Deck 10: Gender and Sexualities: With Emphasis on Gender Ideals

Question 1

It is remarkable that American Samoa, with a population of 65,000, can claim 200 men that play professional or division I level college _______ in the United States.

A)soccer
B)basketball
C)football
D)tennis

Answer 1

C

Question 2

To achieve the ideal waistline of 13-18 inches, women have worn corsets and even had their lower ribs removed. This situation suggests that

A)gender ideals do not exist in reality, but that does not stop people from trying to achieve them.
B)Chinese women (more than other nationalities of women)will do anything to achieve an ideal.
C)gender ideals are realistic standards that women can meet.
D)gender ideals are biologically based realities.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

When the painter Paul Gauguin visited Tahiti in 1891, he emphasized that there is "something virile in the women and something feminine in the men." on the basis of the observation Gauguin concluded that

A)Tahiti was a backward society.
B)homosexuality was acceptable in that society.
C)there is a fixed line separating maleness from femaleness.
D)the United States (and Europe)had made women into artificial creations.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A person's sex is determined first and foremost on the basis of

A)distribution of facial and body hair.
B)secondary sex characteristics.
C)primary sex characteristics.
D)social expectations.

Question 5

Breast development, quality of voice, and skeletal form are considered

A)primary sex characteristics.
B)secondary sex characteristics.
C)gender characteristics.
D)reproductive characteristics.

Question 6

In American Samoa, ideal standards of beauty for women center around

A)eyebrows.
B)long hair.
C)shoe size.
D)legs.

Question 7

From a sociological point of view, sex is __________ and gender is __________.

A)a biological distinction; a social distinction
B)a socially constructed phenomenon; a feminist creation
C)a classification scheme; a continuum
D)a socially constructed phenomenon; a biological construction

Question 8

Anatomical sex is not a clear-cut category because the intersexed exist. The intersexed are people

A)with some mixture of male and female anatomy.
B)who are bisexual in orientation.
C)who are professed homosexuals.
D)who are trapped in the body of a sex they do not want to be.

Question 9

South African runner Caster Semenya was required to submit to sex-determination testing in order to compete in the 2009 international track and field championships in Berlin. The test

A)determined that Semenya was a man trying to pass as female.
B)determined that she possessed special advantages over other females competitors.
C)proved that she was female.
D)took several weeks to complete and involved a medical examination and reports from a variety of medical specialists and an expert on gender.

Question 10

In American Samoa and other Pacific island areas, people recognize _____ genders.

A)two
B)three
C)four
D)five

Question 11

A college student is asked, "How would your life be different if you were a member of the opposite sex?" He replies, "I would not have to appear to be in control of every situation." His response suggests that

A)men can feel constrained by their gender roles.
B)his life would change in negative ways.
C)women are naturally flighty.
D)he would be more conscious of his physical appearance.

Question 12

Sociologist define __________ as social distinctions based on culturally conceived and learned ideas about appropriate behavior and appearances for males and for females.

A)sex
B)gender
C)sexuality
D)primary sex characteristics

Question 13

To achieve the ideal foot length of 4 to 6 inches, Chinese girls from the 10^th to the mid-20^th centuries endured foot binding. The practice involved breaking the four smallest toes on each foot and binding them toward the heels so the feet could no longer grow. This situation suggests that

A)gender ideals do not exist in reality, but that does not stop people from trying to achieve them.
B)Chinese women (more than women of other nationalities)will do anything to achieve an ideal.
C)gender ideals are realistic standards that women can meet.
D)gender ideals are biologically based realities.

Question 14

Before the Christianization of Samoa, the transition from boyhood to manhood was accompanied by

A)a religious ceremony that lasted for 3 days.
B)a time of isolation in the wilderness.
C)separation from females for one year.
D)a long, painful process of body tattooing from the waist to below the knees.

Question 15

In pre-Christian Samoa, ideal standards signifying manhood centered around

A)speed and agility.
B)hair.
C)body tattooing.
D)muscles.

Question 16

Sandra Bem wrote that a person's sex is connected to "virtually every aspect of human experience, including modes of dress, social roles, and even ways of expressing emotion and experiencing sexual desire." Bem was writing about

A)primary sex characteristics.
B)gender polarization.
C)genetic and chromosomal sex.
D)the intersexed.

Question 17

We know from cases of ______ that a person's primary sex characteristics may not match his or her sex chromosomes.

A)homosexuals
B)female athletes who have failed "sex tests"
C)the gender polarized
D)male weightlifters

Question 18

Before the Christianization of Samoa, _______________ did not merely signify manhood; it was manhood.

