Deck 5: Early Childhood

Question 1

Which statement best describes the concept of egocentrism?

A)Children want to be the center of attention.
B)Children view the world from their own personal perspective.
C)Children have magical beliefs about their own powers.
D)Children are self-centered.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to Erickson's stage theory, what developmental task must children master during early childhood?

A)Independence vs. dependence
B)Trust vs. mistrust
C)Initiative vs. guilt
D)Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Fear, nightmares, and night terrors in preschool children

A)are an indication that something is wrong.
B)require assessment by a professional.
C)are a normal part of development.
D)are related to watching violent cartoons.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Piaget referred to children's how and why questions as typical of which substage of development?

A)Intuitive thought
B)Symbolic function
C)Formal logic
D)Primitive reasoning

Question 5

Which of the following statements best describes preschool motor development?

A)High energy level with gross motor skills outpacing fine motor skills
B)High energy level with fine motor skills outpacing gross motor skills
C)Low energy level with gross motor skills outpacing fine motor skills
D)Low energy level with fine motor skills outpacing gross motor skills

Question 6

What semantic skill do children need to know to carry on a conversation?

A)How to ask a question
B)How to speak in the past tense
C)How to use the relationship words "I" and "you"
D)How to speak to adults

Question 7

Individual languages are variations on a single pattern. This is referred to as

A)a universal grammar.
B)a learned behavior.
C)universal babbling.
D)comprehension preceding speech.

Question 8

Which of the following is FALSE concerning the evidence supporting the theory of developmental waves of cognitive development?

A)Children always use more than one strategy to problem solve.
B)Children master new strategies for problem solving quickly.
C)When faced with difficult tasks, children use older, less efficient strategies.
D)Peer approval influences children's choice of strategy when working together.

Question 9

Once children master the cognitive substage of ___________, they can talk about people, places and objects not immediately present.

A)concrete operations
B)intuitive thought
C)egocentrism
D)symbolic function

Question 10

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding asthma in preschool children?

A)Asthma is the leading chronic illness among preschool children.
B)For some children, asthma is purely psychological.
C)Asthma results in swollen lung tissue and narrowed bronchial tubes.
D)Anti-inflammatory drugs are often used in treatment.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT recommended as a technique to decrease aggressive behaviors in preschool children?

A)Physical punishment
B)Time-out
C)Modeling conflict resolution strategies
D)Designing environments with adequate play space and equipment

Question 12

According to Erickson's stage theory, what developmental task must older preschool children master?

A)Initiative vs. guilt
B)Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C)Trust vs. mistrust
D)Industry vs. inferiority

Question 13

Which of the following was NOT observed by Patterson and colleagues as aspects of "coercive" family environments?

A)Positive reinforcement
B)Patterns of positive and negative reinforcement that strengthen each other
C)Negative reinforcement
D)Frequent displays of affection

Question 14

Which of the following statements is FALSE about normal preschool aggression?

A)Total aggression tends to peak at about age 4.
B)Younger children tend to act aggressively out of frustration, and older children tend to act aggressively for retaliation.
C)Highly active, impulsive children tend to act more aggressively.
D)Younger children tend to demonstrate aggression with peers while older children tend to act aggressively in response to parental limits.

Question 15

According to Piaget's stage theory of cognitive development, what stage characterizes children between the ages of 2 and 7?

A)Formal operations
B)Concrete operations
C)Intuitive operations
D)Preoperational

Question 16

Which of the following is FALSE about the symbolic function substage?

A)During this substage, children demonstrate egocentrism.
B)During this substage, children can pretend play.
C)During this substage, children can represent objects mentally.
D)This substage occurs between the ages of 4 and 7.

Question 17

Researchers commonly distinguish two types of aggression, labeled _____________ and _____________.

A)hostile; assertive
B)verbal; physical
C)intentional; unintentional
D)intentional; instrumental

Question 18

What is the best way to help preschool children deal with negative emotions and fears?

