Deck 5: Trait Theories

Question 1

The _________ develops as a result of incorporating moral standards and values within the personality.

Answer 1

superego

Question 2

Many children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) also suffer from _________ and continually engage in aggressive, antisocial behavior in early childhood.

Answer 2

conduct disorder

Question 3

_________ is a complex delusional behavior issue resulting in people thinking that everyone is out to get them, and is marked by depression and or manic depression.

Answer 3

Schizophrenia

Question 4

While the similarity of _______ behavior seems striking, what appears to be a genetic effect may also be explained by other factors, such as environment.

Question 5

Lombroso argued that born criminals had ________________, and that their behavior could be explained by their primitive traits.

Question 6

A deficit in emotional cognition that prevents people from being aware of their feelings or unable to talk about their emotions is known as __________________.

Question 7

_______ children usually exhibit poor motor coordination, have behavior problems, and have improper auditory and vocal responses.

Question 8

Psychologist John Bowlby believed that the ability to form _________-that is, emotionally bond to another person-has important, lasting psychological implications that follow people across the life span.

Question 9

Some researchers believe neurological and physical abnormalities are acquired as early as the fetal or prenatal stage, and that they control behavior throughout the life span. The study of brain activity is termed _________.

Question 10

It is possible that what appears to be a genetic effect, evidenced in twin research, is actually the effect of sibling influence on criminality; this is referred to as the _________.

Question 11

According to _________, a subpopulation of men has evolved with genes that incline them toward extremely low parental involvement.

Question 12

According to _________, over the history of the human species, aggressive males have had the greatest impact on the gene pool.

Question 13

Advocates of the _____ school traced several generations of crime-prone families, finding evidence that criminal tendencies were based on genetics.

Question 14

Research shows that people who start drinking by the age of _____ are five times more likely to become alcoholics than people who hold off on drinking until the age of 21.

Question 15

Sociobiology differs from earlier theories of behavior in that it stresses that biological and genetic conditions affect how social behaviors are _________ and _________.

Question 16

_____ theory is the view that criminality is a product of abnormal biological and/or psychological traits.

Question 17

The first scientific studies of criminology that applied the positivist model were conducted by _________.

Question 18

A number of biosocial theorists believe that abnormal levels of the male sex hormone _________ produce aggressive behavior and may explain gender differences in the crime rate.

Question 19

Research shows that those who start drinking before 14 are ________ times more likely to become alcoholics than those who wait until age 21.

Question 20

There is significant evidence of a lead-aggression linkage: areas with the highest concentrations of lead also report the highest levels of _____.

Question 21

The view that intelligence is not inherited but is largely part of the environment is known as ______________________.

Question 22

___________________ is a branch of cognitive psychology that focuses on the ways in which people process, store, and encode information to make decisions.

Question 23

According to social learning theory, violence is learned through a process called ________.

Question 24

_________________ is a mental state in which the perception of reality is distorted.

Question 25

____ involves employing the scientific method to produce research findings that can validate a theory.

A) Positivism
B) Classicalism
C) Utilitarianism
D) Deontology

Question 26

According to William Sheldon, who believed that criminals manifest distinct physiques, which somatotype was most likely to become criminal?

A) endomorph
B) mesomorph
C) ectomorph
D) mendomorph

Question 27

A person with a ______ may engage is a repeated pattern of cruel and demeaning behavior.

Question 28

_________focuses on mental processes: how people perceive and mentally represent the world around them, and how they solve problems.

Question 29

The view that intelligence is largely determined genetically, and that low intelligence is linked to criminal behavior, is referred to as ________________________.

Question 30

Freud's model of the personality structure consists of the id, ego, and _____.

Question 31

A branch of psychology that stresses self-awareness and getting in touch with feelings is known as ________________.

Question 32

Reasonably stable patterns of behavior, including thoughts or emotions, that distinguish one individual from another are referred to as _____________________.

Question 33

Psychological behavior theory maintains that human actions are developed through _______________.

Question 34

The type of crime-control programs called __________________ programs are aimed at helping offenders who have already been identified.

Question 35

___________________ theorists, notably Albert Bandura, state that people are not born criminals, but instead develop criminality through interactions and observations.

Question 36

Television violence increases the _________ of viewers and makes them more prone to act aggressively.

Question 37

Sociobiology differs from earlier theories of behavior in that it stresses that genetic and biological conditions affect:

A) how cognitive processes develop from birth to adulthood.
B) how cognitive processes shape socialization and perception.
C) how social behaviors are perceived.
D) how social behaviors are transmitted.

Question 38

Which criminologist believed that criminals could be identified by observing the physical traits of offenders?

