Deck 44: Internal Transport

Question 1

Why doesn't a flatworm have a circulatory system?

A) The animal is flat enough to permit effective gas exchange by diffusion.
B) There is not enough room for a circulatory system.
C) The animal lacks muscles, so it could not have a heart to pump blood.
D) Only bilaterally symmetrical animals need a circulatory system.
E) Only vertebrates have circulatory systems.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In which animals would diffusion alone not be an effective transport mechanism for gas exchange?

A) Nematodes
B) Sponges
C) Cnidarians
D) Annelids
E) Flatworms

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What is one difference between the erythrocytes of mammals and other vertebrates?

A) Mammalian erythrocytes lack nuclei.
B) Mammalian erythrocytes respond to changes in water concentration.
C) Mammalian erythrocytes are oval with swollen centers.
D) Other vertebrates do not have erythrocytes.
E) Other vertebrates use a respiratory pigment other than hemoglobin.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Figure 44-2 ​

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Refer to the accompanying figure. Which cell type is the source of antibodies?

A) A only
B) B only
C) C only
D) D only
E) both A and B

Question 5

Figure 44-2 ​

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Refer to the accompanying figure. Which cell type or types are primarily responsible for the release of histamine in injured tissues and in allergic responses?

A) A only
B) B only
C) C only
D) D only
E) A and cell type D

Question 6

A vertebrate's circulatory system would include:

A) open blood vessels.
B) closed blood vessels.
C) hemolymph.
D) a hemocoel.
E) hemocyanin.

Question 7

Figure 44-2 ​

​
In the accompanying figure, an inadequate supply of which cell may be responsible for anemia?

A) Cell type A only
B) Cell type B only
C) Cell type C only
D) Cell type D only
E) Both cell type A and cell type C

Question 8

Which of the following are agranular leukocytes?

A) Neutrophils and basophils
B) Basophils and eosinophils
C) Monocytes and lymphocytes
D) Eosinophils and lymphocytes
E) Neutrophils and monocytes

Question 9

Figure 44-1 ​

​
Consider the fluid transported by the system depicted in the accompanying figure. Which statement is FALSE with regard to this system?

A) It accumulates in a blood cavity called a hemocoel.
B) It is also called hemolymph.
C) It can be found in grasshoppers.
D) It has hemoglobin as the oxygen transporting pigment.
E) It fills spaces called sinuses.

Question 10

Which of the following contributes to an erythrocyte's efficiency in distributing oxygen?

A) Presence of mitochondria
B) Biconcave shape
C) Lobed nuclei
D) Granules
E) Extraordinarily large size

Question 11

Which of the following is a key feature of an open circulatory system?

A) No vessels carry the blood.
B) Open-ended vessels carry the blood.
C) Closed vessels carry the blood.
D) No heart pumps the blood.
E) Hemoglobin is carried in the blood.

Question 12

Figure 44-1 ​

​
The type of system depicted in the accompanying figure:

A) can be found in arthropods.
B) can be found in cephalopods.
C) can be found in annelids.
D) has hemoglobin as the oxygen transporting pigment.
E) can be found in arthropods and annelids.

Question 13

Figure 44-1 ​

​
The oxygen-transporting pigment found in the system depicted in the accompanying figure is most likely:

A) hemoglobin.
B) hemolymph.
C) hemocyanin.
D) globulin.
E) erythropoietin.

Question 14

Figure 44-1 ​

​
The type of system depicted in the accompanying figure is a(n):

A) open circulatory system.
B) vertebrate circulatory system.
C) closed circulatory system.
D) lymph system.
E) open digestive system.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding plasma proteins?

A) They help regulate the distribution of fluid between the plasma and interstitial fluid.
B) They readily pass through the walls of blood vessels.
C) They contribute to the blood's sugar balance.
D) They help maintain blood viscosity.
E) They are not acid-base buffers.

Question 16

An open circulatory system usually consists of which of the following?

A) Blood
B) Pumping organ
C) Arteries
D) Veins
E) Hemocoel

Question 17

Which of the following statements is false ?

A) The tissues of arthropods are bathed with hemolymph, which delivers oxygen to their cells.
B) In an open circulatory system, the heart is still responsible for pumping oxygen-rich fluid.
C) Earthworms have a central heart that pumps blood to all their tissues.
D) Blood vessels are found in the open circulatory systems common to some invertebrates.
E) Hemocyanin is the oxygen transport pigment found in the open circulatory system of invertebrates.

