Deck 19: Nutrition and Heart Disease

Question 1

Studies have found that saturated fat intake is related to the development of heart disease in most humans.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Arteries leading to the heart are the only ones affected by atherosclerosis.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Overall, the incidence of heart disease is declining in the United States.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Heart disease accounts for one out of every four deaths worldwide.

Question 5

About one in three individuals are cholesterol hyper-responders .

Question 6

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans that are issued every five years take into account individual differences in genetic traits that affect diet and health relationships.

Question 7

Statin is a drug that lowers the levels of LDL cholesterol.

Question 8

Healthy dietary patterns include foods rich in polyunsaturated fats such as nuts, seeds, and avocado.

Question 9

Heart disease is a progressive disease that may begin in childhood.

Question 10

Individuals with diabetes should not take statins.

Question 11

Chest pain is referred to as angina.

Question 12

High intake of trans fats increases the risk of heart disease.

Question 13

Diabetes is not a risk factor for heart disease.

Question 14

HDL cholesterol reduces the formation of plaque in arteries.

Question 15

A side effect of chronic inflammation is that it damages lipids, cells, and tissues.

Question 16

LDL cholesterol generally carries less cholesterol than does HDL.

Question 17

Cholesterol is soluble in fat.

Question 18

Deaths from heart disease are distributed equally across the United States.

Question 19

The use of vitamin B ₁₂ , folic acid, vitamin C, and vitamin E supplements reduces the risk of heart disease.

Question 20

High levels of HDL cholesterol are related to an increased risk of developing atherosclerosis in many people.

Question 21

The higher the _____ level, the greater the chances that atherosclerosis will develop and progress into heart disease.

A) vitamin D
B) iron
C) total cholesterol
D) HDL cholesterol
E) LDL cholesterol

Question 22

LDL cholesterol _____.

A) is composed primarily of protein
B) is composed primarily of triglycerides
C) transports cholesterol in the blood
D) transports cholesterol present in the blood to the liver for breakdown
E) is sometimes referred to as "healthy cholesterol"

Question 23

Decreased death rate from heart disease is primarily attributed to _____.

A) improved treatment
B) risk factor reduction
C) access to health care
D) illiteracy
E) high-fat diet

Question 24

Which of the following statements is true of HDL cholesterol?

A) It aids in the synthesis of testosterone.
B) It reduces the risk of heart disease.
C) It is also called bad cholesterol.
D) It contributes to inflammation and plaque buildup.
E) It inhibits the repair of the endothelial lining.

Question 25

HDL cholesterol _____.

A) increases blood pressure
B) is associated with better triglyceride levels
C) is composed primarily of phospholipids
D) helps remove cholesterol from the blood
E) can be oxidized into reactive plaque-forming particles

Question 26

Plaque buildup in the arteries of the brain contributes to _____.

A) arthritis
B) stroke
C) osteoporosis
D) angina
E) diverticulitis

Question 27

Which of the following statements is true of LDL cholesterol?

A) It reduces the risk of heart disease.
B) It is also called good cholesterol.
C) It contributes to inflammation and plaque buildup.
D) It transports cholesterol from the blood to the liver.
E) It speeds repair of the endothelial lining.

Question 28

When arteries are narrowed by _____% or more, the shortage of blood to the heart can produce chest pain.

A) 20
B) 30
C) 40
D) 50
E) 60

Question 29

HDL speeds repair of the endothelial lining.

Question 30

Heart disease begins with _____.

A) the formation of cholesterol-rich plaque under the endothelium lining of the artery
B) the narrowing of the arteries
C) damage to the lining of the coronary arteries
D) reduced blood flow to the heart
E) hypertension

Question 31

Evidence suggests that lowering LDL cholesterol or raising HDL cholesterol through a low-cholesterol diet decreases the risk of heart disease in most people.

Question 32

Adam recently received some blood test results and was told he was at an increased risk of developing atherosclerosis. He most likely has low levels of _____.

A) phospholipids
B) triglycerides
C) total cholesterol
D) LDL cholesterol
E) HDL cholesterol

Question 33

Which food is a rich source of polyunsaturated fats?

A) pizza dough
B) white rice
C) bacon
D) white bread
E) avocado

Question 34

Healthy dietary patterns are low in _____.