A)short hair
B)facial hair
C)tattooing
D)shaving

Question 19

The expectation that women in the United States should remove body hair because it is "unfeminine" points to the fact that

A)females with facial and body hair are an anomaly.
B)expectations about appropriate amount and distribution of body hair for males and females are socially created.
C)effective depilatory creams are hard to find.
D)natural differences between males and females that are rooted in biology.

Question 20

______________ is the physical, behavioral, and mental or emotional traits believed to be characteristic of females.

A)A secondary sex characteristic
B)Gender
C)Femininity
D)A primary sex characteristic

Question 21

Which of the following statements is false about sexual orientation?

A)It encompasses three distinct categories: lesbian/gay, heterosexual and bi-sexual.
B)It falls along a continuum, with its end points being exclusive attraction to same sex or other sex.
C)A one-time encounter is not an indicator of sexuality.
D)Gender identity and sexual orientation are one in the same concepts.

Question 22

Which of the following characteristics about Samoan society best helps explain how fà-afafines became commonplace in contemporary Samoa?

A)Samoans make sharp distinctions between males and females.
B)Close and physically affectionate relations with same-sex people are prohibited.
C)The declining status of the aumaga has left men without a clear sense of purpose.
D)Because there is widespread unemployment in Samoa, men take on fà-afafine roles for status.

Question 23

Which one of the following is one explanation for why Samoan males are so successful at football?

A)Football represents an opportunity to succeed in a place where 99 percent of jobs are connected to the tuna industry.
B)High school football is very unpopular in Samoa.
C)The sport was introduced to the island in the late 1990s.
D)Samoan football players who enjoy success in the United States fuel interest of young Samoan males.

Question 24

When boys and girls are asked how their lives would be different if they were the opposite sex, the responses show that

A)girls' believed their lives would change in negative ways if they were boys.
B)boys envisioned themselves as being less restricted in what they could do if they became girls.
C)boys and girls have internalized culturally conceived and learned ideas about sex-appropriate behaviors and appearances.
D)reflected the natural divisions between the sexes.

Question 25

Research suggests that early childhood teachers are more accepting of girls' cross-gender behaviors and explorations than they are of such behaviors from boys. Apparently, teachers believe that boys who behave like "sissies" are at greater risk of becoming homosexual and psychologically ill-adjusted than are girls who behave like "tomboys." The practice speaks to which one of the following dynamics?

A)the dynamics of socialization
B)innate differences between boys and girls
C)biologically based differences between boys and girls
D)gender neutral approaches to education

Question 26

Sexual orientation is __________ of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women or both sexes.

A)any feelings
B)fleeting feelings
C)intense feelings
D)an enduring pattern

Question 27

In American Samoa, fà-afafines are

A)biological females who have taken on "men's ways."
B)males with tattoos covering the lower body.
C)females with tattoos covering the lower body.
D)males who have taken on the "way of women."

Question 28

Anthropologist Jeanette Mageo argues that fa-afafines could not have become commonplace in Samoa unless something about that society supported

A)gender blurring.
B)homosexuality.
C)gender polarization.
D)gender-schematic decisions.

Question 29

Which one of the following learned body language characteristics applies to females?

A)sitting or standing with legs positioned away from the body
B)hands in pockets
C)arms and hands held close to their body
D)direct gaze

Question 30

Which one of the following learned body language characteristics applies to males?

A)sitting or standing with legs positioned away from the body
B)affiliative facial expression
C)sitting with legs crossed at the ankles
D)lowered gaze and constricted body

Question 31

Which of the following is true regarding fa'afafine in American Samoa ?

A)Fa'afafines were extremely common in pre-Christian Samoa.
B)Christian missionaries pressured Samoans to change the practice of girls engaging in sexualized forms of entertainment, opening up the doors for fa'afafine to stand-in for the girls.
C)Christian missionaries encouraged Samoan males to express themselves by performing as women.
D)Christian missionaries tried to abolish the practice of fa'afaine and pushed them into hiding.

Question 32

________________ is the process of introducing products into the market by using advertising and sales campaigns that promise consumers they will achieve gender ideals if they buy them.

A)Selective marketing
B)Gender-schematic marketing
C)The commercialization of gender ideals
D)Gender polarization

Question 33

Fà-afafine literally means

A)transvestite.
B)intersexual.
C)in the way of women.
D)unusual to a fault.

Question 34

Norms governing male body language suggest all but which one of the following?

A)dominance
B)power
C)vulnerability
D)high status

Question 35

Norms governing female body language suggest all but which one of the following?

