Deck 21: Nutrition and Cardiovascular Diseases

Question 1

The number of deaths from CVD is greater among men than women.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Adaptive utensils and adequate training enable some people with feeding disabilities to be independent.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A person who needs to restrict her sodium intake because of hypertension should avoid foods such as cottage cheese, American cheese, and Parmesan cheese.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Clinical studies suggest that an overweight hypertensive individual can reduce his blood pressure by losing weight.

Question 5

Deprivation of oxygen and nutrients to the heart can cause a myocardial infarction.

Question 6

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide.

Question 7

Researchers have determined that chronic inflammation promotes the development of atherosclerosis.

Question 8

The plaque that develops from atherosclerosis is made up of:

A) red blood cells.
B) high-density lipoproteins.
C) fibrous connective tissue.
D) white blood cells.
E) enzymes.

Question 9

Several of the major risk factors for CHD can be modified by diet and activity.

Question 10

The primary dietary recommendation for heart failure is protein restriction in those using diuretics .

Question 11

In order to assess a person's risk for CHD, a complete lipoprotein profile should be obtained every five years beginning at age:

A) 15.
B) 20.
C) 35.
D) 45.
E) 50.

Question 12

The most common cause of an aneurysm is high blood pressure.

Question 13

Atherosclerosis is dangerous to arterial function because:

A) it causes decreased blood pressure on artery walls.
B) it increases arterial elasticity.
C) it narrows the arterial lumen so a clot can easily block it.
D) it changes the heart rate.
E) it diminishes central circulation while increasing circulation to the extremities.

Question 14

Cardiac cachexia associated with heart failure most often develops due to increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and an elevated metabolic rate.

Question 15

Ischemia refers to a deficiency of blood and oxygen delivery to the tissues.

Question 16

Diseases of the heart and blood vessels are collectively referred to as:

A) coronary artery disease.
B) cardiovascular disease.
C) coronary heart disease.
D) ischemic heart disease.
E) coronary vessel disease.

Question 17

The risk of atherosclerosis increases with which factor(s)?

A) smoking
B) exercise
C) hypotension
D) excess sun exposure
E) insufficient vaccinations

Question 18

Short-lived ischemic strokes (TIAs) are a warning sign that a more severe stroke may follow, and they need to be evaluated and treated quickly.

Question 19

People with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes often have elevated LDL and VLDL levels, and low HDL levels.

Question 20

The DASH diet is useful for treating hypertension and also reduces the risk of CHD.

Question 21

Low levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are:

A) affiliated with hypertension and hemorrhagic stroke.
B) associated with underweight.
C) not a good predictor of CHD risk.
D) more prevalent in females.
E) highly predictive of CHD risk.

Question 22

Compared to the typical American diet, the DASH diet provides

A) more fruits and vegetables.
B) fewer dairy products.
C) fewer whole grains.
D) more meat and poultry.
E) more saturated fats.

Question 23

In persons who are obese, weight reduction can improve such CHD risk factors as hypertension, blood lipid abnormalities, and:

A) damage from cigarette smoking.
B) inflammation.
C) gastrointestinal motility disorders.
D) blood clots.
E) insulin resistance.

Question 24

For individuals with elevated LDL, current guidelines suggest limiting saturated fat intake to less than _____ percent of the total kcalories consumed.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 5
D) 7
E) 10

Question 25

How much fish does the American Heart Association recommend consuming per week to minimize the risk of CHD?

A) one or more servings of fatty fish
B) two or more servings of fatty fish
C) three or more servings of fatty fish
D) two servings of fatty fish or one fish oil supplement
E) four servings of fatty fish or one fish oil supplement

Question 26

Reducing the amount of trans fats in the diet is an effective method of decreasing the risk of CHD. Which food is most likely a source of trans fats?

A) whole milk
B) fatty fish
C) ice cream
D) hot dogs
E) p otato chips

Question 27

Clinical trials have shown that a daily intake of _____ grams of fish oil supplements (EPA and DHA combined) taken under the supervision of a physician may lower triglyceride levels.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
E) 12

Question 28

Hemorrhagic strokes occur in _____ percent of cases and result from bleeding within the brain.

