Deck 15: Healing the Troubled Mind Therapy

Question 1

As medical knowledge improved beginning in the 18th century, psychological disorders became

A) less prevalent.
B) more cloistered.
C) less mysterious.
D) further stigmatized.

Answer 1

less mysterious.

Question 2

Malik seeks the help of a therapist because he experiences difficulty maintaining relationships. At his first visit, Malik's therapist explains that she will focus on Malik's personal strengths and development. What type of psychologist is Malik visiting?

A) A cognitive psychologist
B) A behavioral psychologist
C) A humanistic psychologist
D) A Freudian psychologist

Answer 2

A humanistic psychologist

Question 3

Millie is having a difficult time completing her undergraduate degree in finance and, at the same time, is anxious about her job prospects after graduation. She tells her college adviser, Dr. McGonagall, who is a clinical psychologist, that she is considering seeking the advice of a life coach. Assuming Dr. McGonagall is in agreement with your text and recent studies, what might she tell Millie?

A) "Don't do it; life coaches are nothing more than salesmen or actors."
B) "Give it a try; life coaches seem to perform some of the same duties as psychotherapists."
C) "Be cautious; life coaches have Psy.D., not Ph.D., degrees."
D) "You might like it; life coaches seem to be particularly appealing to women."

Answer 3

"Give it a try; life coaches seem to perform some of the same duties as psychotherapists."

Question 4

Taylor would like to pursue an undergraduate degree in psychology, but is worried that without a graduate degree, his career choices will be limited. What information would you share with Taylor to help him decide whether to pursue an undergraduate degree in psychology?

A) Nearly 25% of all psychotherapists hold undergraduate rather than graduate degrees.
B) About one-third of undergraduates in psychology obtain jobs that are closely related to the field.
C) Graduate degrees are necessary if you plan to teach at the college level, but they are not necessary for clinical psychology work.
D) Nearly all undergraduate psychology majors who do not pursue a graduate degree move on to careers unrelated to psychology.

Question 5

Diane is trying to decide between pursuing a Ph.D. or Psy.D. degree in psychology. As her friend, you tell Diane that a major critique of the Psy.D. degree is that it

A) focuses on the medical etiology of psychological disorders.
B) concentrates on research and not on the practical applications of psychology.
C) centers on the use of alternative, nonmainstream treatment approaches.
D) lacks an emphasis on research and the scientific evaluation of data.

Question 6

Compared with Europe, how is psychotherapy regulated in the United States?

A) The United States has more stringent licensing requirements than Europe.
B) In the United States, psychotherapists must provide confidential client records to the federal government.
C) Unlike the United States, in Europe, assessments of psychotherapeutic treatment outcomes are regularly conducted by the government.
D) In most of Europe, psychotherapists must hold a medical degree before being licensed in psychotherapy.

Question 7

As the biological approach to treating psychological disorders gathered momentum, what other aspect of psychological treatments was gaining success?

A) Studying heritable links to psychological disorders
B) Understanding the emotional underpinnings of psychological disorders
C) Diminishing social stigmas associated with psychological disorders
D) Creating centralized institutions to treat psychological disorders

Question 8

Early treatments for hysteria focused on

A) hypnosis.
B) biochemistry.
C) spiritualism.
D) evolutionary adaptation.

Question 9

Rory seeks the help of a mental health professional because she just hasn't felt like herself lately; she is unusually sad, sleeps late, avoids her friends, and eats excessively. During her appointments, Rory and her therapist engage in conversation as a way to help Rory understand her feelings. This type of conversation is termed

A) psychodrama.
B) biofeedback.
C) dialectical therapy.
D) psychotherapy.

Question 10

Emily is studying to be a religious leader and would also like to work as a family counselor. What type of degree would be best for Emily to pursue?

A) Doctor of theology
B) Doctor of social work
C) Master of divinity
D) Master of philosophy

Question 11

According to research by Baker, McFall, and Shoham (2008), which psychologist is taking the most typical approach for treating clients?