A)submissiveness
B)subordination
C)vulnerability
D)high status

Question 36

Barbie dolls have been marketed since 1959, with the purpose of inspiring little girls "to think about what they want to be when they grow up." This is an example of the way children's toys

A)are used to instill sexual scripts.
B)figure into the socialization process.
C)are marketed across genders.
D)reflect natural gender differences.

Question 37

When child development specialist Beverly Fagot studied children in play groups at age 12 months and then at age 24 months, she found

A)significant sex differences between the interaction styles of 12-month-old boys and girls.
B)no significant sex differences between the interaction styles of 24-month-old boys and girls.
C)that teacher interactions with toddlers reinforced gender-appropriate communication styles for girls and boys.
D)that teachers responded positively toward girls when they behaved assertively and positively toward boys when they communicated in gentle ways.

Question 38

__________ encompasses all the ways people experience and express themselves as sexual beings.

A)Gender roles
B)Sexual scripts
C)Sexuality
D)Sexual orientation

Question 39

An elementary school student is asked, "How would your life be different if you were a member of the opposite sex?" He replies, "I would have to shave my whole body." His response implies that he thinks in terms of

A)feminist principles.
B)gender polarization.
C)a biological model of sex differences.
D)gender convergence.

Question 40

Which statement best reflects the "socialization perspective" of gender differences?

A)A person's position in the social structure can channel his or her behavior in a stereotypical male or female direction.
B)There is a close correspondence between primary sex characteristics and athletic ability.
C)An undetermined but significant portion of male-female differences are products of the ways in which males and females are treated.
D)Differences between men and women can be traced to their daily work experiences.

Question 41

In thinking about masculinity and femininity, sociologists recognize

A)there is one form of masculinity and many forms of femininity.
B)in nature there are just two gender categories.
C)there are many forms of masculinity and femininity.
D)there is one form of masculinity and femininity.

Question 42

In which of the following areas of life are men, as a group, most likely to be disadvantaged relative to women?

A)income
B)life expectancy
C)career opportunities
D)occupational status

Question 43

The interconnections among socially constructed categories of sex, gender, race, class, sexual orientation, religious affiliation, age, and other statuses is known as

A)social standing.
B)intersectionality.
C)sexuality.
D)sectionism.

Question 44

One way marketers convince people to buy products is to play on their insecurities about whether they meet or maintain (as they age)appearances that conform to gender ideals. This strategy applies to

A)selective marketing.
B)gender-schematic marketing.
C)the commercialization of gender ideals.
D)gender polarization.

Question 45

Women who work in male-dominated occupations can encounter a barrier that prevents them from rising past a certain level in an organization. This barrier is known as the

A)glass elevator.
B)glass ceiling.
C)glass escalator.
D)glass wall.

Question 46

Any one person- woman or man- engages in

A)one form of masculinity or femininity.
B)behavior that adheres to one gender's ideals.
C)many forms of masculinity and femininity.

Question 47

Sociologists take a ______ perspective when they emphasize in their research and teaching such themes as a right to bodily integrity and autonomy, access to safe contraceptives, the right to choose, and freedom from sexual harassment.

A)sexist
B)structuralist
C)feminist
D)socialist

Question 48

The female market is saturated with products. Thus, marketers must search for a new market, which is directed at men. The problem for marketers is how to sell men products that have been traditionally viewed as feminine. One strategy is to

A)promote female products as better than male products.
B)advertise the feminizing qualities of the product.
C)"masculinize" feminine products.
D)sell gender-neutral products.

Question 49

In their discussion of male-female relationships, John and Mary come to the conclusion that men are prisoners of their hormones and simply not capable of forming meaningful relationships. Their argument is grounded in

A)socialization theory.
B)an understanding of situational constraints.
C)the scientific method.
D)sexist ideology.

Question 50

The belief that one sex-and by extension, one gender-is superior to another and that this superiority justifies inequalities between sexes is known as

A)structuralism.
B)sexism.
C)feminism.
D)gender bias.

Question 51

____________________ push men and women into jobs that correspond with society's ideals regarding sex-appropriate work.

A)Structural constraints
B)Commercialization of gender ideals
C)Sexist bosses
D)Selective perceptions

Question 52

Which one of the following occupations is not among the 10 leading occupations of employed women?

A)elementary and middle school teachers
B)secretaries
C)child care workers
D)chief executive officers

Question 53

"'Judges in courtrooms; priests, rabbis, and mullahs; leaders and members of unions and clubs' are most likely males who make policies and decisions that affect the lives of women and girls." This statement is describing dynamics associated with the

A)subordination of women.
B)natural division of the sexes.
C)feminist movement.
D)developing world.

