Deck 7: The Vitamins a Functional Approach

Question 1

A characteristic of the fat-soluble vitamins is that excesses are stored in the liver and fatty tissues.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Vitamin supplements can help reduce stress, decrease fatigue, and increase energy.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Vitamin A is water soluble and found in the non-fat part of the milk.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The primary function of vitamin D is the regulation of the use of calcium and phosphorus within the body.

Question 5

Vitamin B₁₂ is most likely to be found in a meat eater's diet.

Question 6

A diet low in fat-soluble vitamins will result in a more rapid onset of deficiency symptoms than one low in water-soluble vitamins.

Question 7

Beta-carotene is a precursor to vitamin A found in many animal sources.

Question 8

The formation of collagen requires vitamin C.

Question 9

Vitamin C tablet overdoses are one of the top causes of accidental death in youngsters.

Question 10

Vegetables in the cruciferous family include carrots, sweet potatoes, and corn.

Question 11

With exposure to sunlight, vitamin D can be made by humans.

Question 12

Overexposure to the sun can cause vitamin D toxicity.

Question 13

Evidence supports a role for vitamin K in the maintenance of healthy bones.

Question 14

Low vitamin K blood levels are associated with a higher risk of hip fractures in older women.

Question 15

Folate is found only in animal products.

Question 16

Many cancers take up to 20 years to develop.

Question 17

Some of the vitamins serve as sources of energy.

Question 18

The human body is unable to synthesize most vitamins.

Question 19

Herbal supplements are unregulated and possibly unsafe.

Question 20

The National Cancer Institute estimates that most cancers are caused by a person's genetic makeup.

Question 21

Riboflavin is destroyed by ____.

A) heat
B) acid
C) ultraviolet light
D) alkali
E) temperatures below 35 degrees

Question 22

The risk factor for liver cancer is associated with low fruit and vegetable intake and a low level of physical activity.

Question 23

The vitamin needed for regulation of calcium metabolism is ____.

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin C
C) vitamin E
D) vitamin D
E) folate

Question 24

Cancer development is a two-step process that includes tumor promotion and progression.

Question 25

Macular degeneration may be delayed if the diet regularly includes carotenoids.

Question 26

The replacement of red blood cells depends most heavily on ____.

A) thiamin
B) riboflavin
C) niacin
D) folate
E) vitamin B₆

Question 27

What vitamin is synthesized in the intestine by bacteria?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin C
C) vitamin D
D) vitamin K
E) niacin

Question 28

When purchasing a vitamin and mineral supplement, read the label carefully and choose one that contains PABA, hesperidin, and inositol.

Question 29

Thiamin is involved in ____.

A) formation of red blood cells
B) blood coagulation
C) collagen formation
D) energy release from carbohydrates
E) formation of mucopolysaccharides

Question 30

When consumed in adequate amounts before and early in pregnancy, folate may prevent cases of ____.

A) neural tube defects
B) rickets
C) scurvy
D) morning sickness
E) insomnia

Question 31

When a water-soluble vitamin is consumed in excess of body needs, typically the excess ____.

A) is unabsorbed during digestion
B) is excreted in the urine
C) is stored in the liver, bone, and adipose tissue
D) is excreted during respiration
E) will reach toxic levels in the body

Question 32

Which statement best describesB vitamins?

A) B vitamins  are fat soluble.
B) B vitamins  become part of coenzymes.
C) B vitamins  are stored in adipose tissue.
D) B vitamins  are absorbed into lymph.
E) B vitamins  are stored and released by the liver.

Question 33

Taken regularly, vitamin supplements are the best way to obtain balanced nutrition.

Question 34

A general function of vitamin C is its action as a(n) ____.

A) antioxidant
B) antiviral agent
C) anti-cancer agent
D) anti-anxiety agent
E) free radical

Question 35

The vitamin most intensively involved in protein metabolism is ____.

A) riboflavin
B) vitamin B₆
C) biotin
D) vitamin A
E) vitamin E

Question 36

The disease pellagra is characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis, and, in severe cases, dementia.

Question 37

Phytochemicals in supplements are superior to the phytochemicals found in foods.

Question 38

Vitamins promote growth and reproduction and help maintain health.

Question 39

Human population studies overwhelmingly confirm the association between breast cancer and dietary fat intake.

Question 40

When the diet contains an adequate amount of protein, the body can synthesize niacin from the amino acid ____.

A) lysine
B) tryptophan
C) phenylalanine
D) valine
E) tyrosine

Question 41

The main function of vitamin D is ____.