A) Dr. Researcho, who scours the literature before implementing a treatment strategy
B) Dr. Persono, who heavily weighs the personal circumstances of each client when considering the best treatment
C) Dr. Experto, who draws from "clinical expertise" when carrying out a treatment plan
D) Dr. Skeptico, who conducts independent research to confirm established theories before utilizing a specific treatment plan

Question 12

Which of the following was discovered first and revolutionized the biological treatment of psychological disorders?

A) Lithium, to treat bipolar disorder
B) SSRIs, to treat major depression
C) Benzodiazepines, to treat anxiety disorders
D) Phenothiazines, to treat schizophrenia

Question 13

Dr. Michaels meets with a new client, Tori, who is suffering from generalized anxiety disorder. Assuming that Dr. Michaels uses EBP, what is the first step that she will likely take in treating Tori?

A) Integrate well-established treatment paradigms for generalized anxiety disorder with Tori's values and circumstances.
B) Evaluate literature relevant to generalized anxiety disorder that is well established and has lasted the test of time.
C) Search the most current literature regarding treatments for generalized anxiety disorder.
D) Construct an answerable question with the aim of finding the best treatment for generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 14

Which therapist is most likely utilizing brief therapy during a session with a client?

A) Dr. Lightfoot, who states, "Tell me about your mother."
B) Dr. Sujho, who asks, "Do you have any recurrent dreams?"
C) Dr. Kalish, who states, "Let's come up with a plan for the next time you feel anxious."
D) Dr. Martinez, who states, "I will say a word and you respond by saying the first word that comes into your thoughts."

Question 15

Early examination of the biological roots of psychological illnesses included the discovery that _____, a common type of sexually transmitted disease, could produce abnormal behaviors including hallucinations, delusions, and changes in mood and personality.

A) chlamydia
B) syphilis
C) herpes
D) HPV

Question 16

In addition to research evidence, what does evidence-based practice (EBP) utilize to provide the best outcome for a client?

A) Clinical expertise and client values
B) Clinical expertise and bioinformatics
C) Medication and client values
D) Medication and bioinformatics

Question 17

During the 20th century, psychological approaches to treatment reflected the rise of the _____ perspectives.

A) psychodynamic and cognitive
B) functionalist and Gestaltist
C) structuralist and empiricist
D) behavioral and humanist

Question 18

Jermaine has battled moderate anxiety for most of his life. He seeks out the help of a mental health professional, who recommends a form of psychotherapy known as brief therapy. What can Jermaine expect from this type of therapy?

A) The therapy will be based on solution building rather than on problem solving.
B) Jermaine will be given the tools to reflect on problems at home and will report back to his therapist periodically.
C) Instead of hour-long sessions four to five times per week, the sessions will be restricted to 15-minute sessions over the course of several years.
D) Jermaine will spend brief periods of time with his therapist and then meet in longer group sessions with other clients experiencing similar problems.

Question 19

Jack worries constantly about being poisoned by carbon monoxide. Because of this, he checks the carbon monoxide detector repeatedly throughout the day to make sure it is working. Assuming that Jack has obsessive-compulsive disorder, what type of medical health professional is most likely to take a biological approach to treatment?

A) A psychiatrist with an M.D.
B) A clinical social worker
C) A psychologist with a Psy.D.
D) A psychologist with a Ph.D.

Question 20

George would like to quit his nail-biting habit. He is thinking about seeing a hypnotist to help him. As George's friend, what information would you share to help him make an educated decision?

A) At minimum, hypnotists are required to hold an associate's degree.
B) There is no credible evidence to suggest that hypnotism is effective.
C) There are many legitimate uses of hypnosis in therapy, and there are legitimate therapists who use the technique.
D) Because hypnotists are required to have advanced degrees, their services are very expensive.

Question 21

Who is credited with being the first person to use talking therapy ?

A) Aaron Beck
B) Leonard Krasner
C) Carl Rogers
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 22

Lately, Jameson finds himself struggling emotionally during the holidays. He feels increasingly frustrated with making travel plans to his parents' house, gift shopping, and sitting at holiday dinners trying to make light conversation with relatives. Jameson and his therapist discuss how he feels when he is in his home environment. Jameson states that he is overwhelmed by guilt that he doesn't feel that he loves his parents and prefers to live his life without much connection to them. His therapist states that it must be difficult for Jameson, because we live in a society where we are expected to maintain connections with parents. What type of therapy does this scenario illustrate?

