Deck 43: Muscles, Bones, and Body Movements

Question 1

Skeletal muscle contractions can be adjusted from gentle to strong because ____ are controlled by the axon branches of a single efferent neuron.

A) muscle fibers
B) sarcomeres
C) motor units
D) ATP molecules
E) neurotransmitters

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In skeletal muscle contraction, when ____ binds to Ca²⁺, it undergoes a conformational change that allows tropomyosin to move to the grooves in the actin double helix.

A) troponin
B) myosin
C) phosphate ions
D) ATP
E) acetylcholine

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which muscle type is found in the walls of body tubes and cavities of vertebrates, such as blood vessels and the intestines?

A) cardiac
B) smooth
C) skeletal
D) rough
E) epithelial

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Individual skeletal muscle cells are packed with cylindrical contractile elements about 1 mm in diameter called ____.

A) muscle fibers
B) sarcomeres
C) tendons
D) ligaments
E) myofibrils

Question 5

The region between two adjacent "Z lines" is known as a ____.

A) muscle fiber
B) sarcomere
C) tendon
D) ligament
E) myofibril

Question 6

The binding of ____to ____ directly triggers the power stroke in skeletal muscle contraction.

A) myosin; actin
B) tropomyosin; myosin
C) myosin; troponin
D) tropomyosin; actin
E) troponin; tropomyosin

Question 7

The ____ is a system of vesicles that wraps around each A band and I band.

A) neuromuscular junction
B) Golgi apparatus
C) sheath
D) microvillus
E) sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 8

Skeletal muscle cells have ____ and are controlled by the ____ nervous system.

A) many nuclei; somatic
B) many nuclei; autonomic
C) one nucleus each; autonomic
D) one nucleus each; somatic
E) two nuclei each; somatic

Question 9

A typical human body has ____ skeletal muscles.

A) 78
B) 168
C) 206
D) 417
E) over 600

Question 10

Thick filaments are parallel bundles of ____ molecules.

A) actin
B) tropomyosin
C) acetylcholine
D) myosin
E) troponin

Question 11

Skeletal muscles are made up of bundles of elongated, cylindrical cells called ____.

A) muscle fibers
B) sarcomeres
C) tendons
D) ligaments
E) myofibrils

Question 12

The Z lines in skeletal muscle are composed of ____.

A) discs to which thin filaments are anchored
B) stacked thick filaments along with the parts of thin filaments that overlap both ends
C) thin filaments but no thick filaments
D) thick filaments but no thin filaments
E) stacked thin filaments along with parts of thick filaments that overlap both ends

Question 13

Skeletal muscle H zones are composed of ____.

A) discs to which thin filaments are anchored
B) stacked thick filaments along with the parts of thin filaments that overlap both ends
C) thin filaments but no thick filaments
D) thick filaments but no thin filaments
E) stacked thin filaments along with parts of thick filaments that overlap both ends

Question 14

The I bands in skeletal muscle are composed of ____.

A) discs to which thin filaments are anchored
B) stacked thick filaments along with the parts of thin filaments that overlap both ends
C) thin filaments but no thick filaments
D) thick filaments but no thin filaments
E) stacked thin filaments along with parts of thick filaments that overlap both ends

Question 15

The A bands in skeletal muscle are composed of ____.

A) discs to which thin filaments are anchored
B) stacked thick filaments along with the parts of thin filaments that overlap both ends
C) thin filaments but no thick filaments
D) thick filaments but no thin filaments
E) stacked thin filaments along with parts of thick filaments that overlap both ends

Question 16

Skeletal muscles in vertebrates connect to ____.

A) tendons
B) sarcomeres
C) bones
D) ligaments
E) myofibrils

Question 17

In skeletal muscle contraction, an increase in ____in the cytosol triggers the crossbridge cycle.

A) troponin
B) Ca²⁺
C) tropomyosin
D) ATP
E) acetylcholine

Question 18

Skeletal muscles attach to bones by ____.