A) 8
B) 13
C) 46
D) 61
E) 87

Question 29

What dietary factor raises triglyceride levels?

A) h igh refined carbohydrate intake
B) l ow soluble fiber intake
C) high protein intake
D) low fat intake
E) high iron intake

Question 30

Severe malnutrition that develops as a consequence of heart failure is called:

A) cardiomyopathy.
B) cardiomegaly.
C) cardiac cachexia.
D) tachycardia.
E) endocarditis.

Question 31

A patient who is following a low-sodium diet should avoid:

A) canned fruit.
B) fresh meat.
C) tomato-based products.
D) milk.
E) tortillas.

Question 32

Desirable resting systolic blood pressure for adults is

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Question 33

What type of drug therapy may be given immediately after a heart attack?

A) thrombolytic drugs
B) antibiotics
C) diuretics
D) antilipemic drugs
E) corticosteroids

Question 34

Foods or supplements that contain significant amounts of plant sterols can help to lower LDL cholesterol levels by:

A) interfering with cholesterol and bile absorption.
B) reducing cholesterol synthesis in the liver.
C) suppressing inflammation.
D) reducing blood clotting.
E) replacing intake of total cholesterol.

Question 35

Plant stanols and sterols that help to lower LDL are often added to food products such as:

A) margarine.
B) bread.
C) milk.
D) cereal.
E) yogurt.

Question 36

A common side effect of diuretic medications is:

A) urinary tract infection.
B) nausea.
C) increased taste perception.
D) increased appetite.
E) dry mouth.

Question 37

What outcome from a stroke would most likely affect a patient's nutrition status?

A) h eadache
B) b reathing difficulties
C) d ysphagia
D) u rinary retention
E) c onfusion

Question 38

What best describes a component of the DASH diet for a person who needs 2000 kcal/day?

A) 10-11 servings of grain
B) 6 servings of vegetables
C) 9 oz. or less of meat or poultry
D) 4 servings of fats and oils
E) 2-3 servings of dairy products

Question 39

What has been shown to increase the effectiveness of the DASH diet?

A) l ow sodium intake
B) h igh protein intake
C) s upplements of the water-soluble vitamins
D) l ow potassium intake
E) i ron supplements

Question 40

Intake of which food currently contributes to about one-quarter of the cholesterol consumed in the U.S. diet?

A) c hicken
B) b eef
C) c heese
D) e ggs
E) i ce cream

Question 41

People with only one arm or hand may benefit from using a _____ when eating.

A) utensil holder
B) rocker knife
C) flexible straw
D) two-handed cup
E) dish with suction cups

Question 42

Carmen, age 34, has had hypertension since she was a teenager, as do many members of her immediate family. At a visit to the doctor one year ago after her twin brother had suffered an acute episode of hypertension requiring hospitalization, Carmen decided to seriously attempt to reduce her sodium and salt intakes. She has successfully mastered a low-sodium diet by: eliminating the use of a salt shaker; ordering fresh, no-salt-added foods in restaurants; avoiding salty condiments; avoiding ready-to-eat foods; and using herbs and salt-free seasonings. She has recently begun reading labels and following portions of the DASH diet. Her doctor tells her to expect a further reduction in her blood pressure if she can master the DASH diet.
Carmen discovers that the DASH diet contains more fiber and ____ compared to that of the typical American diet.

A) potassium
B) iron
C) vitamin D
D) sodium
E) vitamin C

Question 43

Based on her 24-hour recall, which dietary recommendation is appropriate for Mrs. Winslow if she is to lower her blood lipids with diet alone?

A) Eat more whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables.
B) Drink less milk and eat less ice cream.
C) Choose foods high in insoluble fibers.
D) Eat fewer carbohydrates and choose more high-protein foods.
E) Limit alcohol intake to no more than two drinks per day.