A) Psychoanalytical therapy
B) Cognitive therapy
C) Humanistic therapy
D) Behavioral therapy

Question 23

Although the American Psychological Association (APA) has the primary responsibility for accrediting Ph.D. or Psy.D. psychology degree programs, the Psychological Clinical Science Accreditation System (PCSAS) was recently formed to increase

A) the scientific basis of clinical treatment and research literacy among clinical psychologists.
B) the appreciation of medicine-centered and biology-focused treatment strategies among clinical psychologists.
C) the emphasis on practicum-based training in clinical psychology rather than research-based training.
D) awareness among clinical psychologists of alternative and holistic treatment paradigms for psychological disorders.

Question 24

What is a major assumption of insight therapy?

A) Most people are unable to truly understand their feelings without professional guidance.
B) Providing too much insight into a client's problems ultimately slows down progress.
C) Clients will improve when they come to realize the root of their problems.
D) Taking responsibility for one's own actions is the first step in the healing process.

Question 25

When it comes to the use of scientifically valid psychological treatments, what can we assume?

A) As required by law, a licensed therapist can only engage in scientifically valid treatment strategies.
B) A lack of scientific support does not always prevent an approach from being widely used.
C) Psychologists with Ph.D. degrees are required to use evidence-based treatments, but not those with Psy.D. degrees.
D) If a therapist uses a nonscientifically validated treatment, he or she is required by law to notify their clients.

Question 26

What is a major benefit of group therapy?

A) It can have longer lasting effects than individual therapy.
B) It can help to decrease the sense of isolation that can accompany a mental health struggle.
C) It provides the opportunity to let others watch your own individual therapy taking place.
D) It generally allows for faster progress.

Question 27

Which word best describes the role of the therapist in the humanistic approach to psychotherapy?

A) Controlling
B) Nondirective
C) Challenging
D) Suggestive

Question 28

How has managed care affected contemporary treatments for psychological disorders?

A) Psychological treatments are less stigmatized today because of managed care.
B) Decisions about treatment strategies are often made by untrained insurance company personnel.
C) More people have access to psychological treatments because of managed care.
D) Psychologists are able to develop more effective and evidence-based psychological treatments because of managed care.

Question 29

From the following list, which client is the least ideal for group therapy?

A) Anderson, who suffers from a specific phobia
B) Armundo, who suffers from bipolar disorder
C) Cizhen, who is somewhat shy and self-conscious
D) Martin, who is psychotic

Question 30

What is the primary disadvantage of using computerized therapeutic tools, such as Wiley's TheraScribe, when treating clients?

A) There is no scientific data to support their effectiveness.
B) They often disseminate inaccurate information.
C) They can seem highly impersonal.
D) They compromise client confidentiality.

Question 31

Dr. Cohen uses techniques of empathy and unconditional positive regard when treating his clients. What underlying ideology influences his therapeutic style?

A) Personal views on extrinsic circumstances drive behavior.
B) Maladaptive behaviors arise from associating negative outcomes with certain events.
C) The unconscious mind controls behavior.
D) Societal judgments interfere with healthy behavior.

Question 32

What is an example of a significant challenge faced by family therapists?

A) The family member who seems to need treatment the most refuses to participate
B) Not showing favoritism
C) Keeping the peace
D) Juggling different personalities

Question 33

Dr. Zhang notices that his client, Lucian, becomes very defensive when asked to elaborate on his financial difficulties. Dr. Zhang infers that Lucian has likely been defensive with his parents and supervisors at work. What technique is Dr. Zhang using to make his inference?

A) Transference
B) Discordance
C) Conformance
D) Resistance

Question 34

In psychoanalysis, how is the client-therapist relationship structured?

A) The client controls the sessions.
B) The therapist is in charge of the sessions.
C) The client and therapist have equal control.
D) The therapist gradually hands over control to the client.

Question 35

Dr. Schlomo uses a psychoanalytical approach when treating her clients. What underlying ideology influences her therapeutic style?

A) Personal views on extrinsic circumstances drive behavior.
B) Maladaptive behaviors arise from associating negative outcomes with certain events.
C) The unconscious mind controls behavior.
D) Societal judgments interfere with healthy behavior.