A)Ignore the problems and they will go away.
B)Remind them they are too old to cry.
C)Talk to them about their feelings and suggest ways for them to express their emotions productively.
D)Encourage them to express their feelings freely in any manner they choose.

Question 19

Physical development refers to what two processes?

A)Gross motor skills and fine motor skills development
B)Physical growth and motor skills development
C)Growth in height and weight
D)Growth in size and strength

Question 20

Which of the following does NOT encourage language development in preschool children?

A)Asking children lots of questions
B)Using slightly more complex sentences than the children do
C)Restating children's statements in new grammatical forms
D)Preventing a child from learning a second language until grade school

Question 21

When disciplining preschool children, mothers tend to ____________, while fathers tend to ______________.

A)verbalize; command
B)verbalize; yell
C)command; verbalize
D)ask; command

Question 22

Preschool children CANNOT identify themselves and others in terms of ____________.

A)psychological attributes
B)gender
C)size
D)physical abilities

Question 23

A disorder that is typically present from birth, results in deficits in language, relationship, and motor skills, and is often associated with repetitive activities is referred to as ____________.

A)autism
B)mental retardation
C)echolalia
D)cerebral palsy

Question 24

Opponents of the self-esteem movement argue that when children are falsely praised for their achievements, they tend to ______________.

A)feel more confident
B)evaluate their abilities more accurately
C)increase their effort
D)distrust adult opinions and their own judgment

Question 25

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is the most common childhood behavioral disorder, with approximately _____________ of children 4-17 years of age diagnosed with the disorder as of 2011.

A)5%
B)11%
C)26%
D)33%

Question 26

Which of the following is FALSE about the concept of logical consequences as a disciplinary tool?

A)Logical consequences teach children the beginnings of cause and effect thinking.
B)Logical consequences are those that happen naturally.
C)Logical consequences teach children about problem-solving in the real world.
D)Logical consequences promote power struggles between parents and children.

Question 27

Parents who are warm and nurturing, set reasonable limits, and use negotiation and frequent verbal exchanges are labeled as using what type of parenting style?

A)Authoritarian
B)Authoritative
C)Permissive-indifferent
D)Permissive-indulgent

Question 28

The type of play in which preschool children play actively together and social contact is more important than the actual game is called ______________.

A)parallel
B)cooperative
C)unoccupied
D)associative

Question 29

Which of the following is FALSE about depression in children?

A)Children tend to act clingy, irritable, and disobedient when depressed.
B)Prevalence rates are greater for pre-pubertal girls than boys.
C)Depression tends to co-occur with other disorders.
D)Children are rarely suicidal.

Question 30

About 3% of children will develop somatic complaints, sadness, and fears as a result of being away from their primary caretakers.  These children are diagnosed with ____________.

A)overanxious disorder
B)avoidant disorder
C)separation anxiety disorder
D)depressive disorder

Question 31

Which of the following approaches has NOT been shown to remediate social skills problems in children?

A)Verbal praise
B)Creating opportunities for social interaction
C)Grouping shy and under-socialized children together
D)Role play

Question 32

In ______, the therapist demonstrates and provides the rationale for particular socially desirable behaviors. The child then practices the behavior with the therapist.

A)coaching
B)modeling
C)social skills training
D)problem-solving

Question 33

When children acquire normal skills very slowly or develop a normal skill at an inappropriate age, this is referred to as ________________.

A)developmental psychopathology
B)developmental delay
C)developmental disorder
D)developmental milestone

Question 34

A disruption in a child's ability to perform a skill is called a  _______________.

A)developmental psychopathology
B)developmental delay
C)developmental disorder
D)developmental milestone

Question 35

Parents who are very involved in their child's life, encourage creativity and confidence, and place few demands on their child are labeled as using what type of parenting style?

A)Authoritarian
B)Authoritative
C)Hostile
D)Permissive

Question 36

A child exhibits an extreme fear of strangers and new situations.  This child would most likely be diagnosed with _____________.