A) ligaments
B) cartilage
C) smooth muscles
D) tendons
E) joints

Question 19

In skeletal muscle contraction, ____ directly fuels the movement of the myosin head.

A) glucose
B) fatty acids
C) GTP
D) ATP
E) an H⁺gradient

Question 20

In skeletal muscle contraction, the neurotransmitter ____ is released at the axon terminal of the neuromuscular junction to trigger an action potential in the muscle cell.

A) troponin
B) Ca²⁺
C) tropomyosin
D) ATP
E) acetylcholine

Question 21

Exercising a muscle results in ____.

A) the expression of genes involved in energy metabolism, insulin response, and muscle inflammation
B) the expression of genes involved in metabolism only
C) no phenotypic or biochemical changes
D) no change in the expression of genes, but changes in phenotypes
E) changes in the expression of genes, but no changes in phenotypes

Question 22

The main role of myoglobin in muscle fibers is to ____.

A) magnify responses to neurotransmitters
B) sequester ions
C) synthesize ATP
D) store oxygen
E) enhance the strength of the power stroke

Question 23

Myoglobin content is high in ____.

A) fast anaerobic fibers only
B) slow muscle fibers only
C) slow muscle fibers and fast aerobic muscle fibers
D) fast aerobic and fast anaerobic muscle fibers
E) slow muscle fibers and fast anaerobic fibers

Question 24

Vertebrates such as ____ have both exo- and endoskeletons.

A) birds
B) humans
C) turtles
D) lobsters
E) fish

Question 25

The mechanism of muscle contraction was first studied in ____ muscle using high-resolution ____ microscopy.

A) skeletal; light
B) smooth; light
C) skeletal; electron
D) smooth; electron
E) cardiac; electron

Question 26

A defect in the transport of ____ ions would have the most direct effect on muscle contraction.

A) Cl^-
B) K⁺
C) Ca²⁺
D) Na⁺and Zn²⁺
E) Zn²⁺

Question 27

The frozen contraction of muscle cells called rigor mortis occurs after death because ____.

A) ions are not available in the cytoplasm of muscle cells
B) tropomyosin breaks down quickly
C) crossbridges become very rigid structures
D) ATP production stops
E) muscle cells are flooded with neurotransmitters

Question 28

Tube feet of sea stars, erectile tissue of the penis in vertebrates, and the bodies of cnidarians are all supported by ____.

A) an exoskeleton
B) cardiac muscle
C) a hydrostatic skeleton
D) an endoskeleton
E) joined exo- and endoskeletons

Question 29

The bodies of arthropods are supported mainly by ____.

A) an exoskeleton
B) only nonskeletal structures
C) a hydrostatic skeleton
D) an endoskeleton
E) joined exo- and endoskeletons

Question 30

Clostridium botulinum produces a deadly toxin that stops muscle contractions by ____.

A) destroying cell membranes
B) killing mitochondria
C) disrupting the structure of actin filaments
D) preventing ATP synthesis
E) blocking acetylcholine release

Question 31

The ribs and sternum are considered to be part of ____.

A) both the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
B) the axial skeleton only
C) neither the axial skeleton nor the appendicular skeleton
D) the appendicular skeleton only
E) the axial or appendicular skeleton depending on the animal

Question 32

Unlike endurance training, weight lifting will convert ____.

A) slow muscle fibers to fast muscle fibers
B) fast muscle fibers to slow muscle fibers
C) fast muscle fibers from the anaerobic to the aerobic type
D) fast muscle fibers from the aerobic to the anaerobic type
E) fat to muscle fibers

Question 33

A motor unit is a ____.

A) single muscle fiber activated individually
B) complete set of muscle fibers in a single muscle
C) single sarcomere
D) sequence of muscle fibers activated in order
E) group of muscle fibers activated as a block

Question 34

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by a mutation that ____.

A) weakens the cytoskeleton of the muscle fiber
B) weakens myofibrils
C) decreases the transmission of force
D) disrupts the sarcomere
E) increases the transmission of force

Question 35

For humans and most vertebrates, the body is supported primarily by ____.