Question 36

Dr. Hollitscher feels that she made significant progress with her client, Alyssa, at their last session. This week, Alyssa cancels her appointment at the last minute, stating that she needs to catch up on household chores. Dr. Hollitscher suspects that Alyssa is showing signs of

A) transference.
B) discordance.
C) free association.
D) resistance.

Question 37

Psychoanalysis falls under which class of psychological theory?

A) Action
B) Behavioral
C) Humanistic
D) Insight

Question 38

Lately, Jameson finds himself struggling emotionally during the holidays. He feels increasingly frustrated with making travel plans, gift shopping, and sitting at holiday dinners trying to make light conversation with relatives. Jameson's therapist asks him a series of questions about his childhood, such as his relationship with his parents. He is asked to recall, in depth, his interactions with his parents, particularly during holiday events. The therapist tells Jameson that his conflictive relationship with his parents may be a source of the problem with his emotional struggles during the holidays. What type of therapy does this scenario illustrate?

A) Psychoanalytical therapy
B) Cognitive therapy
C) Humanistic therapy
D) Behavioral therapy

Question 39

Dr. Bernays asks his client to say whatever comes to mind about his mother without attempting to censor the content. This technique is referred to as

A) mind release.
B) free association.
C) introspective guidance.
D) cognitive liberation.

Question 40

Shaun recently began cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), via online live video sessions with a therapist. Because you are familiar with the research on this approach, you would be likely to advise Shaun that

A) studies show that this method of communication is not effective.
B) online CBT therapy is just as effective as face-to-face therapy.
C) most online therapists are not certified.
D) this method of providing therapy is highly controversial and rarely used.

Question 41

Analia is training to be a clinical psychologist. She is interested in using a cognitive approach when dealing with patients; however, she knows that for cognitive therapy to be most successful, it should be combined with

A) psychoanalytic  techniques.
B) behavioral  techniques.
C) humanistic  techniques.
D) functionalist  techniques.

Question 42

Cognitive behavioral therapy has an excellent record of success, particularly in the treatment of

A) bipolar disorder.
B) generalized anxiety disorder.
C) major depressive disorder.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 43

According to the cognitive therapeutic perspective, people run into psychological trouble when they adopt _____ ways of thinking.

A) egotistical
B) irrational
C) manic
D) sadistic

Question 44

The most commonly used medical therapy in the treatment of psychological disorders is

A) neurofeedback.
B) psychosurgery.
C) deep brain stimulation.
D) medication.

Question 45

According to humanistic theories, much of human unhappiness results from

A) an inability to reach self-actualization.
B) the denial of feelings.
C) conditional regard.
D) egocentricity.

Question 46

Dr. Estevez uses a behavioral approach when treating his clients. What underlying ideology influences his therapeutic style?

A) The way we think about circumstances is crucial to our health and adjustment.
B) Learning can be used to increase adaptive and decrease maladaptive behaviors.
C) The unconscious mind controls behavior.
D) Societal judgments interfere with healthy behavior.

Question 47

A psychologist using a humanistic approach views society as a

A) bridge between isolation and belongingness.
B) resource for support and empathy.
C) tool to help guide behavior.
D) source of psychological discontent.

Question 48

Behavior modification focuses on

A) observable actions.
B) internal drives.
C) client directives.
D) family relationships.

Question 49

Jasper attends a conference on medical treatments for psychological disorders. While at the conference, he is surprised to find out that electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment for severe cases of

A) bipolar disorder.
B) schizophrenia.
C) depression.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 50

Behavioral therapies use applications of

A) direct intentionalism.
B) modified gestalt therapy.
C) structured functionalism.
D) classical and operant conditioning.

Question 51

The public initially distrusted behavioral treatment methods because they were

A) ineffective and time consuming.
B) not scientifically validated.
C) based on animal research.
D) overly complex and impractical.

Question 52

Dr. Cooper uses a cognitive approach when treating her clients. What underlying ideology influences her therapeutic style?

A) The way we think about circumstances is crucial to our health and adjustment.
B) Learning can be used to increase adaptive and decrease maladaptive behaviors.
C) The unconscious mind controls behavior.
D) Societal judgments interfere with healthy behavior.