Question 44

Betsy Winslow is a 62-year-old retired school teacher. She is 5'3" tall and weighs 155 pounds. Mrs. Winslow is a member of a walking group that meets three mornings a week. She walks two miles each morning. After experiencing episodes of chest pain and shortness of breath when walking, she made an appointment to see her physician. Her laboratory results are as follows: total cholesterol: 251 mg/dL; HDL cholesterol: 47 mg/dL; LDL cholesterol: 146 mg/dL; triglycerides: 203 mg/dL. Mrs. Winslow's 24-hour recall reveals the following intake:
Breakfast: Scrambled eggs, bacon, toast with butter and jelly, 2% milk
Lunch: Hamburger pizza, salad with Italian dressing, Coke
Snack: 3 chocolate cookies, 2% milk
Dinner: Fried chicken, mashed potatoes and gravy, buttered corn on the cob, sweet tea, coconut cake
Snack: Ice cream
What level of risk would Mrs. Winslow's HDL level be classified as?

A) no risk
B) desirable
C) borderline risk
D) high risk
E) very high risk

Question 45

Betsy Winslow is a 62-year-old retired school teacher. She is 5'3" tall and weighs 155 pounds. Mrs. Winslow is a member of a walking group that meets three mornings a week. She walks two miles each morning. After experiencing episodes of chest pain and shortness of breath when walking, she made an appointment to see her physician. Her laboratory results are as follows: total cholesterol: 251 mg/dL; HDL cholesterol: 47 mg/dL; LDL cholesterol: 146 mg/dL; triglycerides: 203 mg/dL. Mrs. Winslow's 24-hour recall reveals the following intake:
Breakfast: Scrambled eggs, bacon, toast with butter and jelly, 2% milk
Lunch: Hamburger pizza, salad with Italian dressing, Coke
Snack: 3 chocolate cookies, 2% milk
Dinner: Fried chicken, mashed potatoes and gravy, buttered corn on the cob, sweet tea, coconut cake
Snack: Ice cream
How many diet-related major risk factors for coronary heart disease does Mrs. Winslow have?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 46

Which substance would most likely need to be restricted in patients with heart failure who use diuretics in order to help reduce fluid retention?

A) calcium
B) potassium
C) magnesium
D) chloride
E) sodium

Question 47

Nursing Exam Review Multiple Choice The nurse recognizes that an effective way to lower LDL cholesterol levels through meal preparation and intake is to:

A) use reduced-fat margarine.
B) use margarines made with plant sterols.
C) switch from butter to margarine.
D) use butter instead of margarine.
E) use solid vegetable shortening instead of margarine.

Question 48

Which team member works with the client to evaluate the need for special feeding devices and then teaches the client how to use the device?

A) speech-language pathologist
B) physical therapist
C) occupational therapist
D) dietitian
E) dietetic technician

Question 49

Nursing Exam Review Multiple Choice Mrs. Smith is a 59-year-old African-American female who is 5' 2" tall and weighs 180 pounds. She is a smoker who engages in no physical activity, and her diet history shows a high intake of saturated fat and sodium as well as excess kcalories. Her lipid profile shows elevated LDL and decreased levels of HDL. In order to raise her HDL levels, the nurse recommends that Mrs. Smith:

A) quit smoking.
B) control her blood pressure.
C) consume less sodium.
D) take fish oils.
E) monitor her blood glucose levels.

Question 50

Nursing Exam Review Multiple Choice The client asks the nurse about the effects of physical activity on CHD risk. The nurse should tell the patient that:

A) physical activity is not important in a program to reduce CHD risk.
B) weight training can dramatically raise HDL if undertaken regularly.
C) diet, rather than physical activity, should be the primary focus of reducing CHD risk.
D) diet is ineffective against CHD risk if physical activity is not included in lifestyle changes.
E) 30 minutes of moderate exercise on most days can reverse many risk factors for CHD.

