Deck 20: Nutrition and Diabetes Mellitus

Question 1

Prediabetes is diagnosed when a person has a fasting blood glucose level that falls between 100 and 125 mg/dL.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

In severe cases of diabetic ketoacidosis, blood glucose levels can exceed 1000 mg/dL.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

If a person does not produce sufficient insulin, he is more likely to develop:

A) hyperglycemia.
B) poor appetite.
C) low albumin levels.
D) hypoglycemia.
E) ketoacidosis.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Development of type 2 diabetes is closely associated with overweight and obesity.

Question 5

The primary cause of type 2 diabetes is autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas.

Question 6

Clinical trials have demonstrated that intensive treatment can keep blood glucose levels tightly controlled and reduce the incidence and severity of the chronic complications of diabetes.

Question 7

Close monitoring of glucose levels is especially important for the pregnant woman with diabetes.

Question 8

Acetone breath is a characteristic symptom of hypoglycemia.

Question 9

Physical activity has not been shown to aid blood glucose control in people with type 1 diabetes.

Question 10

Claudication is a symptom of diabetes that often develops because of polyuria.

Question 11

The hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome is usually a complication of type 2 diabetes.

Question 12

It is appropriate for clients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes to take oral antidiabetic agents and forego recommended dietary changes.

Question 13

Excessive urine production is known as:

A) polydipsia.
B) polyuria.
C) ketonuria.
D) glycosuria.
E) polyphagia.

Question 14

Diabetes mellitus describes a group of metabolic disorders characterized by:

A) elevated blood glucose.
B) low hemoglobin.
C) accelerated intestinal transit.
D) lactose intolerance.
E) poor iron absorption.

Question 15

Which is a symptom of diabetes mellitus?

A) high blood pressure
B) blurred vision
C) frequent urination
D) mouth sores
E) hair loss

Question 16

Both the blood and the urine can be checked for the presence of ketones.

Question 17

Obesity alone can cause some degree of insulin resistance.

Question 18

When the plasma glucose concentration rises above about _____ mg/dL, it exceeds the renal threshold, the concentration at which the kidneys begin to pass glucose into the urine.

A) 60
B) 120
C) 140
D) 175
E) 200

Question 19

Chronic complications of diabetes typically affect the blood vessels and the bones.

Question 20

Routine checks for microalbuminuria help to determine whether diabetes is affecting the eyes.

Question 21

In treated diabetes, hypoglycemia is a possible complication of:

A) overeating.
B) insulin deficiency.
C) eating too many carbohydrates.
D) inappropriate disease management.
E) fluid overload.

Question 22

What food represents one 15 g portion of a carbohydrate for a diabetic patient?

A) 2 slices of bread
B) 3 oz of yogurt
C) 1 cup cooked pasta
D) 1 large baked potato
E) 2/3 cup of ice cream

Question 23

Type 1 diabetes accounts for ____ percent of diabetes cases.

A) 1 to 5
B) 5 to 10
C) 12 to 15
D) 18 to 20
E) 25 to 30

Question 24

Diabetic ketoacidosis is most likely manifested as:

A) blood pH over 7.45.
B) ketonuria.
C) blood glucose levels less than 80 mg/dL.
D) heart rate over 110 bpm.
E) musty breath odor.

Question 25

In diabetic nephropathy, damage to the kidneys' specialized capillaries prevents adequate blood filtration, resulting in:

A) ketonuria.
B) elevated blood glucose levels.
C) polyuria.
D) an increase in nitrogenous waste excretion.
E) albuminuria.

Question 26

The recommended carbohydrate intake for adults with diabetes is based on a person's:

A) height
B) waist circumference
C) cholesterol levels
D) metabolic needs
E) albumin levels

Question 27

The fructosamine test is used to determine:

A) average blood glucose over the preceding 120 days.
B) the average amount of urinary protein.
C) the level of fructose in the blood.
D) the presence of ketones in the blood.
E) glycemic control for the preceding two weeks.