A) Beccaria
B) Bentham
C) Lombroso
D) Bell

Question 39

The person who first applied the concept of moral development to issues in criminology was _____________________.

Question 40

A person with superficial charm and glibness who lacks empathy for others is a _______.

Question 41

The onset of the menstrual cycle triggers excessive amounts of female sex hormones, which affect antisocial, aggressive behavior. This condition is commonly referred to as:

A) premenstrual syndrome.
B) paranoia.
C) postpartum depression.
D) bipolar disorder.

Question 42

Henry Goddard, Richard Dugdale, and Arthur Estabrook were advocates of which school of thought?

A) rational choice
B) inheritance school
C) Chicago school
D) primitive school

Question 43

Explosive rage disorder is considered an important cause of spouse and child abuse, suicide, aggressiveness, and motiveless homicide. This disorder is a type of:

A) cerebral allergy.
B) minimal brain dysfunction.
C) hormonal imbalance.
D) neurotransmitter disorder.

Question 44

The study of brain activity is called:

A) criminology.
B) anatomology.
C) coprology.
D) neurophysiology.

Question 45

Neurological deficits may interact with another trait or social condition to produce antisocial behaviors. Research conducted by Raine found that children who had experienced birth complications and who then experienced ______ were more likely to engage in criminal offending than children who did not experience these factors.

A) paternal rejection
B) maternal rejection
C) bullying at school
D) peer pressure

Question 46

The condition that occurs when glucose levels in the blood fall below what is necessary for normal and efficient brain functioning is known as:

A) glycemic disorder.
B) hypoglycemia.
C) glycogen deficiency.
D) glucose intolerance.

Question 47

It has been argued that declining levels of which hormone help to explain the aging-out process?

A) estrogen
B) serotonin
C) testosterone
D) progesterone

Question 48

Androgens affect the brain structure in the left hemisphere of the:

A) neocortex.
B) frontal lobe.
C) temporal lobe.
D) thought cortex.

Question 49

Some researches feel that what appears to be a genetic effect, evidenced in twin research, is actually the effect of sibling influence on criminality. This is referred to as the _____ effect.

A) twin
B) contagion
C) proximity
D) immediacy

Question 50

The notion that some individuals may engage in crime because of the attraction of "getting away with it" is known as:

A) risk theory.
B) arousal theory.
C) thrill-seeking theory.
D) conduct disorder.

Question 51

____ cause an excessive reaction in the brain, whereas ____ affect the nervous system. Both are linked to mental, emotional, and behavioral problems.

A) Endo-allergies, neuroallergies
B) Neuroallergies, cerebral allergies
C) Cerebral allergies, neuroallergies
D) Neuroallergies, endo-allergies

Question 52

What do studies of monozygatic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins indicate?

A) There is a significantly higher risk for suicidal behavior among MZ twin pairs than among DZ twin pairs.
B) MZ twin pairs who suffer child abuse are more likely to engage in antisocial activity than DZ twin pairs.
C) If one member of a twin pair was delinquent, so was the other, and the effect was greater for MZ twin pairs.
D) Studies indicate all these findings.

Question 53

A number of environmental contaminants have been associated with emotional and behavioral disorders. Which of the following has been linked to aggressive behaviors on both a macro/national level and on a micro/individual level?

A) cadmium
B) lead
C) copper
D) zinc

Question 54

A disorder in which a child shows a developmentally inappropriate lack of attention and excess impulsivity is known as:

A) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
B) oppositional defiance disorder.
C) impulse dysfunctional disorder.
D) conduct disorder.

Question 55

(ADHD is often accompanied by which of the following?

A) Rule disorder
B) Low testosterone
C) High testosterone
D) Conduct disorder

Question 56

The view that criminality is a product of abnormal biological and/or psychological traits is known as:

A) choice theory.
B) trait theory.
C) nature theory.
D) nurture theory.

Question 57

_____ occur(s) when glucose levels in the blood fall below what is necessary for normal and efficient brain functioning.

A) Conduct disorder
B) Hypoglycemia
C) Cerebral allergies
D) ADHD

Question 58

The belief that no serious consideration should be given to biological factors when attempting to understand human nature is known as:

A) choice theory.
B) biophobia.
C) nature theory.
D) nurture theory.

Question 59

Biosocial theorists have evaluated the association between violent behavior episodes and hormone levels. Their findings suggest that abnormal levels of which male sex hormones influence the neocortex and have been linked to aggressive behavior?

A) androgens
B) glycogens
C) endorphins
D) endogens

Question 60

Which statement pertaining to the link between lead and crime is inaccurate?