Question 51

Betsy Winslow is a 62-year-old retired school teacher. She is 5'3" tall and weighs 155 pounds. Mrs. Winslow is a member of a walking group that meets three mornings a week. She walks two miles each morning. After experiencing episodes of chest pain and shortness of breath when walking, she made an appointment to see her physician. Her laboratory results are as follows: total cholesterol: 251 mg/dL; HDL cholesterol: 47 mg/dL; LDL cholesterol: 146 mg/dL; triglycerides: 203 mg/dL. Mrs. Winslow's 24-hour recall reveals the following intake:
Breakfast: Scrambled eggs, bacon, toast with butter and jelly, 2% milk
Lunch: Hamburger pizza, salad with Italian dressing, Coke
Snack: 3 chocolate cookies, 2% milk
Dinner: Fried chicken, mashed potatoes and gravy, buttered corn on the cob, sweet tea, coconut cake
Snack: Ice cream
To reduce her risk of CHD, Mrs. Winslow's LDL should be:

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Question 52

People with tremors, spasticity, and uneven or jerky movements may benefit from the use of:

A) a rocker knife.
B) a cutout plastic cup.
C) weighted utensils.
D) a battery-powered feeding machine.
E) a flexible straw.

Question 53

Nursing Exam Review Multiple Choice A nurse is working with a family who is concerned that their father is at risk of having a stroke. What is a risk factor for stroke that the nurse should include when educating this family?

A) m ale gender
B) p hysical inactivity
C) e levated HDL cholesterol
D) i ncreased intake of sugar
E) history of a brain tumor

Question 54

Betsy Winslow is a 62-year-old retired school teacher. She is 5'3" tall and weighs 155 pounds. Mrs. Winslow is a member of a walking group that meets three mornings a week. She walks two miles each morning. After experiencing episodes of chest pain and shortness of breath when walking, she made an appointment to see her physician. Her laboratory results are as follows: total cholesterol: 251 mg/dL; HDL cholesterol: 47 mg/dL; LDL cholesterol: 146 mg/dL; triglycerides: 203 mg/dL. Mrs. Winslow's 24-hour recall reveals the following intake:
Breakfast: Scrambled eggs, bacon, toast with butter and jelly, 2% milk
Lunch: Hamburger pizza, salad with Italian dressing, Coke
Snack: 3 chocolate cookies, 2% milk
Dinner: Fried chicken, mashed potatoes and gravy, buttered corn on the cob, sweet tea, coconut cake
Snack: Ice cream
Mrs. Winslow has been advised to increase her intake of soluble fiber. What food is an example of a source of soluble fiber?

A) b ran cereal
B) c arrots
C) r aisins
D) p otatoes with skin
E) o atmeal

Question 55

Because of diuretic use and reduced physical activity, patients with heart failure are at higher risk of:

A) diarrhea.
B) pressure sores.
C) infection.
D) constipation.
E) delayed wound healing.

Question 56

Nursing Exam Review Multiple Choice A patient's lab work shows severe hypertriglyceridemia with blood triglycerides of 175 mg/dL. The nurse understands that the patient's fat intake should be limited to _____% of kcalories per day in order to prevent dangerous complications.

A) 5-10
B) 15-20
C) 20-25
D) 25-35
E) 30-40

Question 57

Carmen, age 34, has had hypertension since she was a teenager, as do many members of her immediate family. At a visit to the doctor one year ago after her twin brother had suffered an acute episode of hypertension requiring hospitalization, Carmen decided to seriously attempt to reduce her sodium and salt intakes. She has successfully mastered a low-sodium diet by: eliminating the use of a salt shaker; ordering fresh, no-salt-added foods in restaurants; avoiding salty condiments; avoiding ready-to-eat foods; and using herbs and salt-free seasonings. She has recently begun reading labels and following portions of the DASH diet. Her doctor tells her to expect a further reduction in her blood pressure if she can master the DASH diet.
If Carmen closely follows the DASH Eating Plan, she can expect to see how much of a reduction in her systolic blood pressure?

