Deck 32: Deuterostomes: Vertebrates and Their Closest Relatives

Question 1

The ___ Echinoderm lineage is composed of sea stars, each with a central disk surrounded by 5 to 20 "arms."

A) Echinoidea
B) Ophiuroidea
C) Crinoidea
D) Holothuroidea
E) Asteroidea

Answer 1

E

Question 2

The internal skeleton of echinoderms is made of calcium-stiffened ____ that develop from mesoderm.

A) ampullae
B) ossicles
C) radial canals
D) ring canals
E) madreporites

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The ____ forms the skeleton of invertebrate chordates.

A) pharynx
B) neural crest
C) oral hood
D) notochord
E) cranium

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The ___ Echinoderm lineage is made up of sea cucumbers, which are elongated along their oral-aboral axis and have a well-developed circulatory system.

A) Echinoidea
B) Ophiuroidea
C) Crinoidea
D) Holothuroidea
E) Asteroidea

Question 5

The ___ Echinoderm lineage is made up of sea urchins and sand dollars, whose ossicles are fused into solid tests that restrict flexibility but provide excellent protection.

A) Echinoidea
B) Ophiuroidea
C) Crinoidea
D) Holothuroidea
E) Asteroidea

Question 6

Which structure surrounds and protects the brain in all vertebrates?

A) pharynx
B) neural crest
C) oral hood
D) notochord
E) cranium

Question 7

Tunicates, members of one major class of the ____ lineage, have tadpolelike larvae, but their sessile adult forms are usually encased in a leathery "tunic."

A) Petromyzontoidea
B) Placodermi
C) Cephalochordata
D) Urochordata
E) Myxinoidea

Question 8

A tube foot of a sea star moves when the small muscular bulb called the ____ contracts, forcing fluid into the tube foot.

A) ampulla
B) ossicle
C) radial canal
D) ring canal
E) madreporite

Question 9

Members of the ____ phylum have bilaterally symmetrical larvae, but exhibit secondary radial symmetry as adults, usually organized around five rays, or "arms."

A) Hemichordata
B) Echinodermata
C) Cnidaria
D) Arthropoda
E) Chordata

Question 10

Water enters the water vascular system of a sea star through a structure called the ____.

A) ampulla
B) ossicle
C) radial canal
D) ring canal
E) madreporite

Question 11

Members of the ____ phylum have a unique water vascular system connected to tube feet that are used for movement.

A) Hemichordata
B) Echinodermata
C) Cnidaria
D) Arthropoda
E) Chordata

Question 12

In chordates, the ____ is a digestive system structure just posterior to the mouth.

A) pharynx
B) neural crest
C) oral hood
D) notochord
E) cranium

Question 13

The ___ Echinoderm lineage is made up of brittle and basket stars, each with elongated, slender, somewhat snakelike arms surrounding a well-defined central disk.

A) Echinoidea
B) Ophiuroidea
C) Crinoidea
D) Holothuroidea
E) Asteroidea

Question 14

Acorn worms, members of the phylum ____, use their mucus-coated proboscis to construct U-shaped burrows to trap food particles.

A) Hemichordata
B) Echinodermata
C) Cnidaria
D) Arthropoda
E) Chordata

Question 15

While lancelets, members of the lineage ____, live mostly buried in the sand in warm, shallow marine habitats, they do have well-developed segmented muscles and can move.

A) Petromyzontoidea
B) Placodermi
C) Cephalochordata
D) Urochordata
E) Myxinoidea

Question 16

The duck-billed platypus shares which trait with non-mammalian animals?

A) teeth
B) lack of cloaca
C) laying eggs
D) hair
E) females produce milk

Question 17

Members of the ___ Echinoderm lineage include sessile sea lilies and feather stars, which can swim or crawl as adults.

A) Echinoidea
B) Ophiuroidea
C) Crinoidea
D) Holothuroidea
E) Asteroidea

Question 18

Deuterostomia is a ____ lineage of animals that dates to the ____.

A) polyphyletic; Mesozoic
B) paraphyletic; Cenozoic
C) monophyletic; Paleozoic
D) paraphyletic; Paleozoic
E) polyphyletic; Cenozoic

Question 19

At some point during development, all members of the ____ phylum have a hollow dorsal nerve cord, a perforated pharynx, a notochord, and segmented muscles in both the body wall and postanal tail.

A) Hemichordata
B) Echinodermata
C) Cnidaria
D) Arthropoda
E) Chordata

Question 20

Which cell type is unique to vertebrates, and distinct from endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm?

A) pharyngeal
B) neural crest
C) oral hood
D) notochordal
E) cranial

Question 21

The Anura, Caudata, and Gymnophiona clades are all part of the ____ lineage.

A) Testudines
B) Archosauria
C) Squamata
D) Sphenodontida
E) Amphibia

Question 22

According to the fossil record, tetrapods arose from ____.

A) acanthodians
B) conodonts
C) osteolepiforms
D) placoderms
E) ostracoderms

Question 23

Along with lipids, the skin of amniotes is filled with ____ to help prevent water loss.

