Deck 10: Nutrition Through the Life Span: Pregnancy and Lactation

Question 1

Spina bifida, characterized by incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony encasement, may be manifested by what features after birth?

A) absence of one or more digits in the hands and feet
B) wide-set eyes, a flat philtrum, and a prominent forehead
C) muscle weakness and mental handicaps
D) spastic reflexes, irritability, and tremor
E) partial or complete absence of brain tissue

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A pregnant mother wants to increase her intake of folate by choosing foods that are natural sources of the nutrient. The mother should be counseled to increase her intake of what food?

A) yogurt
B) beets
C) chicken
D) apples
E) carrots

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A low-birthweight baby has a statistically greater chance of contracting diseases and dying early in life.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The most potent single predictor of an infant's future health status is:

A) the rate of the mother's recovery.
B) the infant's birthweight.
C) the age at which the infant first learns to walk.
D) the ease and speed of delivery.
E) the infant's temperature at birth.

Question 5

The RDA for protein during pregnancy is an additional _____ grams per day.

A) 10
B) 15
C) 20
D) 25
E) 30

Question 6

During pregnancy, if the development of a fetal organ is limited during a critical period, recovery of the organ is impossible.

Question 7

The only acceptable alternative to breastmilk is  iron-fortified formula.

Question 8

The most common cause of sore nipples during breastfeeding is a poor letdown reflex.

Question 9

A pregnant woman can protect against lead toxicity by increasing dietary calcium intake.

Question 10

A pregnant woman's daily energy needs increase by ____ kcalories in the second trimester and _____ kcalories in the third trimester.

A) 340, 450
B) 300, 500
C) 440, 550
D) 400, 600
E) 500, 700

Question 11

To avoid development of neural tube defects, a pregnant woman should begin taking 600 mcg of folate supplements by the end of the first trimester.

Question 12

Because weight loss during pregnancy is not recommended, even obese women are advised to gain between 25 and 35 pounds for the best chance of delivering a healthy infant.

Question 13

Jane does not eat many fruits and vegetables, and she dislikes dairy products. To increase her calcium intake, you would recommend that she consume plenty of:

A) crab meat.
B) calcium-fortified orange juice.
C) black or navy beans.
D) ham.
E) gelatin.

Question 14

Pregnant women who are vegans should get their protein from:

A) protein supplements.
B) high-protein smoothies.
C) legumes, whole grains, nuts, and seeds.
D) milk, yogurt, and cheese.
E) eggs and tofu.

Question 15

Nutrients and oxygen travel to the developing fetus via the:

A) placenta.
B) amniotic sac.
C) lungs.
D) intestines.
E) fallopian tubes.

Question 16

Obese pregnant women face a variety of potential health complications because of their weight, including premature delivery, gestational diabetes, and:

A) delivery of a low-birthweight baby.
B) orthostatic hypotension.
C) an increased risk of ovarian cancer.
D) infection after the birth.
E) depression and anxiety.

Question 17

Ample carbohydrate is needed by the pregnant woman in order to:

A) raise blood glucose levels.
B) fuel the fetal brain and spare protein needed for fetal growth.
C) provide adequate protein.
D) increase glycogen stores in the fetus.
E) eliminate excess fat to prevent weight gain.

Question 18

Preeclampsia usually occurs with first pregnancies and almost always occurs after 20 weeks' gestation.

Question 19

Individual food cravings during pregnancy often reflect real physiological needs of the pregnant woman.

Question 20

Most prescription medications taken by a breastfeeding mother will reach the infant through breast milk and can adversely impact the infant's health.

Question 21

What advice is most appropriate for a pregnant woman to prevent listeriosis during pregnancy?

A) Avoid certain types of cheese, including cheddar, mozzarella, and Colby.
B) Do not eat hot dogs or sausages until after pregnancy has ended.
C) Wash all fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating.
D) Avoid any type of fish, including catfish or salmon.
E) Do not consume dairy products unless they contain at least 1% milk fat.