Question 18

Which of the following has the largest impact on whether diffusion alone will move nutrients within an organism?

A) Shape of organism
B) Size of organism
C) Environment of organism
D) Nutrient being moved
E) Atmosphere around organism

Question 19

Which of the following is the oxygen-transport pigment that gives vertebrate blood its pink color?

A) Hemoglobin
B) Myoglobin
C) Chlorophyll
D) Hemocyanin
E) Erythropoietin

Question 20

Mammalian red blood cells:

A) are phagocytic.
B) contain a lobed nucleus.
C) have a one-day lifespan.
D) are produced in the liver.
E) are produced in response to erythropoietin.

Question 21

Adding a fibrinogen inactivator to blood would prevent:

A) the formation of thrombin.
B) platelet formation.
C) the blood from clotting.
D) constriction of the blood vessels.
E) hemoglobin synthesis.

Question 22

The characteristic that enables efficient gas exchange in capillaries is:

A) the very short total length of the capillaries.
B) their proximity to the heart.
C) thick walls of connective and muscle tissue.
D) thin walls that are only one cell wide.
E) the long total length of the capillaries.

Question 23

The capillary walls of blood vessels are how many cells thick?

A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four
E) Five

Question 24

Choose the correct order of the chambers through which oxygen-poor blood flows in an amphibian heart.

A) Atrium → ventricle → sinus venosus → conus arteriosus
B) Atrium → conus arteriosus → ventricle → sinus venosus
C) Sinus venosus → atrium → ventricle → conus arteriosus
D) Conus arteriosus → atrium → sinus venosus → ventricle
E) Ventricle → atrium → conus arteriosus → sinus venosus

Question 25

Which of the following structures is considered to be the pacemaker of the heart?

A) Atrioventricular node
B) Sinoatrial node
C) Atrioventricular bundle
D) Purkinje fibers
E) Intercalated discs

Question 26

Which of the following depicts the correct sequence of protein activity in clot formation?

A) Thrombin → prothrombin → fibrinogen → fibrin
B) Prothrombin → thrombin → fibrinogen → fibrin
C) Prothrombin → thrombin → fibrin → fibrinogen
D) Prothrombin → thrombin → fibrin
E) Prothrombin → thrombin → fibrinogen → erythrocytes

Question 27

Which chemical, contained in the granules of basophils, helps prevent blood clot formation?

A) Histamine
B) Leukotrienes
C) Prostaglandins
D) Heparin
E) SRS-A

Question 28

Smooth muscle in the arteriole walls can vasoconstrict or vasodilate, which:

A) helps to regulate blood pressure.
B) helps to accelerate the flow of blood through the vessels.
C) prevents the back flow of blood into the tissues.
D) squeezes oxygen out of the blood.
E) adds strength to the blood vessels.

Question 29

When a blood vessel is cut, why does vasoconstriction take place?

A) To expose collagen fibers to which platelets can adhere
B) To trigger the release of platelets from the surrounding tissues
C) To initiate the activation of thrombin
D) To entrap white blood cells
E) To reduce the flow of blood

Question 30

A vein always carries:

A) blood to the heart.
B) blood from the heart.
C) oxygen-rich blood.
D) oxygen-poor blood.
E) blood rich in carbon dioxide.

Question 31

Chordae tendineae:

A) hold the AV valves in place.
B) contract when the heart contracts.
C) are one part of the conductance system of the heart.
D) regulate blood flow into the ventricles.
E) are stretched during ventricular systole.

Question 32

Which of the white blood cells primarily function in phagocytosis?

A) Neutrophils
B) Eosinophils
C) Basophils
D) Lymphocytes
E) Monocytes

Question 33

The rapid onset of overproduction of immature white blood cells is known as:

A) anemia.
B) hemolytic anemia.
C) leukemia.
D) thrombocytopenia.
E) pernicious anemia.

Question 34

The four-chambered heart first evolved among the:

A) arthropods.
B) birds.
C) nonavian reptiles.
D) mammals.
E) fishes.

Question 35

Which of the following guard the exits from the heart?

A) Semilunar valves
B) Mitral valves
C) Tricuspid valves
D) Pulmonary valves
E) Aortic valves

Question 36

Which plasma protein(s) will be important immediately following a small cut on your finger?

A) Serum
B) High-density lipoproteins
C) Beta globulins
D) Fibrinogen
E) Gamma globulin

Question 37

Too many of which of the following white blood cells may be attributable to an allergic reaction or a parasitic infestation?