A) Lead ingestion is linked to lower IQ scores, a factor linked to aggressive behavior.
B) Criminologists have reported that areas with the highest concentration of lead also reported the highest levels of homicide.
C) Lead exposure is linked to mental illnesses, which have been linked to antisocial behaviors.
D) The average blood lead level has increased over the past decade.

Question 61

Which crime-prevention programs focus on reducing recidivism rates?

A) Primary prevention programs
B) Secondary prevention programs
C) Tertiary prevention programs
D) Reactive prevention programs

Question 62

According to Sigmund Freud, which is the primitive part of an individual's mental makeup, present at birth.?

A) id
B) superego
C) ego
D) super id

Question 63

According to the moral and intellectual development branch of cognitive theory, what is wrong with criminals?

A) They have low levels of moral reasoning development.
B) They have overdeveloped ids.
C) They have overstimulation of mental capacities.
D) They have all of the above.

Question 64

A frequently administered personality test used to distinguish deviant from nondeviant groups is the:

A) California Personality Inventory.
B) Charleston Character Calculation Examination.
C) Minnesota Personal Inventory Examination.
D) Trezpap Deviant Group Inventory.

Question 65

Which crime-prevention programs seek to correct personal problems before they manifest themselves as crime?

A) primary prevention programs
B) secondary prevention programs
C) tertiary prevention programs
D) reactive prevention programs

Question 66

According to Freud, the superego develops out of the _____ aspect of one's personality.

A) moral
B) reality
C) pleasure
D) guilt

Question 67

The concept used to describe people who have feelings of inadequacy and compensate for them with a drive for superiority (i.e., controlling others) is:

A) inferiority complex.
B) power-control complex.
C) ego complex.
D) neuroticism.

Question 68

People at the highest stages of moral development refrain from crime because they:

A) have outlooks characterized by self-interest.
B) fear punishment.
C) believe the concept of general deterrence.
D) believe in duty to others and universal rights.

Question 69

John Bowlby is most closely associated with which theory?

A) attachment
B) power-control
C) social learning
D) delinquent subculture theory

Question 70

One of the most widely used psychological tests designed to measure many different personality traits, including psychopathic deviation, schizophrenia, and hypomania, is  the:

A) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
B) Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire.
C) California Personality Inventory.
D) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.

Question 71

Some violent offenders have a disturbed character structure commonly referred to as psychopathy, sociopathy, or antisocial personality. What is known about the psychopathic personality?

A) Children who lack the opportunity to form an attachment to a father figure during the first three years of life are most likely to develop psychopathic personalities.
B) Children who lack the opportunity to form an attachment to a mother figure during the first three years of life are most likely to develop psychopathic personalities.
C) Psychopaths are less likely to become chronic offenders than are nonpsychopaths.
D) Psychopaths, as a rule, experience an inordinate number of abnormal fears.

Question 72

The psychodynamic model of the criminal offender depicts an aggressive, frustrated person dominated by events that occurred during:

A) the adolescent years.
B) the process of socialization.
C) the phallic stage.
D) early childhood.

Question 73

Social learning theory holds that people learn to be aggressive through their life experiences. Which of these is not a source of this behavior-modeling process?

A) family interaction
B) religious affiliation
C) environmental experiences
D) mass media

Question 74

Errors in cognition and information processing have been used to explain the behavior of child abusers. What distorted thinking pattern/perception is expressed by child abusers?

A) Abusers perceive children as wanting to engage in sexual activity.
B) Abusers perceive that sexual activity does not cause harm and may be beneficial to the child.
C) Abusers perceive that they are entitled to have sex with whomever they want.
D) Abusers express all these thinking patterns/perceptions.

Question 75

Recent research on IQ and crime suggests that low IQ increases the likelihood of criminal behavior through its effect on:

A) socioeconomic status.
B) job skills and employment.
C) school performance.
D) parenting skills.

Question 76

According to Freud, which part of the brain controls impulses and desires for immediate gratification?

A) id
B) superego
C) ego
D) super id

Question 77

Biophobia is the belief that serious consideration should be given to biological factors when attempting to understand human nature.

Question 78

Psychologist Hans Eysneck linked personality to crime when he identified two distinct traits-extroversion-introversion and:

A) Stability-instability.
B) Polar-bipolar.
C) Social-antisocial.
D) Rational-irrational.

Question 79

The antisocial personality concept seems to mesh with what is known about chronic offending. Which percent of offenders exhibit psychopathic behavior patterns?

A) 20
B) 40
C) 60
D) 80

Question 80

The work of Cesare Lombroso (the "born criminal") and his contemporaries is regarded today as a historical curiosity, not scientific fact.