Question 28

A disadvantage of intensive therapy for type 2 diabetes is:

A) a greater risk of severe hypoglycemia.
B) greater expense due to lack of insurance reimbursement.
C) fewer incidences of severe hypoglycemia.
D) more rapid progression of chronic complications.
E) an increased risk of weight loss and wasting.

Question 29

Good glycemic control requires:

A) eating small amounts of food.
B) restricting carbohydrate in the diet.
C) self-monitoring of blood glucose.
D) frequent visits to the doctor.
E) reduced physical activity and exercise.

Question 30

By the time symptoms of type 1 diabetes develop, damage to the beta cells has often occurred and the first sign of the disease is:

A) hyperglycemia .
B) hypoglycemia.
C) high blood lipids.
D) microalbuminuria.
E) elevated hemoglobin A_1C.

Question 31

A patient with diabetes is allowed 60 grams of carbohydrate for lunch. This equals _____ portions of carbohydrate foods.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
E) 6

Question 32

What describes the basic principles of carbohydrate counting to plan a diabetic diet?

A) The patient follows a set schedule of when to eat.
B) The patient can have most carbohydrates but must avoid artificial sweeteners.
C) The patient can eat when he wants but must only eat certain foods.
D) The patient has freedom to choose foods based on preference.
E) The patient must count carbohydrates but typically has few limits on fat and protein intake.

Question 33

Type 2 diabetes is most closely associated with:

A) autoimmune diseases.
B) environmental toxins.
C) destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
D) viral infection.
E) insulin resistance.

Question 34

The diet for diabetes should provide less than _____ percent of saturated fat per day.

A) 2
B) 5
C) 10
D) 25
E) 30

Question 35

What type of insulin has the most rapid onset of action?

A) Lispro
B) Regular
C) Lente
D) NPH
E) Glargine

Question 36

Which insulin has the longest duration of action?

A) Glulisine
B) Regular
C) NPH
D) Aspart
E) Detemir

Question 37

Type 2 diabetes often goes undiagnosed in overweight children and teens because:

A) their glucose levels vary with their stage of growth.
B) there are frequently no symptoms.
C) blood glucose tests are not accurate in children and teens.
D) their lifestyles are not conducive to screening for the disease.
E) they have other nutrient deficiencies that mask their symptoms.

Question 38

The leading cause of death in people with diabetes is:

A) cardiovascular disease.
B) infection.
C) injury.
D) stroke.
E) cancer.

Question 39

An appropriate goal for HbA_1C in adult diabetic patients is:

A)
B) >6%.
C)
D)
E)

Question 40

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome leads to profoundly high levels of blood glucose, mainly due to:

A) insulin resistance.
B) inappropriate glucagon production.
C) increased urine output.
D) dehydration.
E) vitamin K deficiency.

Question 41

The mode of action of sulfonylureas is to:

A) stimulate insulin secretion by the pancreas.
B) decrease insulin resistance.
C) improve glucose utilization.
D) delay carbohydrate digestion and absorption.
E) delay stomach emptying.