Question 22

Menu for a Pregnant Woman Breakfast
2 scrambled eggs
1 whole-wheat English muffin
1 cup low-fat milk
Lunch
2 pieces (4 oz.) fried chicken
2 wheat rolls with butter
¹/₂ cup mashed potatoes and gravy
Iced tea
Dinner
3 oz. pork chop
1 piece of bread with butter
2 cups low-fat milk
What changes would most improve the adequacy of this menu?

A) including more meat and reducing the amount of grains
B) including more fruits and vegetables
C) including more dairy products
D) including more sources of unsaturated fats and oils
E) including more milk and adding 1 to 2 sweets

Question 23

Because of concern about mercury contamination, pregnant women are advised to avoid:

A) king mackerel.
B) shrimp.
C) catfish.
D) flounder.
E) halibut.

Question 24

Women who enter pregnancy with iron-deficiency anemia have a greater risk of:

A) preterm delivery.
B) excessive weight gain.
C) inadequate weight gain.
D) gestational diabetes.
E) high blood pressure.

Question 25

The warning signs of preeclampsia include:

A) low hematocrit, high blood glucose, and ketones in the urine.
B) high blood glucose, glucose in the urine, and agitation.
C) hypertension, edema, and protein in the urine.
D) high blood glucose and blood in the urine.
E) chest pain and numbness and tingling in the extremities.

Question 26

What food would most likely be provided by the WIC program?

A) granola bars
B) butter
C) tuna
D) nuts
E) chicken

Question 27

A physician has recommended that a pregnant mother take a daily multivitamin-mineral supplement to support nutrient intake during pregnancy. This type of supplement typically contains more of which elements designed for prenatal nutrition?

A) vitamins A and E
B) magnesium, zinc, and choline
C) sodium and potassium
D) folic acid, iron, and calcium
E) iron, vitamin C, and phosphorus

Question 28

Although smoking during pregnancy has been associated with a number of risks to both the mother and the fetus, approximately _____ percent of pregnant women in the United States still choose to smoke.

A) 6
B) 10
C) 19
D) 26
E) 35

Question 29

Mrs. Allen asks about drinking coffee during her pregnancy, stating that she "needs" to have her morning cup of coffee every day. What information regarding caffeine intake during pregnancy is most appropriate?

A) A woman may safely consume up to 200 mg of caffeine daily during pregnancy.
B) Caffeine does not cross the placental barrier, so caffeine intake need not be limited.
C) Caffeine has been shown to cause seizures in infants when used daily during pregnancy.
D) A woman may safely consume 4 to 5 caffeinated beverages per day during pregnancy.
E) There is no amount of caffeine that is considered safe during pregnancy and it should be avoided.

Question 30

A woman who has gained 50 pounds during her pregnancy asks about weight loss after delivery of the baby. The typical woman who gains excess weight during pregnancy often has which weight loss outcome?

A) She will most likely retain a few pounds.
B) She returns to her prepregnancy weight within three months.
C) She loses most to all of her weight and weighs less than before pregnancy.
D) She returns to her prepregnancy weight within two years.
E) She retains excess weight after pregnancy in the form of accumulated fluids.

Question 31

Herbal supplements during pregnancy are:

A) generally considered safe.
B) not necessary to discuss with the physician since they can be purchased over the counter.
C) not recommended due to lack of evidence about their safety and effectiveness.
D) recommended for relieving nausea only.
E) only considered safe during the first trimester.

Question 32

Nora, who is pregnant, awakens at 2:00 a.m. craving pickles. The craving probably indicates that:

A) she drank too much water last night.
B) she isn't getting enough sleep at night.
C) her body needs extra salt, which can be found in the pickles.
D) she is experiencing hormone-induced changes in taste.
E) her blood pH is too low and she needs more acidic foods.

Question 33

A pregnant woman with low hemoglobin must take a 30 mg iron supplement. To enhance iron absorption, the woman should take the supplement:

A) just before bed at night.
B) 30 minutes after a meal and with a glass of milk.
C) during a meal.
D) immediately after waking.
E) between meals and with water or juice.

Question 34

When counseling Mrs. Chamberlin regarding the heartburn she is experiencing during pregnancy, what advice should be given that would help relieve symptoms?

A) Eat foods high in fiber.
B) Take iron supplements on an empty stomach.
C) Limit meals to three a day.
D) Avoid foods with offensive odors.
E) Do not lie down after eating.