A) squalene
B) bone
C) keratin
D) collagen
E) albumin

Question 24

The fossil record shows that the jawed fishes called ____, which diversified in the Devonian and Carboniferous periods but left no direct descendants, had heads covered with large, heavy, bony plates and jaws with sharp cutting edges.

A) acanthodians
B) conodonts
C) osteolepiforms
D) placoderms
E) ostracoderms

Question 25

The living members of the ____ lineage, the hagfishes, are jawless vertebrates with axial skeletons composed of only a cranium and a notochord.

A) Petromyzontoidea
B) Placodermi
C) Cephalochordata
D) Urochordata
E) Myxinoidea

Question 26

Several lineages of extinct ____ were jawless fishes with bony plates and scales and three brain regions (forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain).

A) acanthodians
B) conodonts
C) osteolepiforms
D) placoderms
E) ostracoderms

Question 27

Which lineage has the largest number of Hox genes, reflecting their complex anatomy?

A) cnidarians
B) cephalochordates
C) vertebrates
D) arthropods
E) eurochordates

Question 28

Living members of the ____ lineage have fins supported by thin and flexible bony rays.

A) Petromyzontoidea
B) Chondrichthyes
C) Actinopterygii
D) Myxinoidea
E) Sarcopterygii

Question 29

Living members of the ____ lineage include the sharks, skates, and rays, all of which have skeletons made entirely of cartilage.

A) Petromyzontoidea
B) Chondrichthyes
C) Actinopterygii
D) Myxinoidea
E) Sarcopterygii

Question 30

The parasitic lampreys, living members of the ____ lineage, have shards of cartilage that partially cover the nerve cord, which may represent an early stage of the evolution of vertebrae.

A) Petromyzontoidea
B) Placodermi
C) Cephalochordata
D) Urochordata
E) Myxinoidea

Question 31

Which structure is a covering for the gill chamber in ray-finned fishes?

A) swim bladder
B) spiral valve
C) operculum
D) atrium
E) lateral-line system

Question 32

Fossil tooth parts of extinct ____ suggest that these organisms were the earliest vertebrates with bonelike structures.

A) acanthodians
B) conodonts
C) osteolepiforms
D) placoderms
E) ostracoderms

Question 33

Two extant species of coelacanths and six species of lungfish are members of the ___ lineage.

A) Petromyzontoidea
B) Chondrichthyes
C) Actinopterygii
D) Myxinoidea
E) Sarcopterygii

Question 34

A key trait that distinguishes gnathostomes from other chordate lineages is the presence of ____.

A) bony scales
B) claspers
C) jaws
D) the operculum
E) keratin

Question 35

Which structure is derived from an ancestral air-breathing lung in ray-finned fishes and is used to increase buoyancy?

A) swim bladder
B) spiral valve
C) operculum
D) atrium
E) lateral-line system

Question 36

Frogs and toads belong to the ____ lineage.

A) Caudata
B) Aves
C) Squamata
D) Gymnophiona
E) Anura

Question 37

Legless caecilians belong to the ____ lineage.

A) Caudata
B) Aves
C) Squamata
D) Gymnophiona
E) Anura

Question 38

Salamanders belong to the ____ lineage.

A) Caudata
B) Aves
C) Squamata
D) Gymnophiona
E) Anura

Question 39

The ____ lineage contains the fleshy-finned fishes, with fins supported by muscles and an internal bony skeleton.

A) Petromyzontoidea
B) Chondrichthyes
C) Actinopterygii
D) Myxinoidea
E) Sarcopterygii

Question 40

The tympanum and stapes are used in tetrapods for ____.

A) seeing
B) hearing
C) heat-sensing
D) tasting
E) smelling

Question 41

Which substance is a typical source of nutrients and water for developing amniote embryos?

A) squalene
B) bone
C) keratin
D) collagen
E) albumin

Question 42

Crocodiles are living representatives of ____.

A) anapsids
B) archosaurs
C) lepidosaurs
D) synapsids
E) dinosaurs

Question 43

Which substance is a waste product of nitrogen metabolism in some amniotes that is excreted as a semisolid paste, reducing water loss?

A) nitric oxide
B) uric acid
C) squalene
D) urea
E) ammonium

Question 44

American alligators are living members of the ____ lineage.

A) Testudines
B) Archosauria
C) Squamata
D) Sphenodontida
E) Amphibia

Question 45

Members of the ____ lizard genus are commonly used as model systems for studies of ecology and evolutionary biology.

A) Ichthyostega
B) Anolis
C) Dunkleosteus
D) Eusthenopteron
E) Archaeopteryx

Question 46

Which structure do turtles lack?

A) carapace
B) jaws
C) teeth
D) plastron
E) keratinized beak

Question 47

The ____ lineage was a diverse group in the Mesozoic, but now is composed of only two living members, including the tuatara.