Question 42

A 60-year-old client, Mr. Hummel, has had type 2 DM for several years. Because of a change in insurance coverage, Mr. Hummel changes doctors and at his first appointment, a comprehensive medical exam and dietary history are performed. At the next few appointments, the certified diabetes educator, a registered dietitian, takes a full dietary history. Mr. Hummel works part-time in a seasonal sporting goods store, having retired last year after 35 years working for a manufacturing plant as a supervisor. He is married to a nurse who works full-time. He does most of the cooking and grocery shopping. He and his wife go for walks on weekends, but he does not exercise otherwise, except for doing chores around the house and occasional yard work or gardening. He is 5'9" tall and weighs 196  lbs., though when his diabetes was initially diagnosed, he weighed more.
Mr. Hummel is interested in weight reduction, especially if it will help him manage his blood glucose, and provides the following 24-hour food recall that typifies how he usually eats:
Breakfast (eats after taking morning blood glucose):   Pancakes with diet syrup or a bowl of cereal (usually corn flakes, Chex, or instant oatmeal) with Sweet 'N' Low and nonfat milk. Drinks coffee throughout the day starting at breakfast with two nondairy coffee creamer packets per cup. May or may not have 4 oz. of 100% fruit juice depending on hunger.
Lunch (eats after taking afternoon blood glucose):   Sandwich (rye or wheat bread), deck of cards-size portion of lunch meat (salami, ham, bologna, turkey, or chicken) with thinly spread mayonnaise; coffee with nondairy creamers. May or may not eat a can of soup (cream of tomato, cream of chicken, or Italian wedding soup) instead of a sandwich, with two slices of buttered rye or wheat bread.
Afternoon Snack:   Canned fruit or occasionally a cookie, doughnut, a piece of pizza, or a treat, depending on availability, hunger, blood sugar, and situation. Drinks coffee with nondairy coffee creamer. Usually also has a glass of ice water before dinner.
Dinner (eats after taking evening blood glucose):   Roast beef, meat loaf, steak, or another red meat; occasionally eats poultry or fish-approximate amount 8 oz.; plain baked potato, au gratin potatoes, or boiled buttered potatoes; a salad with bottled salad dressing or a vegetable, such as canned green beans; and a slice of rye or wheat bread with butter. May use ketchup, steak sauce, salt, and pepper. Drinks water with dinner.
Evening Snack:   Varies-may eat a few handfuls of a bagged snack food, such as Doritos; a bag of buttered microwave popcorn; or cookies.
Labs are as follows:
Fasting glucose: 140-150 mg/dL
Glucose one to two hours after mealtime: 200 mg/dL
Average bedtime glucose: 152 mg/dL
Glycosylated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A _1C ): 7.5%
 
The CDE teaches Mr. Hummel how to reduce his kcalories by increasing high-fiber foods in place of foods such as bagged snack chips. A higher intake of fiber could also:

A) increase his glycemic control.
B) increase the glycemic index of his diet.
C) increase his glycosylated hemoglobin.
D) increase his blood glucose.
E) increase his bedtime glucose levels.

Question 43

Jared Joiner is a 56-year-old African American insurance agent. He is single, eats most meals at restaurants, and leads a sedentary lifestyle. He is 5'9" tall and weighs 204 pounds. Mr. Joiner has been feeling particularly fatigued lately and decided to make an appointment with his physician for a check-up. The results of his laboratory tests include a fasting blood glucose level of 121 mg/dL.
Four months after his initial exam, Mr. Joiner returns to his physician for a follow-up appointment. He has lost 10 pounds, but his fasting blood glucose level is now 131 mg/dL. Mr. Joiner's prediabetes has progressed to:

A) type 1 diabetes.
B) type 2 diabetes.
C) gestational diabetes.
D) hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome.
E) impaired glucose tolerance.

Question 44

Metabolic syndrome consists of a cluster of disorders that increases the risk of developing:

A) kidney  disease.
B) Type 2 diabetes.
C) gout.
D) renal failure.
E) COPD.

Question 45

Uncontrolled diabetes during pregnancy is most likely linked to what complication?

A) prematurity
B) i nfant macrosomia
C) p lacental abruption
D) u terine prolapse
E) p lacenta previa

Question 46

Jared Joiner is a 56-year-old African American insurance agent. He is single, eats most meals at restaurants, and leads a sedentary lifestyle. He is 5'9" tall and weighs 204 pounds. Mr. Joiner has been feeling particularly fatigued lately and decided to make an appointment with his physician for a check-up. The results of his laboratory tests include a fasting blood glucose level of 121 mg/dL.
The simplest and most flexible approach to teaching Mr. Joiner the principles of the diet for optimal management of his blood glucose level is:

A) carbohydrate counting.
B) the exchange lists.
C) MyPlate.
D) a high-protein diet plan.
E) portion control.

Question 47

Though the exact cause of metabolic syndrome is unknown, it is believed to be associated with:

A) poverty.
B) chronic kidney disease.
C) hypoglycemia.
D) liver disease.
E) obesity.

