrelated to her own weight level.
D)Having obese friends increases her risk of obesity by 57%.

Question 77

The significant causes of health burdens in the United States have been evolving. As described in the text, in what order has this shifted over the past 100 years?

A)age-related conditions-noninfectious diseases-infectious diseases
B)noninfectious diseases-infectious diseases-age-related conditions
C)infectious diseases-age-related conditions-noninfectious diseases
D)infectious diseases-noninfectious diseases-age-related conditions

Question 78

Sarah is on a very limited budget. Her two kids want to go downtown for a snack. Where can she get "the most bang for the buck," that is, the most filling snack for the least amount of money?

A)farmer's market
B)ice-cream truck
C)fast-food restaurant
D)juice bar

Question 79

Nutrition plays a significant part in overall physical development, including brain development, and is believed to be responsible for many differences in psychological and health outcomes ____.

A)related to socioeconomic status
B)between boys and girls
C)related to country of origin
D)on standardized tests

Question 80

Samantha meets with a counselor at her college health clinic to discuss ways to stop her smoking habit, which is up to a pack a day now. The counselor recommends basing her cessation program on asking herself questions regarding her daily routine, triggers for smoking, personal interests, and stress reduction techniques, as well as potential obstacles to stopping. This approach utilizes the ______ effect.

A)state-dependent memory
B)encoding specificity
C)personal identification
D)self-reference ​