Question 35

A physically fit woman who is pregnant continues to exercise throughout her pregnancy. Staying active during the course of a healthy pregnancy has been shown to establish which outcome?

A) p reventing neural tube defects
B) f acilitating bonding between the mother and her infant
C) p reventing excess hemorrhage during delivery
D) i mproving attempts at breastfeeding
E) r educing psychological distress

Question 36

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) include what associated characteristics at birth?

A) infection with Streptococcus
B) unusual skin rash
C) facial and vision abnormalities
D) spinal curvature and muscle weakness
E) lack of brown fat

Question 37

A pregnant woman wants to continue to exercise throughout her pregnancy. What activity would be most appropriate to recommend? A pregnant woman wants to continue to exercise throughout her pregnancy. What activity would be most appropriate to recommend?

A) r unning
B) h orseback riding
C) s occer
D) s wimming
E) t ennis

Question 38

The American Academy of Pediatrics' position on alcohol consumption and pregnancy is that:

A) women should not consume more than 2 alcoholic beverages throughout pregnancy.
B) women should not drink any amount of alcohol past the second trimester.
C) women can safely consume 1 alcoholic beverage on an occasional basis during pregnancy.
D) women should discontinue drinking alcohol as soon as they learn they are pregnant.
E) women should not drink alcohol as soon as they plan to become pregnant.

Question 39

An obese women should gain _____ pounds during pregnancy.

A) 5-7
B) 11-20
C) 17-24
D) 25-35
E) 35-50

Question 40

Without proper management of pre-existing diabetes, a woman may face which potential complication associated with pregnancy?

A) bone loss and osteoporosis
B) infertility
C) increased pregnancy-related discomforts
D) neural tube defects
E) an increased risk of fetal demise

Question 41

Deborah, age 24, is a Caucasian woman who is attending her first prenatal appointment with the clinic obstetrician. Deborah is single and employed in a minimum-wage job with limited financial resources. She resides with her mother. In the first month of her pregnancy, Deborah has experienced mild nausea but no vomiting and has had a ravenous appetite. Because she works as a waitress, she has access to balanced meals at breakfast and lunch, whereas at home she and her mother primarily eat ready-to-eat dinners and occasionally make a home-cooked meal. She is a well-appearing, normal-weight woman with no known medical conditions. She is taking no medications except for an over-the-counter prenatal vitamin-mineral supplement, which she began on her own the day she administered her pregnancy self-test two weeks ago. She does not smoke nor drink alcohol. Because she does not own a car, she walks about four miles a day; however, she has been very tired and may need to decrease the number of shifts she works at the restaurant if that continues.
Deborah receives affirmation for choosing to take vitamin-mineral supplements to support her health. Prenatal supplements may be especially beneficial in preventing which risk to the fetus?

A) placental abruption
B) low infant birthweight
C) hyperbilirubinemia
D) neonatal sepsis
E) infant respiratory distress syndrome

Question 42

If a lactating woman's diet is poor, her milk:

A) quantity will be normal but the nutrient quality will be poor.
B) will be thin and watery.
C) quality will be maintained at the expense of maternal stores.
D) will contain toxic products.
E) will dry up more quickly.

Question 43

Deborah, age 24, is a Caucasian woman who is attending her first prenatal appointment with the clinic obstetrician. Deborah is single and employed in a minimum-wage job with limited financial resources. She resides with her mother. In the first month of her pregnancy, Deborah has experienced mild nausea but no vomiting and has had a ravenous appetite. Because she works as a waitress, she has access to balanced meals at breakfast and lunch, whereas at home she and her mother primarily eat ready-to-eat dinners and occasionally make a home-cooked meal. She is a well-appearing, normal-weight woman with no known medical conditions. She is taking no medications except for an over-the-counter prenatal vitamin-mineral supplement, which she began on her own the day she administered her pregnancy self-test two weeks ago. She does not smoke nor drink alcohol. Because she does not own a car, she walks about four miles a day; however, she has been very tired and may need to decrease the number of shifts she works at the restaurant if that continues.
What factor contributes to an iron deficiency risk for Deborah?