Question 53

Which psychologist is using a biopsychosocial approach to psychotherapy?

A) Dr. A, who creates a unique therapeutic strategy for each client without adopting a single theoretical orientation
B) Dr. B, who requires clients to have a complete blood workup before initiating therapy
C) Dr. C, who shadows clients in their daily lives to gain a better understanding of their stressors
D) Dr. D, who monitors clients' physiological parameters (e.g., heart rate, perspiration) to get a better read on their feelings

Question 54

In what ways is rational emotive behavioral therapy confrontational?

A) The therapy does not hold clients accountable for their actions.
B) The therapists do not provide input or insight for their clients.
C) The therapists openly criticize their clients' thinking.
D) The therapists are encouraged to form close bonds with their clients.

Question 55

Deborah is terrified of driving over bridges, but when her daughter moved to a new house across a major river, she is determined to get in her car and drive over the bridge to visit her daughter. Her therapist uses a technique in which Deborah's old irrational fears of bridges are replaced with rational thoughts about the safety of bridge construction. This technique is referred to as

A) logical awareness.
B) self-rationality.
C) assisted lucidity.
D) cognitive restructuring.

Question 56

Lately, Jameson finds himself struggling emotionally during the holidays. He feels increasingly frustrated with making travel plans to his parents' house, gift shopping, and sitting at holiday dinners trying to make light conversation with relatives. Jameson's therapist suggests that he find an alternative behavior to engage in, such as making three positive comments to each dinner guest. The therapist also encourages Jameson to reward himself with a second vacation to a destination he enjoys when he meets his goals. What type of therapy does this scenario illustrate?

A) Psychoanalytical therapy
B) Cognitive therapy
C) Humanistic therapy
D) Behavioral therapy

Question 57

One of the earliest examples of cognitive therapy was developed by

A) Aaron Beck.
B) Alfred Adler.
C) Carl Rogers.
D) Sigmund Freud.

Question 58

Jameson tells his therapist, "I start to feel my blood pressure rise when my wife belittles me," to which his therapist replies, "I sense that you become very frustrated when you feel like your wife is attacking your character." Assuming a humanistic approach to psychotherapy, why does the therapist respond in this way?

A) Reflection contributes to Jameson's sense of being fully understood.
B) To point out Jameson's important insight
C) To encourage Jameson to talk more about feelings
D) To help bring unconscious feelings to the surface

Question 59

Lately, Jameson finds himself struggling emotionally during the holidays. He feels increasingly frustrated with making travel plans to his parents' house, gift shopping, and sitting at holiday dinners trying to make light conversation with relatives. Jameson's therapist challenges him to think about past visits home, during which Jameson experienced positive emotions. She asks whether Jameson's "all-or-nothing" view of holiday visits as happy or unhappy is a rational approach: "Is it realistic to think that a holiday visit home should be 100% positive"? What type of therapy does this scenario illustrate?

A) Psychoanalytical
B) Cognitive
C) Humanistic
D) Behavioral

Question 60

Person-centered therapy was developed by

A) Aaron Beck.
B) Leonard Krasner.
C) Carl Rogers.
D) Sigmund Freud.

Question 61

Ritalin and Adderall, two medications prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), act by

A) decreasing norepinephrine and increasing dopamine activity.
B) increasing norepinephrine and decreasing dopamine activity.
C) decreasing norepinephrine and decreasing dopamine activity.
D) increasing norepinephrine and increasing dopamine activity.

Question 62

The Food and Drug Administration has approved which class of drugs for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder?

A) Anticonvulsant
B) Stimulants
C) Antipsychotics
D) Antidepressants

Question 63

Evidence suggests that the earliest attempts at psychosurgery involved

A) lobotomies.
B) trepanation.
C) canalization.
D) cauterization.

Question 64

Dr. Tran, a pediatric psychiatrist, cautions colleagues against prescribing stimulants for long-term use to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder because of the risk of

A) addiction.
B) growth suppression.
C) suicidal thoughts.
D) ataxia.

Question 65

The use of stimulants to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was discovered by Charles Bradley, who initially used the drugs to treat a group of children hospitalized for

A) major depressive disorder.
B) learning and behavior problems.
C) sleep disturbances.
D) somatic symptom disorders.