A) Neutrophils
B) Eosinophils
C) Basophils
D) Lymphocytes
E) Monocytes

Question 38

Which of the following is a component of plasma?

A) Erythrocytes
B) Hemoglobin
C) Dissolved gases
D) Leukocytes
E) Histamine

Question 39

Platelets are formed by:

A) cell division in the spleen.
B) disruption of a phagocyte.
C) fragmentation of the cytoplasm of a B lymphocyte.
D) small pieces pinching from very large cells in the bone marrow.
E) the release of granules from a neutrophil.

Question 40

Blood returning from the lungs passes directly into which of the following?

A) Central ventricle
B) Right ventricle
C) Left ventricle
D) Right atrium
E) Left atrium

Question 41

An electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) is a measure of the heart's:

A) electrical system.
B) blood flow to the body.
C) contraction rate.
D) blood flow to heart muscle.
E) pumping ability.

Question 42

The fluid-filled space that helps reduce the friction of a beating heart is called the:

A) endocardium.
B) pericardial cavity.
C) interventricular septum.
D) fossa ovalis.
E) auricle.

Question 43

Due to recent changes in blood pressure guidelines, a reading of 120/80 is now considered to be:

A) a low normal reading.
B) a high normal reading.
C) prehypertensive.
D) hypotensive.
E) hypertensive.

Question 44

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through pulmonary circulation?

A) Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → pulmonary capillaries (in lungs) → pulmonary veins → left atrium
B) Left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary arteries → pulmonary capillaries (in lungs) → pulmonary veins → right atrium
C) Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary capillaries (in lungs) → pulmonary arteries → pulmonary veins → left atrium
D) Left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary capillaries (in lungs) → pulmonary arteries → pulmonary veins → right atrium
E) Left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary veins → pulmonary arteries → pulmonary capillaries (in lungs) → right atrium

Question 45

The semilunar valves prevent blood from moving:

A) from the atria back into the veins.
B) from the ventricles back into the atria.
C) from the arteries back into the ventricles.
D) moving backward in the capillaries.
E) moving backward in the arteries.

Question 46

During ventricular systole (contraction):

A) the ventricles relax.
B) blood flows from the ventricles into the atria.
C) the tricuspid and mitral valves are open.
D) blood flows from the ventricles to the pulmonary artery and aorta.
E) the atria contract.

Question 47

Which of the following is a hormone that increases reabsorption of water in the kidneys, which increases blood volume and blood pressure?

A) Renin
B) Angiotensin II
C) Aldosterone
D) Antidiuretic hormone
E) Atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 48

What is the correct order for the following events that follow a nerve impulse along a sympathetic neuron to innervate the heart?
1) G protein activates adenylyl cyclase.
2) Neuron releases norepinephrine.
3) Cyclic AMP activates protein kinase.
4) Receptor activates G protein.
5) Protein kinase phosphorylates Ca²⁺ channels.
6) Receptors activated on the membrane of the cardiac muscle.

A) 1, 3, 4, 5, 2, 6
B) 5, 3, 4, 1, 2, 6
C) 6, 2, 4, 1, 3, 5
D) 2, 6, 4, 1, 3, 5
E) 2, 3, 4, 1, 6, 5

Question 49

Figure 44-3 Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).  

(Posterior View)
Refer to the accompanying figure. The structure labeled as 7 is called the:

A) superior vena cava.
B) aorta.
C) pulmonary veins.
D) right atrium.
E) right ventricle.

Question 50

Which of the following systolic/diastolic blood pressures is considered to be within the prehypertensive state?

A) 150/95
B) 145/95
C) 130/85
D) 110/70
E) 90/60

Question 51

Figure 44-3 Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).  

(Posterior View)
Refer to the accompanying figure. Which structure would carry blood to the systemic (body) circulation?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 6
D) 7
E) 14

Question 52

Starling's law of the heart states that the heart pumps:

A) more forcefully when more blood is delivered to it.
B) more rapidly when less blood is delivered to it.
C) less forcefully when oxygen-rich blood is delivered to it.
D) slower when more blood is delivered to it.
E) slower when norepinephrine is secreted.

Question 53

Blood pressure depends on:

A) the height and weight of an individual.
B) atrial volume and stroke rate.
C) blood flow and resistance of blood against the vessel walls.
D) total blood volume.
E) heart rate.