A) her ethnicity
B) her age
C) her limited financial means
D) her usual eating style
E) her weight

Question 44

Deborah, age 24, is a Caucasian woman who is attending her first prenatal appointment with the clinic obstetrician. Deborah is single and employed in a minimum-wage job with limited financial resources. She resides with her mother. In the first month of her pregnancy, Deborah has experienced mild nausea but no vomiting and has had a ravenous appetite. Because she works as a waitress, she has access to balanced meals at breakfast and lunch, whereas at home she and her mother primarily eat ready-to-eat dinners and occasionally make a home-cooked meal. She is a well-appearing, normal-weight woman with no known medical conditions. She is taking no medications except for an over-the-counter prenatal vitamin-mineral supplement, which she began on her own the day she administered her pregnancy self-test two weeks ago. She does not smoke nor drink alcohol. Because she does not own a car, she walks about four miles a day; however, she has been very tired and may need to decrease the number of shifts she works at the restaurant if that continues.
After reading a clinic brochure on prenatal nutrition, Deborah discovers that she can "kill two birds with one stone" by eating more _____, which is a good source of both iron and zinc, minerals that might be lacking in the average pregnant woman's diet.

A) meat
B) yogurt
C) salad vegetables
D) citrus fruits
E) bread

Question 45

A breastfeeding mother is worried that her baby will develop food allergies if she eats peanuts or tree nuts before breastfeeding. F ood allergies do not develop after breastfeeding, but they do develop if the infant is formula fed.  Current evidence regarding breastfeeding and food allergies states that:

A) women who breastfeed will prevent development of food allergies in their infants.
B) breastfeeding after eating peanuts increases the risk of an allergy to that food.
C) food allergies do not develop after breastfeeding, but they do develop if the infant is formula fed.
D) breastfeeding after eating spicy foods can increase the risk of food allergies.
E) dietary restrictions will not prevent or delay food allergies in infants.

Question 46

Kelly is a 16-year-old adolescent who is 19 weeks' pregnant with her first child. What factors increase the risk of low birthweight and infant death among teen pregnancies?

A) The adolescent mother is more likely to have gestational diabetes.
B) The adolescent mother is less likely to seek early prenatal care.
C) The adolescent mother will likely gain more weight during pregnancy.
D) The adolescent mother is more likely to have gestational hypertension.
E) The adolescent mother is at greater risk of contracting listeriosis.

Question 47

A breastfeeding mother should:

A) feed her infant on a schedule to ensure he eats at least 8 times each day.
B) allow the infant to suckle about 4 minutes on each breast.
C) always offer the same breast to the infant first when feeding.
D) allow the infant to suckle on the first breast offered as long as he likes.
E) give the infant a small amount of water between feedings to maintain hydration.

Question 48

In order to best protect herself against dehydration, a lactating woman is advised to drink ____ of fluid per day.

A) 2-3 cups
B) 8 cups
C) 9-10 cups
D) 13 cups
E) 20-22 cups

Question 49

The only acceptable alternative to breast milk is:

A) goat's milk.
B) cow's milk.
C) low-iron infant formula.
D) iron-fortified infant formula.
E) 10 percent dextrose water.

Question 50

In the United States, the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding at six months is about:

A) 11%.
B) 22%.
C) 28%.
D) 35%.
E) 44%.

Question 51

What do experts cite as one of the most common deterrents to breastfeeding?

A) fear and social anxiety
B) the medical community's failure to encourage breastfeeding
C) the difficulty in breastfeeding for working mothers
D) post-partum depression
E) the lack of education about how to breastfeed properly

Question 52

The ideal time for the first breastfeeding is:

A) as soon as possible .
B) one hour after delivery.
C) immediately after the infant's first bath.
D) within 24 hours of delivery.
E) after determining the infant's gestational age.

Question 53

A lactating mother wants to breastfeed, but she has a short-term prescription for antibiotics that have been shown to cross into breast milk and that could affect her baby. What solution is most appropriate in this situation to protect the health of this mother and her baby?

A) Have the mother continue to breastfeed and monitor for the medication's effects on the baby.
B) Tell the mother to discontinue breastfeeding until she has finished taking her medication.
C) Explain that the mother should discontinue taking the medication.
D) Have the mother use a breast pump and discard the milk until the medication is complete.
E) Encourage the mother to take her medication with a large glass of water.