A) 1-3 mmHg
B) 5-6 mmHg
C) 7-10 mmHg
D) 10-12 mmHg
E) 12-15 mmHg

Question 58

Carmen, age 34, has had hypertension since she was a teenager, as do many members of her immediate family. At a visit to the doctor one year ago after her twin brother had suffered an acute episode of hypertension requiring hospitalization, Carmen decided to seriously attempt to reduce her sodium and salt intakes. She has successfully mastered a low-sodium diet by: eliminating the use of a salt shaker; ordering fresh, no-salt-added foods in restaurants; avoiding salty condiments; avoiding ready-to-eat foods; and using herbs and salt-free seasonings. She has recently begun reading labels and following portions of the DASH diet. Her doctor tells her to expect a further reduction in her blood pressure if she can master the DASH diet.
In order to follow the DASH Diet, Carmen should limit:

A) fatty fish.
B) foods high in potassium
C) starchy vegetables.
D) lactose-containing beverages.
E) red meat.

Question 59

Carmen, age 34, has had hypertension since she was a teenager, as do many members of her immediate family. At a visit to the doctor one year ago after her twin brother had suffered an acute episode of hypertension requiring hospitalization, Carmen decided to seriously attempt to reduce her sodium and salt intakes. She has successfully mastered a low-sodium diet by: eliminating the use of a salt shaker; ordering fresh, no-salt-added foods in restaurants; avoiding salty condiments; avoiding ready-to-eat foods; and using herbs and salt-free seasonings. She has recently begun reading labels and following portions of the DASH diet. Her doctor tells her to expect a further reduction in her blood pressure if she can master the DASH diet.
Carmen's daily sodium intake should not exceed _____ milligrams, as the DASH Eating Plan is even more effective when accompanied by a low sodium intake.

A) 1000
B) 1500
C) 2000
D) 2500
E) 3000

Question 60

Nursing Exam Review Multiple Choice A patient's lipid profile shows elevated total cholesterol and LDL. The nurse recommends which nutrition interventions to help the patient manage his cholesterol?

A) Eat less fiber.
B) Consume less saturated fat.
C) Consume less polyunsaturated fat.
D) Eat more protein.
E) Consume more trans fats.

Question 62

Explain the medical nutrition therapy for hypertriglyceridemia.

Question 63

Describe the risk factors for the development of hypertension.

Question 64

Describe how disabilities can impair a person's ability to eat.

Question 65

Describe the appropriate dietary intervention for a heart attack victim once he or she has been stabilized.

Question 66

Describe how atherosclerosis develops.

Question 67

Nursing Exam Review Multiple Choice The nurse is working with a patient who recently had a stroke. The patient frequently chokes and coughs when eating and is having difficulty feeding herself. The nurse understands that the best way to ensure adequate nutrition for the patient may be:

A) to have an aid feed her each meal.
B) to provide tube feedings for the patient.
C) to ask a family member to be present at each meal.
D) to place the patient on TPN.
E) to change the patient's status to NPO until another solution can be found.

Question 68

Nursing Exam Review Multiple Choice A patient with heart failure has developed cardiac cachexia as a result of the disease. The nurse understands that which medication would most likely be effective to reverse cardiac cachexia?

A) Digoxin
B) Furosemide
C) Nicotinic acid
D) Spironolactone
E) There is no treatment for cardiac cachexia.

Question 69

Nursing Exam Review Multiple Choice A nurse is caring for a patient who was brought to the hospital after suffering a stroke. Ideally, thrombolytic drugs should be used within _____ hours following an ischemic stroke to restore blood flow and prevent further brain damage.

A) 1
B) 2.5
C) 4.5
D) 8
E) 12

Question 70

Nursing Exam Review Multiple Choice The nurse is instructing a client on a diet for the treatment of his hypertension. The nurse recognizes that the client understands his diet when he says:

A) "I can freely use salt substitutes and low-sodium products."
B) "I can eat any foods I want in moderate amounts."
C) "I need to increase my intake of fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and milk products."
D) "I don't need to be concerned about the amount of alcohol I drink."
E) "I can eat what I want as long as I exercise."

Question 71

Nursing Exam Review Multiple Choice A patient has begun taking furosemide to manage heart failure. What food should the nurse recommend that the patient consume frequently while taking this drug?

A) bananas
B) peanut butter
C) legumes
D) milk
E) cabbage