A)overanxious disorder
B)avoidant disorder
C)separation anxiety disorder
D)depressive disorder

Question 37

Piaget proposes that play

A)can be over-emphasized in some families.
B)should always be solitary in nature.
C)promotes social, cognitive, and language skills.
D)should always be social in nature.

Question 38

Sally anticipates something going wrong in almost any situation and worries about that possibility. Her unfocused worries cause her to doubt herself and her abilities. Sally likely has

A)overanxious disorder.
B)avoidant disorder.
C)separation anxiety disorder.
D)depressive disorder.

Question 39

Bed-wetting

A)is an act of rebellion.
B)is a heritable disorder.
C)is best treated by disciplining the child after the incident.
D)is intentional.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is FALSE about sociability in preschoolers?

A)Sociability tends to be a highly variable trait.
B)Preschool experiences can enhance social skills development.
C)Warm, supportive parents who set reasonable limits help children gain effective social skills.
D)Poor social skills are often associated with increased aggression, delinquency, and psychopathology, if untreated.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is TRUE about children's peer groups in early childhood?

A)Friendship networks are fairly small and tend to include children of the same sex.
B)Friendship networks are fairly large and tend to include children of the same sex.
C)Friendship networks are fairly small and tend to include boys and girls.
D)Friendship networks are fairly large and tend to include boys and girls.

Question 42

Which of the following was NOT found to be a benefit of preschool attendance for children?

A)Increased maturity and confidence in stressful situations
B)Increased cooperation with and responsiveness to adults
C)Increased interactions with peers and adults
D)Increased preparedness for elementary school

Question 43

The most significant biophysical hazards of early childhood include

A)the fatal disorders of birth defects, cancer, and heart disease.
B)asthma, obesity, and meningitis.
C)immunizations.
D)pesticides.

Question 44

Public efforts to address childhood obesity

A)have made no impact.
B)have actually made the problem worse.
C)have helped to reduce obesity rates.
D)have been really minimal.

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT a goal of the Head Start program?

A)To break the cycle of poverty
B)To provide nutrition and health care
C)To promote parent participation
D)To increase family community development

Question 46

The average 3-year-old

A)can build tall towers; solve large-piece puzzles; and conquer snaps, zippers, and scissors.
B)can build complicated towers, understand basic structural and design requirements, manage buttons, and draw stick figures.
C)can print capital letters, simple letters, and numbers.
D)can hit a ball pitched to them, jump rope, and roller-skate.

Question 47

Friendship networks in early childhood are needed for the following reasons EXCEPT

A)because peers tend to be of equal status.
B)children can compare skills and their own abilities.
C)children can try out ways of interacting in a safe environment.
D)they can compensate for poor parenting.

Question 48

Emotion coaching should occur in the following steps:

A)set limits while solving the problem, listen empathically, and recognize the emotion as an opportunity for intimacy and teaching.
B)become aware of the child's emotion, tell the child to stop crying, listen empathically, help the child label the emotion, and set limits while solving the problem.
C)become aware of the child's emotion, recognize the emotion as an opportunity for intimacy and teaching, listen empathically, help the child label the emotion, and set limits while solving the problem.
D)recognize the emotion as an opportunity for intimacy and teaching, become aware of the child's emotion, listen empathically, help the child label the emotion, and set limits while solving the problem.

Question 49

Which of the following statements is NOT true of gender role and sexual identity development in preschool children?

A)Preschoolers play with same-sex friends more often.
B)Preschoolers develop a stronger identity with the same-sex parent.
C)Girls adopt sex-typed behavior and toys earlier than boys.
D)Until the age of 4-5, preschoolers think their sex is changeable.

Question 50

Most children have little or no memory for specific events before the age of 3. This phenomenon is known as

A)a developmental delay.
B)a developmental disability.
C)infantile amnesia.
D)brain damage as a result of oxygen deprivation at birth.

Question 51

Which of the following would NOT be considered a form of child maltreatment or abuse?

A)Denigration
B)Molestation
C)Abandonment
D)Poverty