Question 54

Deborah, age 24, is a Caucasian woman who is attending her first prenatal appointment with the clinic obstetrician. Deborah is single and employed in a minimum-wage job with limited financial resources. She resides with her mother. In the first month of her pregnancy, Deborah has experienced mild nausea but no vomiting and has had a ravenous appetite. Because she works as a waitress, she has access to balanced meals at breakfast and lunch, whereas at home she and her mother primarily eat ready-to-eat dinners and occasionally make a home-cooked meal. She is a well-appearing, normal-weight woman with no known medical conditions. She is taking no medications except for an over-the-counter prenatal vitamin-mineral supplement, which she began on her own the day she administered her pregnancy self-test two weeks ago. She does not smoke nor drink alcohol. Because she does not own a car, she walks about four miles a day; however, she has been very tired and may need to decrease the number of shifts she works at the restaurant if that continues.
Deborah needs more iron in her diet in addition to the prenatal vitamin-mineral supplement that she takes. What foods are recommended for Deborah to increase her supply of heme iron before and during pregnancy?

A) citrus fruits
B) legumes
C) seafood
D) dark green vegetables
E) eggs

Question 55

To successfully breastfeed her infant, what steps should a mother be encouraged to perform?

A) Push the infant's face toward her nipple.
B) Hold her breast with her hand behind the areola.
C) Touch the infant's nose to her nipple.
D) Apply lotion to the nipple to keep it soft.
E) Use a breast pump prior to attempting to breastfeed.

Question 56

The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics support exclusive breastfeeding until an infant is _____ months old.

A) 1
B) 3
C) 6
D) 9
E) 12

Question 57

Deborah, age 24, is a Caucasian woman who is attending her first prenatal appointment with the clinic obstetrician. Deborah is single and employed in a minimum-wage job with limited financial resources. She resides with her mother. In the first month of her pregnancy, Deborah has experienced mild nausea but no vomiting and has had a ravenous appetite. Because she works as a waitress, she has access to balanced meals at breakfast and lunch, whereas at home she and her mother primarily eat ready-to-eat dinners and occasionally make a home-cooked meal. She is a well-appearing, normal-weight woman with no known medical conditions. She is taking no medications except for an over-the-counter prenatal vitamin-mineral supplement, which she began on her own the day she administered her pregnancy self-test two weeks ago. She does not smoke nor drink alcohol. Because she does not own a car, she walks about four miles a day; however, she has been very tired and may need to decrease the number of shifts she works at the restaurant if that continues.
The social worker at the prenatal clinic determines that Deborah is eligible for WIC (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children). This program provides:

A) nutrition counseling.
B) assistance with helping women breastfeed their babies.
C) formula, bottles, and nipples for infant feedings.
D) prenatal vitamins for pregnant mothers.
E) breastfeeding supplies, such as breast pumps.

Question 58

Breastfeeding has been shown to have which benefit for the nursing infant?

A) reduced risk of SIDS
B) protection against cancer later in life
C) improved temperature regulation
D) increased development of reflexes and skeletal muscles
E) improved psychological development

Question 59

To meet her increased energy needs, a breastfeeding woman is advised to consume an extra _____ kcalories per day until her infant is 6 months old.

A) 170
B) 330
C) 430
D) 500
E) 625

Question 60

Milk moves to the front of the breast when an infant begins to nurse. This is called the:

A) rooting reflex.
B) initial force.
C) infant grasp.
D) letdown reflex.
E) mammary descent.

Question 61

Carrie is days away from delivering her first baby. She has been contemplating breastfeeding for its nutritional and immunological benefits and has been reading about breastfeeding and talking to mothers who breastfed their babies. The birthing center where she receives prenatal care, and where she will deliver her baby, has scheduled Carrie to meet with its lactation expert. Carrie has read the birthing center's "Guide to Successful Breastfeeding" and is prepared to ask the lactation expert about relaxation techniques. Not only is Carrie "high-strung" by nature, but she is quite anxious about the childbirth process, let alone the prospect of breastfeeding. Imagine you are the lactation expert who is counseling Carrie.
Carrie begins breastfeeding but her nipples quickly become sore. A likely cause is:

A) her infant does not have a rooting reflex.
B) her maternal letdown reflex is unresponsive.
C) she is holding the infant in an improper feeding position.
D) she has inverted nipples.
E) she uses a nipple shield to breastfeed.