A) Testudines
B) Archosauria
C) Squamata
D) Sphenodontida
E) Amphibia

Question 48

The majority of mammal species living today are ____, or placentals, including such diverse groups as rodents, bats, whales, and primates.

A) protherians
B) therapsids
C) anthropoids
D) eutherians
E) metatherians

Question 49

Lizards and snakes are living members of the ____ lineage.

A) Testudines
B) Archosauria
C) Squamata
D) Sphenodontida
E) Amphibia

Question 50

Birds are living representatives of the ____ lineage.

A) anapsids
B) archosaurs
C) lepidosaurs
D) synapsids
E) crocodilia

Question 51

Mammals are thought to be living descendants of ____.

A) anapsids
B) archosaurs
C) lepidosaurs
D) synapsids
E) diapsids

Question 52

Tarsiers, new world monkeys, old world monkeys, and apes are all living members of the ____ mammalian lineage.

A) Strepsirhini
B) monotremes
C) Rodentia
D) Haplorhini
E) marsupials

Question 53

Galagos, lemurs, and lorises are the living members of the ____ mammalian lineage.

A) Strepsirhini
B) monotremes
C) Rodentia
D) Haplorhini
E) marsupials

Question 54

Ecomorphs are ____.

A) distantly related members of the same genus that are morphologically and ecologically diverse
B) closely related members of the same genus that are morphologically similar and ecologically diverse
C) members of the same species that live in very different habitats
D) distantly related members of the same genus that are morphologically and ecologically similar
E) closely related members of the same genus that are morphologically and ecologically similar

Question 55

Which mammalian lineage contains organisms that lay eggs?

A) Strepsirhini
B) monotremes
C) Rodentia
D) Haplorhini
E) marsupials

Question 56

Which feature is a unique, derived trait present in all birds?

A) ability to fly
B) four-chambered heart
C) feathers
D) lack of a urinary bladder
E) migration

Question 57

The opossum and kangaroos are living members of the ____ mammalian lineage.

A) Strepsirhini
B) monotremes
C) Rodentiac
D) Haplorhini
E) marsupials

Question 58

Two species of spiny anteaters (echidnas) and the duck-billed platypus are the only known living members of the ____ mammalian lineage.

A) Strepsirhini
B) monotremes
C) Rodentia
D) Haplorhini
E) marsupials

Question 59

Turtles are members of the ____ reptilian lineage.

A) Testudines
B) Archosauria
C) Squamata
D) Sphenodontida
E) Amphibia

Question 60

A four-chambered heart, hollow limb bones with supporting struts, and a keeled sternum are features associated with most modern ____.

A) mammals
B) snakes
C) turtles
D) lizards
E) birds

Question 63

Based on the fossil record, which group appeared first?

A) chimpanzees
B) humans
C) new world monkeys
D) gorillas
E) old world monkeys

Question 65

Which group is most closely related to bonobos?

A) tarsiers
B) humans
C) lorises
D) orangutans
E) gibbons

Question 66

Based on the fossil record, ____ evolved about 1.8 million years ago and made fairly sophisticated tools, including the hand axe.

A) Homo habilis
B) Homo erectus
C) Australopithecus africanus
D) Australopithecus afarensis
E) Homo neanderthalensis

Question 69

Vertebrates evolved from an invertebrate ancestor through _____.

A) lateral gene transfer from an ancestral vertebrate
B) duplication of the Hox gene complex
C) endosymbiosis of a vertebrate predecessor
D) deletion of the genes needed for notochord development
E) amplification of a gene complex for synapse origin

Question 70

Occupying Europe and western Asia from about 150,000 to 28,000 years ago, ____ had a heavier build, more pronounced brow ridges and slightly larger brains than modern humans, and were culturally and technologically sophisticated.

A) Homo habilis
B) Homo erectus
C) Australopithecus africanus
D) Australopithecus afarensis
E) Homo neanderthalensis

Question 71

Dating to about 3.5 to 3 million years ago, the famous fossil "Lucy," found in northern Ethiopia, represents a member of ____.

A) Homo habilis
B) Homo erectus
C) Australopithecus africanus
D) Australopithecus afarensis
E) Homo neanderthalensis

Question 73

The pattern of locomotion used by gibbons and siamangs, in which they use their arms to hang below branches and swing forward, is called ____.

A) bipedal movement
B) peristalsis
C) gliding
D) brachiation
E) orthokinesis

Question 74

Based on fossil evidence, ____ is the oldest of the species listed.

A) Homo habilis
B) Homo erectus
C) Australopithecus africanus
D) Australopithecus afarensis
E) Homo neanderthalensis

Question 76

Cnidarians have ____ Hox gene complex(es) while fishes have as many as ___.

A) one; three
B) three; five
C) five; three
D) 13; five
E) one; 13

Question 78

Which group is most closely related to humans?

A) gorillas
B) new world monkeys
C) orangutans
D) old world monkeys
E) chimpanzees

Question 79

Mammalian monotremes are limited to the Australian region.

Question 80

The internal skeleton of species in the subphylum Vertebrata provides both structural support for muscles and protection for internal organs.