A) an exoskeleton
B) only nonskeletal structures
C) a hydrostatic skeleton
D) an endoskeleton
E) joined exo- and endoskeletons

Question 36

A muscle contraction during which fibers cannot relax between stimuli is called ____.

A) an action potential
B) a muscle twitch
C) fatigue
D) tetanus
E) constriction

Question 37

By _____, researchers had established how actin and myosin arrangements changed during muscle ____.

A) 1924; relaxation
B) 1954; contraction
C) 1924; contraction
D) 1994; relaxation
E) 1904; stimulation

Question 38

A rapid, powerful movement of short duration that could not be sustained very long would likely involve mainly ____.

A) fast anaerobic fibers
B) fast aerobic and fast anaerobic muscle fibers
C) slow muscle fibers and fast aerobic muscle fibers
D) slow muscle fibers
E) fast aerobic fibers

Question 39

The radius and ulna are considered to be part of ____.

A) both the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
B) the axial skeleton only
C) neither the axial skeleton nor the appendicular skeleton
D) the appendicular skeleton only
E) the axial or appendicular skeleton depending on the animal

Question 40

A single, weak contraction of a muscle fiber is called ____.

A) an action potential
B) a muscle twitch
C) fatigue
D) tetanus
E) constriction

Question 41

An animal that is evolved for rapid movement over the ground will have relatively ____ bones.

A) heavy and thick
B) heavy
C) light and thin
D) light
E) heavy and thin

Question 42

Bone plays a critical role in providing ____ for the blood.

A) sodium and calcium ions
B) magnesium and phosphate ions
C) carbon dioxide
D) phosphate and calcium ions
E) calcium ions and oxygen

Question 43

A ____ joint can move rotate about its axis, providing maximum range of motion.

A) hinge
B) fulcrum
C) ball-and-socket
D) lever
E) ligament

Question 44

Synovial joints are held together by ____.

A) muscle fibers
B) sarcomeres
C) tendons
D) ligaments
E) myofibrils

Question 45

A muscle that decreases the angle between two bones at a joint is called a(n)____.

A) flexor
B) agonist
C) depressor
D) antagonist
E) extensor

Question 46

A promising means of improving conditions for patients with type-2 diabetes may be ____.

A) injections with myostatin
B) increasing muscle mass
C) ketoacidosis
D) injections with acetylcholine
E) increasing consumption of simple carbohydrates

Question 47

Research indicates that compared to the genomes of bony fish, the elephant shark genome contains ____ the genes necessary for bone formation.

A) none of
B) half of
C) most of
D) all but one of
E) double

Question 48

Bone tissue is composed of ____ and ____ regions.

A) spongy; muscular
B) spongy; compact
C) compact; diffuse
D) aerobic; anaerobic
E) red; white

Question 49

A muscle that increases the angle between two bones at a joint is called a(n) ____.

A) flexor
B) agonist
C) depressor
D) antagonist
E) extensor

Question 50

A muscle that causes any type of movement in a joint when it contracts is called a(n) ____.

A) flexor
B) agonist
C) depressor
D) antagonist
E) extensor

Question 51

The primary source of new red blood cells in mammals is the ____.

A) liver
B) blood, itself
C) spleen
D) heart
E) bone marrow

Question 52

The ____ joints, found in the vertebrae and some rib bones, have fibrous connective tissue covering the ends of the bones involved and are somewhat moveable.

A) synovial
B) cartilaginous
C) fibrous
D) agonist
E) antagonistic

Question 53

The ____ muscles are an example of an antagonist muscle pair in humans.

A) calf and gluteus maximus
B) deltoid and pectoral
C) hamstring and biceps
D) calf and hamstring
E) biceps and triceps

Question 54

A ____ joint can move only in one direction, providing limited range of motion.