A) maintaining stability of cell membranes
B) antioxidant protection
C) synthesis of cholesterol
D) supporting bone mineralization
E) supporting healthy vision

Question 42

Which herb is mismatched with its purported use?

A) black cohosh - reduces symptoms of menopause
B) ginger - settles an upset stomach
C) psyllium - improves memory
D) feverfew - reduces severity of migraines
E) milk thistle - promotes growth of liver cells

Question 43

Which foods are good sources of vitamin A?

A) 1, 3, 4, 6
B) 1, 3, 5, 7
C) 2, 4, 6, 8
D) 3, 5, 7, 8
E) 1, 6, 7, 8

Question 44

A reliable source of vitamin D in the diet is ____.

A) red meat
B) dark green vegetables
C) fortified milk
D) enriched breads and cereals
E) fresh fruits

Question 45

What would you recommend to someone who wants to make sure her intake is close to the RDA for all vitamins?

A) Eat selected fruits and vegetables in very large quantities.
B) Eat a variety of all food groups daily.
C) Eat a lot of chicken and meat.
D) Eat legumes three times per week.
E) Take a high-potency vitamin supplement twice daily.

Question 46

Strict vegetarians are at risk of developing a vitamin B₁₂ deficiency because ____.

A) specific foods in their diet inhibit the absorption of vitamin B₁₂
B) their diet causes increased excretion of the vitamin
C) only animal foods contain sufficient amounts of the vitamin
D) their diet increases the rate of use of the vitamin by their bodies
E) vitamin B₁₂ is unavailable in fortified foods

Question 47

Preformed vitamin A is ____.

A) another name for carotene
B) a rich, deep-yellow color in foods
C) found in non-fortified skim milk
D) made with the help of the skin, the pancreas, and kidney
E) found in large amounts in the liver of animals and human beings

Question 48

Vitamin K is best described as ____.

A) being responsible for energy metabolism
B) promoting healthy epithelial tissue
C) being involved with blood clotting
D) enhancing calcium utilization
E) being involved with fat synthesis

Question 49

It is established that vitamin C functions ____.

A) as a coenzyme in the formation of red blood cells
B) in collagen formation
C) with calcium in blood coagulation
D) in the release of energy from nutrients
E) in the synthesis of genetic material

Question 50

The main function of vitamin E in the body is to act as a(n) ____.

A) antioxidant
B) peroxide
C) free radical
D) coenzyme
E) enzyme

Question 51

What group consists of the fat-soluble vitamins?

A) vitamins A, D, C, and K
B) thiamin, niacin, vitamin A, and vitamin C
C) vitamins A, D, E, and K
D) pantothenic acid, B₆, vitamin A, vitamin K
E) biotin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and thiamin

Question 52

Vitamin K deficiency is most often observed in ____.

A) newborns
B) children
C) teenagers
D) adults
E) the elderly

Question 53

Excesses of the fat-soluble vitamins are ____.

A) converted to inert byproducts by the liver
B) excreted in feces
C) excreted in urine
D) stored in the pancreas
E) stored in the liver and in body fat

Question 54

Why are pharmaceutical companies less willing to fund research on plants for medicinal purposes than on man-made medicines?

A) Because there is not enough land to cultivate the plants in sufficient quantities
B) Because past research has not lead to any useful outcomes
C) Because plants are more difficult to obtain legally
D) Because the plants cannot be patented to allow exclusivity for any profits
E) Because public interest in using herbs and other natural products is waning

Question 55

The effects of a deficiency of vitamin D are most readily observed in the ____.

A) nervous system
B) cardiovascular system
C) muscular system
D) epithelial tissue
E) skeletal system

Question 56

The vitamin D deficiency disease in adults is called ____.

A) rickets
B) keratomalacia
C) hyperkeratosis
D) osteomalacia
E) pellagra

Question 57

Vitamin A toxicity is most likely to occur from ____.

A) consuming too many dark green and deep orange vegetables
B) eating liver more than once a week
C) consuming high-dose vitamin A supplements
D) drinking too much milk
E) consuming too many servings of fortified foods

Question 58

What factor is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer?

A) high intake of calories
B) high intake of citrus fruits
C) moderate intake of fats and oils
D) high intake of phytochemicals
E) high intake of cruciferous vegetables

Question 59

By the early 1800s, sailors in the British navy had been dubbed "limeys" because they were required to drink lemon or lime juice daily to prevent ____.

A) pellagra
B) beriberi
C) rickets
D) scurvy
E) anemia

Question 60

Which food group provides the most vitamin C for the diet?