Question 48

A 60-year-old client, Mr. Hummel, has had type 2 DM for several years. Because of a change in insurance coverage, Mr. Hummel changes doctors and at his first appointment, a comprehensive medical exam and dietary history are performed. At the next few appointments, the certified diabetes educator, a registered dietitian, takes a full dietary history. Mr. Hummel works part-time in a seasonal sporting goods store, having retired last year after 35 years working for a manufacturing plant as a supervisor. He is married to a nurse who works full-time. He does most of the cooking and grocery shopping. He and his wife go for walks on weekends, but he does not exercise otherwise, except for doing chores around the house and occasional yard work or gardening. He is 5'9" tall and weighs 196  lbs., though when his diabetes was initially diagnosed, he weighed more.
Mr. Hummel is interested in weight reduction, especially if it will help him manage his blood glucose, and provides the following 24-hour food recall that typifies how he usually eats:
Breakfast (eats after taking morning blood glucose):   Pancakes with diet syrup or a bowl of cereal (usually corn flakes, Chex, or instant oatmeal) with Sweet 'N' Low and nonfat milk. Drinks coffee throughout the day starting at breakfast with two nondairy coffee creamer packets per cup. May or may not have 4 oz. of 100% fruit juice depending on hunger.
Lunch (eats after taking afternoon blood glucose):   Sandwich (rye or wheat bread), deck of cards-size portion of lunch meat (salami, ham, bologna, turkey, or chicken) with thinly spread mayonnaise; coffee with nondairy creamers. May or may not eat a can of soup (cream of tomato, cream of chicken, or Italian wedding soup) instead of a sandwich, with two slices of buttered rye or wheat bread.
Afternoon Snack:   Canned fruit or occasionally a cookie, doughnut, a piece of pizza, or a treat, depending on availability, hunger, blood sugar, and situation. Drinks coffee with nondairy coffee creamer. Usually also has a glass of ice water before dinner.
Dinner (eats after taking evening blood glucose):   Roast beef, meat loaf, steak, or another red meat; occasionally eats poultry or fish-approximate amount 8 oz.; plain baked potato, au gratin potatoes, or boiled buttered potatoes; a salad with bottled salad dressing or a vegetable, such as canned green beans; and a slice of rye or wheat bread with butter. May use ketchup, steak sauce, salt, and pepper. Drinks water with dinner.
Evening Snack:   Varies-may eat a few handfuls of a bagged snack food, such as Doritos; a bag of buttered microwave popcorn; or cookies.
Labs are as follows:
Fasting glucose: 140-150 mg/dL
Glucose one to two hours after mealtime: 200 mg/dL
Average bedtime glucose: 152 mg/dL
Glycosylated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A _1C ): 7.5%
 
Mr. Hummel's BMI indicates he is _____, which likely affects his blood glucose control.

A) underweight
B) at his healthy weight
C) normal, with increased muscle tissue
D) overweight
E) obese

Question 49

Which group of symptoms is characteristic of the metabolic syndrome?

A) hyperglycemia , abdominal obesity, reduced HDL cholesterol levels
B) hypertension, hypoglycemia, abdominal obesity
C) elevated liver enzymes, insulin resistance, microalbuminuria
D) polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
E) urinary retention, excess sweating, edema

Question 50

Nursing Exam Review Multiple Choice Sam is an African-American male who is obese and has a family history of diabetes. The nurse recognizes that Sam has _____ of the major risk factors for type 2 diabetes.

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
E) 4

Question 51

Jared Joiner is a 56-year-old African American insurance agent. He is single, eats most meals at restaurants, and leads a sedentary lifestyle. He is 5'9" tall and weighs 204 pounds. Mr. Joiner has been feeling particularly fatigued lately and decided to make an appointment with his physician for a check-up. The results of his laboratory tests include a fasting blood glucose level of 121 mg/dL.
Mr. Joiner's blood glucose level meets the criteria for a diagnosis of:

A) type 1 diabetes.
B) type 2 diabetes.
C) prediabetes.
D) ketoacidosis.
E) impaired glycemic control.