Question 54

Estee Lauder and other cosmetic corporations capitalize on ___________ to sell their products the world over.

A)gender
B)third genders
C)gender ideals
D)secondary sex characteristics

Question 55

Possible explanations for the income differences between men and women include all but which one of the following?

A)Women are disproportionately employed in lower-paying, lower-status occupations.
B)Women leave the labor market to care for children and elderly parents and then re-enter it.
C)Women underestimate their worth to employers and ask for less than their male counterparts.
D)Men's earnings are largely viewed as supplemental to women's.

Question 56

Until "Don't Ask Don't Tell" was repealed, the U.S. Department of Defense directive stated that homosexuality is incompatible with military service. This directive was grounded in

A)socialization theory.
B)an understanding of situational constraints.
C)the scientific method.
D)sexism.

Question 57

The chapter on gender explores two different gender ideals in American Samoa. Those ideals relate to

A)the military man and woman.
B)father and mother.
C)the football player and fa'afafines.
D)masculine and feminine.

Question 58

The statement "Norms governing body language are learned" emphasizes which one of the following factors?

A)socialization
B)structural constraints
C)sexism
D)feminism

Question 59

Which statement relates to how structural constraints create gender differences?

A)A person's position in a social structure can channel behavior in what are considered sex-appropriate directions.
B)Children's toys figure prominently in the socialization process.
C)There is a close correspondence between primary and secondary sex characteristics.
D)Gender inequalities have a basis in biology.

Question 60

Men who work in female-dominated occupations can encounter invisible upward movement that puts them in positions of power. This is known as the

A)glass ceiling.
B)glass elevator.
C)glass escalator.
D)glass staircase.

Question 61

The _________ assumes humanity can be neatly divided into two clear-cut categories: male and female.

A)American Sociological Association
B)gender-specific script
C)binary script
D)gender-neutral script

Question 62

Name five products the use gender ideals to attract customers. For each give a specific example.

Question 63

Think about how you present yourself as male, female, or some other gender. Describe the broad ways you do so.What theory best relates to the reason you present yourself as you do (e.g. socialization, structural constraint, and so on)?

Question 64

The belief that men and women are different unequal  by divine design or nature justifies inequality. Sociologist Cynthia Fuchs Epstein sees this argument as part of the ___________ that supports gender inequality.

A)sexualization
B)gender polarization
C)cognitive mechanisms
D)structural constraints

Question 65

Once a child is labeled male or female, everyone who comes in contact with the child begins to treat him or her as such and encourages gender-specific behavior. This dynamic relates to the process known as

A)sexualization.
B)commercialization of gender ideals.
C)socialization.
D)gender inequality.

Question 66

Sociologists are most interested in the extent to which sex differences are socially created. Describe at least three ways sex differences are socially created.

Question 67

The concept of ___________ draws our attention to the ways daily activities of men and women are organized around gender ideals.

A)sexuality
B)internalization
C)gender polarization
D)stigma

Question 68

A sign for a gender-neutral bathroom on a college campus attracts a lot of attention, gossip, and conversation because

A)people are open to such an arrangement.
B)it challenges the binary script that places people in two clear-cut categories.
C)a gender-neutral bathroom would have no uses.

Question 69

Imagine you had the chance to introduce three policies to reduce gender inequalities at your university or place of employment. What areas would you emphasize? How would you go about implementing change?

Question 70

Which of the following applies to the fa'afafine population?

A)Typically Samoan men come out as fa'afafine in their late teens.
B)Mothers or other women close to the family decide if a "son" should be a fa'afafine.
C)The terms "gay", "drag queen", or even transgendered apply to fa'afafine.
D)Typically fa'afafines are thought not to be devoted to family.

Question 71

One reason why males have a shorter life expectancy than females is that men are encouraged to take greater risks to physical well-being than are women. This dynamic underlies

A)sexual orientation.
B)commercialization of gender ideals.
C)gender inequality.
D)gender neutrality.

Question 72

Distinguish between sex and gender. Give two examples of how gender influences the male/female differences?

Question 73

Sociologist Cynthia Fuchs Epstein argues that there are few, if any, places in the world where women hold a majority share of potential power. Fuchs Epstein uses this as evidence that

A)men are innately superior to women.
B)women do not have the ability to rule.
C)women are subordinate to men on a global scale.

Question 74

The high rate at which Samoa turns out football players is most surely tied to

A)their admiration of U.S. football.
B)an effort to show men in Samoa are really "men" and not fa'afafines.
C)limited career opportunities on the island.
D)the commercialization of gender ideals.