A) milk group
B) protein foods group
C) fruit group
D) grains group
E) fats and oils group

Question 61

What vitamin deficiency is associated with night blindness?

A) vitamin K
B) vitamin A
C) vitamin D
D) biotin
E) niacin

Question 62

Vitamin E is ____.

A) found mostly in fruits
B) a precursor to vitamin C
C) a remedy for nighttime leg cramps
D) found mostly in vegetable oils
E) also called intrinsic factor

Question 63

A vitamin D deficiency in children is called ____.

A) pellagra
B) osteomalacia
C) rickets
D) scurvy
E) beriberi

Question 64

Phytochemicals have several different modes of action. Those with ____ protect cells from damage.

A) antioxidant properties
B) anti-estrogen properties
C) anti-cancer properties
D) anti-progesterone properties
E) anti-androgen properties

Question 65

Which vitamins work with folate and vitamin B₁₂ to maintain blood health?

A) vitamins C and D
B) vitamins B₆ and K
C) niacin and riboflavin
D) vitamins D and E
E) vitamins C and E

Question 66

The thiamin deficiency disease is known as ____.

A) scurvy
B) pellagra
C) beriberi
D) thiaminosis
E) osteomalacia

Question 67

What are "free radicals"?

A) Chemicals in some animal foods thought to promote certain cancers
B) Dietary supplements that reduce the risk of skin cancer
C) Toxic compounds created in the body that may contribute to certain chronic diseases
D) Compounds abundant in the Mediterranean diet that reduce the risk of heart disease
E) Chemicals, found primarily in fruits, that enhance the body's ability to repair DNA

Question 68

In order to reduce the incidence of neural tube defects, the FDA has mandated that folic acid be added to ____.

A) grain products
B) milk and dairy foods
C) frozen and canned vegetables
D) ground beef
E) fruit juices

Question 69

What vitamin injection is given to newborns to prevent the possibility of a life-threatening hemorrhage in the case of injury?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin K
C) vitamin D
D) vitamin C
E) vitamin E

Question 70

Individuals who lack intrinsic factor are at high risk for a deficiency of ____.

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin D
C) vitamin B₆
D) vitamin B₁₂
E) vitamin K

Question 71

Isoflavones are phytochemicals found in ____.

A) soy products
B) citrus fruits
C) pumpkin
D) tomatoes
E) cruciferous vegetables

Question 72

The inability of the stomach to produce enough acid can lead to ____.

A) atrophic gastritis
B) diarrhea
C) beriberi
D) hemorrhage
E) appendicitis

Question 73

According to the Dietary Supplement Health Education Act (DSHEA) , which statement can appear on an herbal product's label?

A) "This product will support bone health."
B) "This product will treat migraine headaches."
C) "This product will prevent heart disease."
D) "This product will cure a cold."
E) "This product will mitigate pain due to rheumatoid arthritis."

Question 74

Milk is sold in protective cardboard or opaque plastic containers rather than in transparent glass bottles to minimize the loss of ____.

A) vitamin B₁₂
B) riboflavin
C) niacin
D) vitamin D
E) vitamin E

Question 75

Which vitamin works with vitamin C to squelch free radicals before they injure the body?

A) vitamin D
B) vitamin B₆
C) vitamin E
D) niacin
E) thiamin

Question 76

What recommendation helps minimize the loss of vitamins that can occur as a result of improper food handling?

A) Peel and wash fruit when you get home from the market.
B) Cook vegetables in a microwave oven in as little water as possible.
C) Store bananas, tomatoes, and potatoes in your refrigerator.
D) Eat frozen vegetables within a year of purchase.
E) Freeze fresh fruits if not consumed within three days after purchase.

Question 77

Lycopene, found in ____, may help reduce the risk of ____.

A) bananas; high blood pressure
B) summer squash; macular degeneration
C) tomatoes; prostate cancer
D) cruciferous vegetables; breast cancer
E) citrus fruits; skin cancer

Question 78

What food is an unlikely source of beta-carotene?

A) almonds
B) avocadoes
C) romaine  lettuce
D) salmon
E) chicken

Question 79

What factor is classified as a cancer initiator?

A) Excess dietary fat
B) Obesity
C) Excess alcohol
D) Lack of physical activity
E) Cigarette smoke

Question 80

What vitamin has been shown to reduce LDL cholesterol and raise HDL cholesterol when taken in doses 10 to 15 times the RDA?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin K
C) thiamin
D) niacin
E) vitamin E