A) polyunsaturated fat
B) saturated fat
C) monounsaturated fat
D) carbohydrates
E) protein

Question 35

Health problems due to atherosclerosis in arteries of the heart, brain, _____, and legs are collectively referred to as cardiovascular disease.

A) neck
B) abdomen
C) arms
D) lungs
E) liver

Question 36

It is beginning to look like the rising rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes that have occurred in the United States over the past few decades were, to some extent, related to the popularity of low-fat diets.

Question 37

Obesity, specifically high amounts of visceral fat, is a risk factor for heart disease.

Question 38

Heart disease affects more _____ in the United States.

A) African Americans only
B) Hispanic Americans only
C) Caucasians only
D) African Americans and Hispanic Americans
E) Hispanic Americans and Caucasians

Question 39

Heart disease primarily affects _____.

A) adolescents
B) individuals between the ages of 20 and 30
C) individuals between the ages of 40 and 50
D) individuals over the age of 55
E) individuals over the age of 75

Question 40

All LDL particles transport the same amount of cholesterol regardless of size.

Question 41

Mike is a 45-year-old male who is concerned about his cardiovascular health. His mother and grandfather both have had heart attacks. His diet consists of a bowl of high-sugar granola breakfast cereal with whole milk; ham and American cheese on white bread for lunch; pretzels for snacks; and pepperoni pizza, steak, or cheeseburgers for most dinner meals. He also enjoys drinking beer several times a week, typically consuming five to six beers each time.
Mike does not exercise regularly but enjoys golf, swimming, and weight lifting. His job is moderately active and involves long periods of standing, which worsens his chronic back pain. Recently, Mike has been considering making some dietary and lifestyle modifications to improve his cardiovascular health and reduce his cholesterol. Answer the following questions to help Mike make healthy changes and improve his diet and lifestyle.
Which food should Mike choose instead of pepperoni pizza to reduce the risk of heart disease?

A) hot dogs
B) beef
C) pasta
D) beef jerky
E) fish

Question 42

Low _____ intake reduces the risk of heart disease in many people.

A) iron
B) magnesium
C) potassium
D) calcium
E) sodium

Question 43

A heart attack is triggered _____.

A) when an artery leading to the heart becomes clogged by a piece of plaque released by a ruptured portion of the artery wall or by a blood clot
B) when an artery leading to the brain becomes clogged by a piece of plaque released by a ruptured portion of the artery wall or by a blood clot
C) by a rapid and sudden increase in heart rate
D) by a drop in blood pressure
E) by an increase in blood pressure

Question 44

A number of _____ are known to directly affect blood cholesterol levels and the risk of heart disease.

A) psychological factors
B) environmental factors
C) genetic disorders and variations in gene types
D) childhood illnesses
E) autoimmune diseases

Question 45

According to the dietary recommendations for the prevention of heart disease, intake of _____ should be limited. whole grains

A) legumes
B) nuts and seeds
C) refined carbohydrates
D) polyunsaturated fats
E) whole grains

Question 46

LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol are two types of _____.

A) triglycerides
B) lipoproteins
C) phospholipids
D) monoglycerides
E) diglycerides

Question 47

Increased intake of foods rich in _____ elevate blood levels of glucose and triglycerides, trigger chronic inflammation and insulin resistance, and promote weight gain in many people.

A) protein
B) saturated fat and trans fat
C) cholesterol
D) refined carbohydrates and added sugars
E) complex carbohydrates

Question 48

With regard to symptoms associated with heart disease, women are more likely than men to perceive pain in the _____.

A) neck
B) throat
C) legs
D) neck and throat
E) neck and legs

Question 49

Mike is a 45-year-old male who is concerned about his cardiovascular health. His mother and grandfather both have had heart attacks. His diet consists of a bowl of high-sugar granola breakfast cereal with whole milk; ham and American cheese on white bread for lunch; pretzels for snacks; and pepperoni pizza, steak, or cheeseburgers for most dinner meals. He also enjoys drinking beer several times a week, typically consuming five to six beers each time.
Mike does not exercise regularly but enjoys golf, swimming, and weight lifting. His job is moderately active and involves long periods of standing, which worsens his chronic back pain. Recently, Mike has been considering making some dietary and lifestyle modifications to improve his cardiovascular health and reduce his cholesterol. Answer the following questions to help Mike make healthy changes and improve his diet and lifestyle.
Mike should keep his sodium intake at or below _____ mg per day to reduce the risk of heart disease.