Question 63

What can medical facilities do to encourage women to breastfeed their infants?

Question 64

What is meant by a "critical period" during pregnancy? What is the importance of nutrition during a critical period?

Question 65

Carrie is days away from delivering her first baby. She has been contemplating breastfeeding for its nutritional and immunological benefits and has been reading about breastfeeding and talking to mothers who breastfed their babies. The birthing center where she receives prenatal care, and where she will deliver her baby, has scheduled Carrie to meet with its lactation expert. Carrie has read the birthing center's "Guide to Successful Breastfeeding" and is prepared to ask the lactation expert about relaxation techniques. Not only is Carrie "high-strung" by nature, but she is quite anxious about the childbirth process, let alone the prospect of breastfeeding. Imagine you are the lactation expert who is counseling Carrie.
How long will Carrie breastfeed her infant if she follows the advice of the American Academy of Pediatrics?

A) the first week of life
B) the first six weeks of life
C) the six months of life
D) the first nine months of life
E) the first year of life

Question 66

Explain how energy needs change as pregnancy progresses.

Question 67

List several common nutrition-related concerns  of pregnancy and describe strategies that may be implemented to counteract some of these symptoms.

Question 68

Describe the effects of smoking, alcohol consumption, and excessive caffeine consumption on the growth and development of the fetus.

Question 69

Carrie is days away from delivering her first baby. She has been contemplating breastfeeding for its nutritional and immunological benefits and has been reading about breastfeeding and talking to mothers who breastfed their babies. The birthing center where she receives prenatal care, and where she will deliver her baby, has scheduled Carrie to meet with its lactation expert. Carrie has read the birthing center's "Guide to Successful Breastfeeding" and is prepared to ask the lactation expert about relaxation techniques. Not only is Carrie "high-strung" by nature, but she is quite anxious about the childbirth process, let alone the prospect of breastfeeding. Imagine you are the lactation expert who is counseling Carrie.
Carrie will most likely be successful with breastfeeding if she follows which practice?

A) breastfeeding the infant on demand
B) increasing her intake of iron-rich foods
C) restricting fluids the first 48 hours
D) providing a pacifier between feedings
E) offering breast milk on a set schedule

Question 70

Carrie is days away from delivering her first baby. She has been contemplating breastfeeding for its nutritional and immunological benefits and has been reading about breastfeeding and talking to mothers who breastfed their babies. The birthing center where she receives prenatal care, and where she will deliver her baby, has scheduled Carrie to meet with its lactation expert. Carrie has read the birthing center's "Guide to Successful Breastfeeding" and is prepared to ask the lactation expert about relaxation techniques. Not only is Carrie "high-strung" by nature, but she is quite anxious about the childbirth process, let alone the prospect of breastfeeding. Imagine you are the lactation expert who is counseling Carrie.
Carrie can best prepare to breastfeed her infant after delivery by performing which step?

A) r outinely applying lotion to her nipples
B) stop using soap and lotions on her breasts
C) u sing a breast pump four times daily to stimulate the letdown reflex
D) r egularly washing her breasts with soap and warm water
E) a pplying a warm wash cloth to each breast for several minutes a day

Question 71

Carrie is days away from delivering her first baby. She has been contemplating breastfeeding for its nutritional and immunological benefits and has been reading about breastfeeding and talking to mothers who breastfed their babies. The birthing center where she receives prenatal care, and where she will deliver her baby, has scheduled Carrie to meet with its lactation expert. Carrie has read the birthing center's "Guide to Successful Breastfeeding" and is prepared to ask the lactation expert about relaxation techniques. Not only is Carrie "high-strung" by nature, but she is quite anxious about the childbirth process, let alone the prospect of breastfeeding. Imagine you are the lactation expert who is counseling Carrie.
Carrie's infant can be expected to need about how many feedings per 24-hour period during the first month or so?

A) 1-3
B) 5-7
C) 8-12
D) 15-18
E) 18-24