Question 54

Cardiac output is determined by:

A) blood volume.
B) venous return.
C) blood volume and venous return.
D) stroke volume only.
E) stroke volume and heart rate.

Question 55

Figure 44-3 Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).  

(Posterior View)
Refer to the accompanying figure. The function of the structure labeled as 14 is to:

A) stimulate the ventricles to contract.
B) pump blood to the lungs.
C) pump blood into the systemic circulation.
D) receive blood from the systemic circulation.
E) receive blood from the pulmonary circulation.

Question 56

Figure 44-3 Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).  

(Posterior View)
Refer to the accompanying figure. A semilunar valve regulates blood flow into which structures?

A) 1 and 2
B) 1 and 5
C) 1 and 7
D) 2 and 7
E) 7 and 11

Question 57

The foramen ovale functions to:

A) permit blood to bypass the nonfunctional lungs in a fetus.
B) establish the basic heart rate.
C) prevent blood from flowing backward.
D) carry blood to the lungs in a fetus.
E) transport poorly oxygenated blood.

Question 58

Which of the following valves are held in place by the chordae tendineae?

A) Semilunar valves
B) Mitral valves
C) Septal valves
D) Pulmonary valves
E) Aortic valves

Question 59

When you hear a soft, hissing noise known as a heart murmur, which of the following valves are injured?

A) Semilunar valves
B) Mitral valves
C) Tricuspid valves
D) Pulmonary valves
E) Aortic valves

Question 60

Which of the following is a hormone that increases sodium excretion, which results in production of a large volume of dilute urine, thereby reducing blood pressure?

A) Renin
B) Angiotensin II
C) Aldosterone
D) Antidiuretic hormone
E) Atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 61

Serum is plasma without the proteins involved in clotting.

Question 62

In the clotting process, fibrinogen is converted to fibrin.

Question 63

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through systemic circulation?

A) Left atrium → left ventricle → smaller arteries in leg → capillaries in leg → small veins in leg → common iliac vein → aorta → inferior vena cava → right common iliac artery → right atrium
B) Right atrium → right ventricle → aorta → left common iliac artery → capillaries in leg → smaller arteries in leg → small veins in leg → common iliac vein → inferior vena cava → left atrium
C) Left atrium → left ventricle → right common iliac artery → smaller arteries in leg → aorta → capillaries in leg → small veins in leg → inferior vena cava → common iliac vein → right atrium
D) Right atrium → right ventricle → aorta → left common iliac artery → smaller arteries in leg → capillaries in leg → small veins in leg → common iliac vein → inferior vena cava → left atrium
E) Left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → right common iliac artery → smaller arteries in leg → capillaries in leg → small veins in leg → common iliac vein → inferior vena cava → right atrium

Question 64

Briefly outline the events involved in blood clotting.

Question 65

Cardiac output is obtained by multiplying stroke volume by heart rate.

Question 66

One purpose of the lymphatic system is to:

A) transport nutrients and oxygen.
B) return interstitial fluid to the blood.
C) block the transport of blood proteins.
D) produce red blood cells.
E) deliver carbon dioxide to the heart.

Question 67

The pacemaker is located in the atrioventricular node.

Question 68

Which of the following is a mass of lymph tissue under the lining of the oral cavity and throat?

A) Thymus gland
B) Spleen
C) Thoracic duct
D) Thyroid
E) Tonsil

Question 69

Identify two hormones that are involved in regulating blood pressure and briefly describe the role of each.

Question 70

By definition, an animal having an closed circulatory system will also have a hemocoel.

Question 71

The amphibian heart consists of two atria and two ventricle(s).

Question 72

Compare and contrast internal transportation as conducted by an open and closed circulatory system. Also, identify two animals representative of each type of circulatory system.

Question 73

Metarterioles directly link arterioles with venules.

Question 74

The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.

Question 75

Eosinophils are filled with hemoglobin.

Question 76

Compare the structure and function of three of the following types of blood vessels: arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, and capillaries.

Question 77

An example of a granular leucocyte is a monocyte.

Question 78

The coronary sinus drains blood directly into the:

A) inferior vena cava.
B) superior vena cava.
C) left atrium.
D) right atrium.
E) coronary arteries.

Question 79

The blood pressure in the veins of your toe is most likely higher than the blood pressure in the arteries of your little finger.

Question 80

A blocked coronary sinus would block blood flow:

A) into the superior vena cava.
B) into the inferior vena cava.
C) into the pulmonary arteries.
D) returning from the pulmonary arteries.
E) returning from the coronary circulation.