Question 66

What is a major advantage of deep brain stimulation over psychosurgery?

A) It does not require surgery.
B) It is reversible.
C) It is more cost effective.
D) It is nearly always effective.

Question 67

Recent medical school graduate Dr. Boykin is undertaking his psychiatry residency with Dr. Stone, an expert in repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the possible placebo effects associated with rTMS. If the research results indicate the same findings as Figure 15.8, it could be concluded that

A) there is a strong placebo affect associated with rTMS in the late phases of treatment.
B) rTMS did not result in any changes associated with treatment.
C) there are no placebo effects associated with rTMS.
D) there is a strong placebo affect associated with rTMS in the early phases of treatment.

Question 68

Neurofeedback appears to be promising in the treatment of

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder and autism spectrum disorder.
C) major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.
D) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy.

Question 69

Because of the severity and lifelong nature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), parents of children with ASD are especially vulnerable to cures that have little support in research. What is an example of one of these so-called cures?

A) Fish oil supplements
B) Hypothermic exposure
C) Hyperbaric oxygen treatment
D) Nitric oxide infusions

Question 70

Who popularized the use of frontal lobotomies in the United States by performing the procedure on thousands of individuals between the 1930s and 1950s?

A) Egas Moniz
B) Ken Kesey
C) Walter Freeman
D) John Fulton

Question 71

Following observations of mood changes in people undergoing deep brain stimulation through surgically implanted electrodes for the relief of _____, physicians attempted to use that procedure for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression.

A) autism spectrum disorder
B) Huntington's disease
C) Lou Gehrig's disease
D) Parkinson's disease

Question 72

Dr. Shariff meets with a new patient, Dalia, to discuss performing deep brain stimulation for the treatment of her severe depression. Her doctor describes the technique to Dalia and explains that microelectrodes will be placed in Dalia's

A) nucleus accumbens.
B) basal ganglia.
C) hippocampus.
D) substantia nigra.

Question 73

Seth and Azura's 2-year-old son, Enos, was recently diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. They meet with a child psychologist, Dr. Silver, who recommends applied behavior analysis for Enos. Dr. Silver explains that applied behavior analysis is not a quick fix for autism spectrum disorder, but that Enos will likely show the greatest improvement in

A) daily functioning.
B) his IQ.
C) emotional regulation.
D) language acquisition.

Question 74

Frontal lobotomies were performed well into the 1960s, despite the fact that damage to the frontal lobe can severely impair a person's

A) circadian rhythm.
B) motor abilities.
C) judgment.
D) memory.

Question 75

A nonsurgical alternative to deep brain stimulation is repeated

A) ionic pulse stimulation.
B) cerebral current stimulation.
C) transcranial magnetic stimulation.
D) neuropenetrative laser stimulation.

Question 76

ECT results in the induction of

A) seizures.
B) transient ischemic attacks.
C) dystonia.
D) cataplexy.

Question 77

What is the goal of neurofeedback?

A) To train the brain to react automatically to specific external cues
B) To have internal emotional states match external physiological cues
C) To ignite instinctive impulses that have been repressed by societal norms
D) To help keep measures of brain activity within a certain range

Question 78

After several failed attempts at treating major depressive episodes over the years, Patrick contemplates undergoing ECT. He discusses this with his doctor, who warns him that ECT can lead to _____, which can last for at least 6 months after the procedure is completed.

A) insomnia
B) memory loss
C) increased anxiety
D) aggressive behavior

Question 79

Although the exact mode of action of ECT is currently unknown, most patients experience an increase in responsiveness to

A) serotonin and acetylcholine.
B) dopamine and acetylcholine.
C) serotonin and norepinephrine.
D) dopamine and norepinephrine.

Question 80

While working on her family history, Angelique is surprised to find out that her great uncle was treated for a mental disorder with a frontal lobotomy well into the 1960s. Since that time in her family's history,

A) laws were passed banning the procedure.
B) victims' advocate groups brought national attention to the issue.
C) the use of medications for psychological disorders became an established practice.
D) numerous malpractice suits deterred doctors from performing the procedure.