Question 52

Nursing Exam Review Multiple Choice The nurse recognizes that the diabetic client understands the principles of her diet when she states:

A) "I need to restrict my carbohydrate intake and avoid concentrated sweets."
B) "I need to first lose weight before making changes in my carbohydrate intake."
C) "I need to eat about the same amount of carbohydrate at about the same time each day."
D) "I need to restrict my carbohydrate and fat intakes, but increase my protein intake."
E) "I need to severely limit my fat intake and choose only complex carbohydrates."

Question 53

Those taking _____ should avoid excessive alcohol intake because it may interact with these drugs to cause lactic acidosis.

A) alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
B) sulfonylureas
C) thiazolidinediones
D) biguanides
E) meglitinides

Question 54

Nursing Exam Review Multiple Choice A patient with diabetes asks the nurse for ice cream. The nurse is aware that this will count as a carbohydrate portion, and the amount that equals one portion is:

A) ¹ /₄ cup.
B) ¹ /₃ cup.
C) ¹ /₂ cup.
D) 1 cup.
E) 2 cups.

Question 55

Women with gestational diabetes who are overweight or obese should be encouraged to:

A) engage in vigorous exercise.
B) adjust carbohydrate intake to less than 45 percent of daily kcalories.
C) increase fluid intake to offset additional kcalories.
D) limit protein intake to 5 percent of daily kcalories.
E) lose weight through kcalorie reduction.

Question 56

Jared Joiner is a 56-year-old African American insurance agent. He is single, eats most meals at restaurants, and leads a sedentary lifestyle. He is 5'9" tall and weighs 204 pounds. Mr. Joiner has been feeling particularly fatigued lately and decided to make an appointment with his physician for a check-up. The results of his laboratory tests include a fasting blood glucose level of 121 mg/dL.
What recommendation to help Mr. Joiner reduce his risk of developing diabetes is most likely to be effective?

A) "Lose about 20 percent of your current body weight."
B) "Increase your physical activity."
C) "Choose low-sodium foods at restaurants."
D) "Learn to cook."
E) "Try to decrease your waist measurement by 6 inches."

Question 57

A 60-year-old client, Mr. Hummel, has had type 2 DM for several years. Because of a change in insurance coverage, Mr. Hummel changes doctors and at his first appointment, a comprehensive medical exam and dietary history are performed. At the next few appointments, the certified diabetes educator, a registered dietitian, takes a full dietary history. Mr. Hummel works part-time in a seasonal sporting goods store, having retired last year after 35 years working for a manufacturing plant as a supervisor. He is married to a nurse who works full-time. He does most of the cooking and grocery shopping. He and his wife go for walks on weekends, but he does not exercise otherwise, except for doing chores around the house and occasional yard work or gardening. He is 5'9" tall and weighs 196  lbs., though when his diabetes was initially diagnosed, he weighed more.
Mr. Hummel is interested in weight reduction, especially if it will help him manage his blood glucose, and provides the following 24-hour food recall that typifies how he usually eats:
Breakfast (eats after taking morning blood glucose):   Pancakes with diet syrup or a bowl of cereal (usually corn flakes, Chex, or instant oatmeal) with Sweet 'N' Low and nonfat milk. Drinks coffee throughout the day starting at breakfast with two nondairy coffee creamer packets per cup. May or may not have 4 oz. of 100% fruit juice depending on hunger.
Lunch (eats after taking afternoon blood glucose):   Sandwich (rye or wheat bread), deck of cards-size portion of lunch meat (salami, ham, bologna, turkey, or chicken) with thinly spread mayonnaise; coffee with nondairy creamers. May or may not eat a can of soup (cream of tomato, cream of chicken, or Italian wedding soup) instead of a sandwich, with two slices of buttered rye or wheat bread.
Afternoon Snack:   Canned fruit or occasionally a cookie, doughnut, a piece of pizza, or a treat, depending on availability, hunger, blood sugar, and situation. Drinks coffee with nondairy coffee creamer. Usually also has a glass of ice water before dinner.
Dinner (eats after taking evening blood glucose):   Roast beef, meat loaf, steak, or another red meat; occasionally eats poultry or fish-approximate amount 8 oz.; plain baked potato, au gratin potatoes, or boiled buttered potatoes; a salad with bottled salad dressing or a vegetable, such as canned green beans; and a slice of rye or wheat bread with butter. May use ketchup, steak sauce, salt, and pepper. Drinks water with dinner.
Evening Snack:   Varies-may eat a few handfuls of a bagged snack food, such as Doritos; a bag of buttered microwave popcorn; or cookies.
Labs are as follows:
Fasting glucose: 140-150 mg/dL
Glucose one to two hours after mealtime: 200 mg/dL
Average bedtime glucose: 152 mg/dL
Glycosylated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A _1C ): 7.5%
 