A) 1,000
B) 1,600
C) 2,000
D) 2,700
E) 2,700

Question 50

Which drugs lower LDL cholesterol?

A) beta blockers
B) statins
C) antidepressants
D) diuretics
E) inotropes

Question 51

Which measure provides a more accurate assessment of heart disease risk than LDL cholesterol?

A) blood glucose level
B) blood pressure
C) total cholesterol
D) HDL cholesterol
E) non-HDL cholesterol

Question 53

Increased intake of refined carbohydrates and added sugars _____.

A) elevates blood levels of glucose
B) reduces blood levels of triglycerides
C) inhibits chronic inflammation
D) inhibits insulin resistance
E) promotes weight loss

Question 54

Which condition is characterized by elevated levels of serum insulin, glucose, triglycerides, and increased blood pressure?

A) arteriosclerosis
B) chronic inflammation
C) insulin resistance
D) heart disease
E) cardiovascular disease

Question 55

Malnutrition during _____ can change the long-term functional status of certain genes in ways that increase the risk of heart disease later in life.

A) pregnancy
B) infancy
C) childhood
D) the adolescents years
E) young adulthood

Question 56

Mike is a 45-year-old male who is concerned about his cardiovascular health. His mother and grandfather both have had heart attacks. His diet consists of a bowl of high-sugar granola breakfast cereal with whole milk; ham and American cheese on white bread for lunch; pretzels for snacks; and pepperoni pizza, steak, or cheeseburgers for most dinner meals. He also enjoys drinking beer several times a week, typically consuming five to six beers each time.
Mike does not exercise regularly but enjoys golf, swimming, and weight lifting. His job is moderately active and involves long periods of standing, which worsens his chronic back pain. Recently, Mike has been considering making some dietary and lifestyle modifications to improve his cardiovascular health and reduce his cholesterol. Answer the following questions to help Mike make healthy changes and improve his diet and lifestyle.
Which breakfast will be a good replacement for Mike's current breakfast?

A) sausage, egg, and cheese breakfast sandwich
B) two scrambled eggs and white toast with butter
C) oatmeal topped with raisins, walnuts, and ground flaxseed
D) fruit-flavored cereal and skim milk
E) breakfast burrito with chorizo

Question 57

Which food item is a source of refined carbohydrates?

A) oatmeal
B) pizza dough
C) brown rice
D) wild rice
E) avocado

Question 58

Mike is a 45-year-old male who is concerned about his cardiovascular health. His mother and grandfather both have had heart attacks. His diet consists of a bowl of high-sugar granola breakfast cereal with whole milk; ham and American cheese on white bread for lunch; pretzels for snacks; and pepperoni pizza, steak, or cheeseburgers for most dinner meals. He also enjoys drinking beer several times a week, typically consuming five to six beers each time.
Mike does not exercise regularly but enjoys golf, swimming, and weight lifting. His job is moderately active and involves long periods of standing, which worsens his chronic back pain. Recently, Mike has been considering making some dietary and lifestyle modifications to improve his cardiovascular health and reduce his cholesterol. Answer the following questions to help Mike make healthy changes and improve his diet and lifestyle.
How much physical activity should Mike engage in to reduce the risk of heart disease?

A) 40 minutes of moderate to vigorous activity three to four times per week
B) 30 minutes of moderate activity five times per week
C) 20 minutes of moderate activity each day of the week
D) 20 minutes of moderate to vigorous activity five to seven times per week
E) 30 minutes of vigorous activity four to five times per week

Question 59

Which factor is most likely linked to an increased risk of heart disease?

A) low intake of trans fats and refined carbohydrates
B) low levels of LDL cholesterol
C) regular exercise and physical activity
D) low intake of vegetables and whole grains
E) low amounts of visceral fats

Question 60

HDL cholesterol_____.

A) is associated with the development of angina
B) helps prevent inflammation in plaque
C) is associated with the development of diabetes
D) is composed primarily of cholesterol
E) is also called bad cholesterol