A) hinge
B) fulcrum
C) ball-and-socket
D) lever
E) ligament

Question 55

Human vertebrae are held together by ____ joints.

A) synovial
B) cartilaginous
C) fibrous
D) both fibrous and cartilaginous
E) both synovial and fibrous

Question 56

Skeletal muscle growth and development is inhibited by ____ produced in muscle cells.

A) erythropoietin
B) acetylcholine
C) epidermal growth factor
D) epinephrine
E) myostatin

Question 57

The human elbow is an example of a ____ joint.

A) hinge
B) fulcrum
C) ball-and-socket
D) lever
E) ligament

Question 58

The ____ joints are usually highly moveable, with a fluid-filled capsule of connective tissue surrounding them.

A) synovial
B) cartilaginous
C) fibrous
D) agonist
E) antagonistic

Question 59

How are the muscle attachments optimized in animals evolved for movement through the soil?

A) The attachments produce levers that move relatively rapidly.
B) The attachments produce levers that need to apply large forces for movement.
C) The attachments produce levers that move relatively slowly, but need to apply only small forces for movement.
D) The attachments produce levers that move rapidly, but need to apply only small forces for movement.
E) The attachments produce levers that swing freely.

Question 60

Muscles that act as opposing pairs are____.

A) flexors
B) agonists
C) depressors
D) antagonists
E) extensors

Question 61

Each motor unit is composed of ____.

A) both slow and fast aerobic muscle fibers
B) both fast aerobic and anaerobic fibers
C) all types of muscle fibers mixed together
D) only one type muscle fiber
E) both slow and fast anaerobic muscle fibers

Question 64

Muscles that can be controlled precisely and delicately have few muscle fibers in each motor unit.

Question 65

A typical human body has ____ bones.

A) 78
B) 168
C) 206
D) 417
E) over 600

Question 66

The most common type of lever system in the body has the force applied ____.

A) at the free end of the bone
B) at the attached end of the bone
C) at the fulcrum
D) between the fulcrum and the load
E) at the load end

Question 67

Annelids must utilize ____ muscles in order to move.

A) only circular
B) only longitudinal
C) crosswise
D) circular and longitudinal
E) crosswise or longitudinal

Question 68

The sliding filament model of muscle contraction depends on the dynamic interactions between myostatin and myoglobin proteins.

Question 69

The human finger contains ____ joints.

A) hinge
B) fulcrum
C) ball-and-socket
D) lever
E) ligament

Question 70

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. The muscle indicated by the letter 'B' is analogous to the ____ muscle in a human.

A) calf
B) deltoid
C) biceps
D) tongue
E) triceps

Question 71

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Neurotransmitters and ____ are key components in the pathway for stimulating skeletal muscle contractions.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) A and B
E) B and C

Question 72

Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by cords of connective tissue called tendons .

Question 73

Figure 43.3 (questions 63, 64, and 65)
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Answer the question using the accompanying figure. The structure labeled "B" forms at the ____.

A) junctions of A bands and I bands
B) H zone
C) junctions of A bands and H zones
D) M line
E) junctions of I bands and M lines

Question 74

The patterns by which muscles connect to bones are the same  in all vertebrates.

Question 75

The striated muscles in most invertebrates have thick and thin filaments arranged in sarcomeres entirely similar to those of vertebrates.

Question 76

Describe the process by which botulinum toxin interrupts the crossbridge cycle. Provide other possible uses for this toxin.

Question 77

Recent research has shown that myostatin can negatively regulate cardiac muscle growth.

Question 78

Figure 43.9 (questions 61 and 62)
A) A
B) B 
Answer the question using the accompanying figure. The muscle indicated by the letter 'A' is a(n) ____ muscle.

A) flexor
B) agonist
C) depressor
D) antagonist
E) extensor

Question 79

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. The structure labeled "C" is a modified form of the ____.

A) Golgi apparatus
B) plasma membrane
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
E) nuclear membrane

Question 80

Describe the molecular activity that leads to muscle contractions, beginning at the neuromuscular junction.