Mr. Hummel had been taking oral hypoglycemic agents for three months prior to this visit. Based on his _____ measurement, his glycemic control over this period needed improvement.

A) glycemic index
B) hemoglobin A_1C
C) weight
D) fasting glucose
E) post-prandial glucose

Question 58

A 60-year-old client, Mr. Hummel, has had type 2 DM for several years. Because of a change in insurance coverage, Mr. Hummel changes doctors and at his first appointment, a comprehensive medical exam and dietary history are performed. At the next few appointments, the certified diabetes educator, a registered dietitian, takes a full dietary history. Mr. Hummel works part-time in a seasonal sporting goods store, having retired last year after 35 years working for a manufacturing plant as a supervisor. He is married to a nurse who works full-time. He does most of the cooking and grocery shopping. He and his wife go for walks on weekends, but he does not exercise otherwise, except for doing chores around the house and occasional yard work or gardening. He is 5'9" tall and weighs 196  lbs., though when his diabetes was initially diagnosed, he weighed more.
Mr. Hummel is interested in weight reduction, especially if it will help him manage his blood glucose, and provides the following 24-hour food recall that typifies how he usually eats:
Breakfast (eats after taking morning blood glucose):   Pancakes with diet syrup or a bowl of cereal (usually corn flakes, Chex, or instant oatmeal) with Sweet 'N' Low and nonfat milk. Drinks coffee throughout the day starting at breakfast with two nondairy coffee creamer packets per cup. May or may not have 4 oz. of 100% fruit juice depending on hunger.
Lunch (eats after taking afternoon blood glucose):   Sandwich (rye or wheat bread), deck of cards-size portion of lunch meat (salami, ham, bologna, turkey, or chicken) with thinly spread mayonnaise; coffee with nondairy creamers. May or may not eat a can of soup (cream of tomato, cream of chicken, or Italian wedding soup) instead of a sandwich, with two slices of buttered rye or wheat bread.
Afternoon Snack:   Canned fruit or occasionally a cookie, doughnut, a piece of pizza, or a treat, depending on availability, hunger, blood sugar, and situation. Drinks coffee with nondairy coffee creamer. Usually also has a glass of ice water before dinner.
Dinner (eats after taking evening blood glucose):   Roast beef, meat loaf, steak, or another red meat; occasionally eats poultry or fish-approximate amount 8 oz.; plain baked potato, au gratin potatoes, or boiled buttered potatoes; a salad with bottled salad dressing or a vegetable, such as canned green beans; and a slice of rye or wheat bread with butter. May use ketchup, steak sauce, salt, and pepper. Drinks water with dinner.
Evening Snack:   Varies-may eat a few handfuls of a bagged snack food, such as Doritos; a bag of buttered microwave popcorn; or cookies.
Labs are as follows:
Fasting glucose: 140-150 mg/dL
Glucose one to two hours after mealtime: 200 mg/dL
Average bedtime glucose: 152 mg/dL
Glycosylated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A _1C ): 7.5%
 
Which macronutrient distribution is appropriate for Mr. Hummel's daily diet?

A) 20-35% kcalories from total fat
B) 45-65% kcalories from protein
C) 30% kcalories from carbohydrate
D) 25% kcalories from protein
E) 45-65% kcalories from fat

Question 59

Jared Joiner is a 56-year-old African American insurance agent. He is single, eats most meals at restaurants, and leads a sedentary lifestyle. He is 5'9" tall and weighs 204 pounds. Mr. Joiner has been feeling particularly fatigued lately and decided to make an appointment with his physician for a check-up. The results of his laboratory tests include a fasting blood glucose level of 121 mg/dL.
How many of his risk factors for type 2 diabetes can Mr. Joiner control?

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
E) 4

Question 60

The progression of metabolic syndrome is worsened by:

A) a sedentary lifestyle.
B) a low-carbohydrate diet.
C) low blood lipids.
D) drug therapy.
E) caffeine intake.

Question 61

Nursing Exam Review Multiple Choice An Hispanic pregnant woman is visiting the community clinic for her first prenatal visit. She has a family history of diabetes, she is obese, and her last baby weighed 9 pounds, 8 ounces. The nurse realizes that she is at risk for:

A) poor weight gain.
B) gestational diabetes.
C) anemia.
D) malnutrition.
E) preeclampsia.

Question 63

Describe the different methods of insulin delivery.

Question 64

Nursing Exam Review Multiple Choice The nurse is counseling a young athlete with type 1 diabetes. The nurse knows that the athlete understands the instructions when he verbalizes:

A) "If my blood sugar is below 100 before practice, I should consume some carbohydrate before beginning."
B) "I should drink plenty of Gatorade during practice."
C) "I don't need to check my blood sugar during practice."
D) "I should not eat during practice."
E) "I won't eat before, but I should definitely eat after practice."

Question 65

Describe the nutrition therapy for an overweight woman with gestational diabetes.

Question 66

Nursing Exam Review Multiple Choice A patient's blood glucose log shows several episodes of hyperglycemia upon rising in the morning. The nurse explains that this is:

A) due to taking too much insulin
B) caused by eating too much protein.
C) called the dawn phenomenon.
D) known as the evening effect.
E) normal and needs no treatment.

Question 67

Nursing Exam Review Multiple Choice A patient with type 1 diabetes  typically needs _____doses of daily insulin injections.

A) 1-2
B) 3-4
C) 5-6
D) 7-8
E) 9-10

Question 68

Nursing Exam Review Multiple Choice Which compound(s) formed in the body during diabetes alters protein structures and stimulate damaging metabolic pathways?

A) sorbitol
B) glycophosphate
C) advanced glycation end products
D) low-density lipoproteins
E) fructosamine

Question 69

Nursing Exam Review Multiple Choice An obese patient with type 2 diabetes wants to begin an exercise program. The nurse recommends that the patient:

A) start by walking 30 minutes a day.
B) join a gym.
C) hire a personal trainer.
D) seek a medical evaluation.
E) set a goal, such as training for a marathon.

Question 70

Identify the acute complications of diabetes and explain why they occur.

Question 71

Nursing Exam Review Multiple Choice For which person would intensive insulin therapy be inappropriate?

A) a  patient with type 1 diabetes
B) a  patient with a limited life expectancy
C) a  patient with co-occurring kidney disease
D) a  patient who needs short-acting insulin
E) a  patient who is newly diagnosed with diabetes

Question 72

What is the "honeymoon period" associated with diabetes treatment?

Question 73

Describe hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome and its potential complications for the diabetic patient.

Question 74

Nursing Exam Review Multiple Choice What type of insulin dosage would be adjusted to better cover a diabetic patient's needs between meals and overnight?

A) meal-time insulin
B) basal insulin
C) overnight insulin
D) oral insulin
E) post-prandial insulin

Question 75

Nursing Exam Review Multiple Choice A 12-year-old girl is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes and is placed on insulin. Her mother expresses concern that her daughter will refuse to give herself injections. The nurse reassures the mother that:

A) she will only need a single injection daily, so the mother can do it.
B) a pump to administer the insulin without syringes is available.
C) insulin is available in pill form.
D) she can still regulate her blood glucose levels if she misses insulin doses at times.
E) type 1 diabetes does not need to be managed with exogenous insulin.

Question 76

Nursing Exam Review Multiple Choice The nurse teaches a newly diagnosed diabetic patient to treat an episode of hypoglycemia by:

A) 3 pieces hard candy .
B) drinking a 12-oz. soda.
C) eating an apple.
D) sucking slowly on a hard candy.
E) drinking an energy drink.